NATO STANDARD AAP-48 NATO SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE
NATO STANDARDAAP-48NATO SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE PROCESSESEdition B Version 1MARS 2013NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATIONALLIED ADMINISTRATIVE PUBLICATIONPublished by theNATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY (NSA) NATO/OTAN
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NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO)NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY (NSA)NATO LETTER OF PROMULGATION11 March 20131.The enclosed Allied Administrative Publication AAP-48, NATO System LifeCycle Processes, which has been approved by the nations in the Life CycleManagement Group (AC/327), is promulgated herewith. The agreement of nations touse this publication is recorded in STANAG 4728.2.AAP-48 is effective upon receipt.3.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,used commercially, adapted, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission ofthe publisher. With the exception of commercial sales, this does not apply tomember nations and Partnership for Peace countries, or NATO commands andbodies.4.This publication shall be handled in accordance with C-M(2002)60.
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AAP-48RESERVED FOR NATIONAL LETTER OF PROMULGATIONIEdition B Version 1
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AAP-48RECORD OF RESERVATIONSCHAPTERRECORD OF RESERVATION BY NATIONSNote: The reservations listed on this page include only those that were recorded at time ofpromulgation and may not be complete. Refer to the NATO Standardization Database forthe complete list of existing reservations.IIIEdition B Version 1
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AAP-48RECORD OF SPECIFIC RESERVATIONS[nation][detail of reservation]Note: The reservations listed on this page include only those that were recorded at time ofpromulgation and may not be complete. Refer to the NATO Standardization Database forthe complete list of existing reservations.VEdition B Version 1
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AAP-48TABLE OF CONTENTSOVERVIEW . 1-1CHAPTER 11.1.SCOPE . 1-21.2.PURPOSE . 1-21.3.FIELD OF APPLICATION . 1-21.4.LIMITATIONS . 1-3CHAPTER 2CONFORMANCE . 2-12.1.INTENDED USAGE . 2-12.2.FULL CONFORMANCE . 2-12.3.TAILORED CONFORMANCE . 2-1CHAPTER 3REFERENCES . 3-13.1.NORMATIVE REFERENCES . 3-13.2.NATO REFERENCES. 3-1CHAPTER 4TERMS AND DEFINITIONS . 4-1CHAPTER 5KEY CONCEPTS AND APPLICATION OF THIS INTERNATIONALSTANDARD5-15.1.SYSTEM CONCEPTS . 5-15.1.1.Introduction . 5-15.1.2.Systems . 5-15.1.3.System Structure . 5-15.1.4.Enabling Systems . 5-15.2.LIFE CYCLE CONCEPTS . 5-15.2.1.System Life Cycle Model . 5-15.2.2.System Life Cycle Stages . 5-15.3.PROCESS CONCEPTS . 5-15.3.1.Description of Processes . 5-15.3.2.Processes in This Standard . 5-25.3.3.Process Application . 5-45.3.4.Process Tailoring . 5-4CHAPTER 6SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE PROCESSES . 6-16.1.AGREEMENT PROCESSES . 6-16.1.1.Acquisition Process . 6-16.1.2.Supply Process . 6-36.2.ORGANISATIONAL PROJECT-ENABLING PROCESSES . 6-36.2.1.Life Cycle Model Management Process . 6-36.2.2.Infrastructure Management Process . 6-46.2.3.Project Portfolio Management Process . 6-46.2.4.Human Resource Management Process. 6-46.2.5.Human Resource Management Process. 6-46.3.PROJECT PROCESSES . 6-56.3.1.Project Planning Process. 6-56.3.2.Project Assessment and Control Process . 6-66.3.3.Decision Management Process . 6-76.3.4.Risk Management Process . 6-7VIIEdition B Version 1
AAP-486.3.5.Configuration Management Process . 6-86.3.6.Information Management Process . 6-96.3.7.Measurement Process . 6-106.3.8.NATO Through-Life Traceability Management Process . 6-106.4.TECHNICAL PROCESSES . 6-146.4.1.Stakeholder Requirements Definition Process . 6-146.4.2.Requirements Analysis Process . 6-156.4.3.Architectural Design Process. 6-156.4.4.Implementation Process . 6-156.4.5.Integration Process . 6-156.4.6.Verification Process . 6-166.4.7.Transition Process . 6-176.4.8.Validation Process . 6-186.4.9.Operation Process . 6-196.4.10.Maintenance Process . 6-206.4.11.Disposal Process . 6-206.4.12.Support Process . 6-21ANNEX A (NORMATIVE) TAILORING PROCESS. A-1ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE) PROCESS REFERENCE MODEL FORASSESSMENT PURPOSES . B-1ANNEX C (INFORMATIVE) PROCESS INTEGRATION AND PROCESSCONSTRUCTS . C-1ANNEX D (INFORMATIVE) PROCESS VIEWS . D-1ANNEX E (INFORMATIVE) SO/IEC 15288 AND ISO/IEC 12207 PROCESSALIGNMENT . E-1ANNEX F (INFORMATIVE) RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER IEEE STANDARDS. F-1ANNEX G (INFORMATIVE) BIBLIOGRAPHY . G-1ANNEX H TERMS AND DEFINITIONS. H-1VIIIEdition B Version 1
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AAP-48CHAPTER 1OVERVIEW1. Today the NATO emphasis is on the provision of military capability, to whicharmament systems and equipment contribute the materiel solution. From themateriel point of view, this calls for a systems life cycle approach, to ensurethat the through-life requirements of the system are formulated and addressedat the outset. As described in the NATO Policy for Systems Life CycleManagement (SLCM), the aim of SLCM is to optimise defence capabilitiesover the life cycle of the system by taking into account performance, cost,schedule, quality, operational environments, integrated logistic support andobsolescence. This publication provides the NATO System Life CycleProcesses to support the successful fielding of armament systems.2. The complexity of NATO systems has increased to an unprecedented level.This has led to new opportunities, but also to increased challenges for theorganisations that create and utilise systems. These challenges existthroughout the life cycle of a system and at all levels of architectural detail.They arise from several sources:ۛ There are inherent differences among the hardware, software andhuman elements from which systems are constructed.ۛ Almost every present-day system contains, and/or is modeled andsupported by computer-based technology.ۛ There is a lack of harmonisation and integration of the involveddisciplines, including science, engineering, management and finance.3. NATO armaments acquisition process is focusing on multinationalprogrammes, which emphasises the need for common methods of work byNations and Agencies. The definition of such common methods is through theprocess management documented in this publication.4. This publication should be used by NATO programmes, NATO Agencies, andNATO Nations in the implementation of System Life Cycle Management. Itfacilitates interoperability, communication, collaboration and cooperation, whileminimising total life cycle cost. Processes in this document form acomprehensive set from which a programme can select to construct systemlife cycle models appropriate for the armament system or equipment to befielded. These set of processes provide a common framework for theconsistent implementation of life cycle management best practices.5. The NATO Policy for Standardisation calls for the use of civil standards to themaximum practicable extent. ISO/IEC 15288:2008, “Systems Engineering –System Life Cycle Processes”, is already in use in several Nations andprovides a general framework that is neutral to existing individual Nations’Acquisition Processes. Following this guidance, NATO will use ISO/IEC1-1Edition B Version 1
AAP-4815288:2008 as the basis for implementing SLCM. This allows for traditionalacquisition or iterative developments and procurement cycles for therealisation of required capabilities.1.1.SCOPEISO 15288:2008 1.1 “Scope” shall applyNATO Additions:The scope of this publication, as it applies to the NATO environment, is to establish acommon framework and its associated set of processes and terminology in theacquisition of NATO armament systems.1.2.PURPOSEISO 15288:2008 1.2 “Purpose” shall applyNATO Additions:The purpose of this publication is to ensure that NATO Agencies and Nations utilisethe set of processes herein, to facilitate communication among all stakeholders in therealisation of NATO military capabilities.1.3.FIELD OF APPLICATIONISO 15288:2008 1.3 “Field of Application” shall applyNATO P20 - PAPSRegulations:NoneDiscussion:NOTE: For maximum effectiveness, this publication should be used jointly with AAP20 – Phased Armaments Programming System (PAPS). PAPS provides theguidance for the management of an armament programme throughout the life cycleand addresses, in detail, the management effort required to carry a materiel solutionthrough its life cycle stages. It achieves this by describing typical programme lifecycle stage activities, which includes those of system(s) life cycle(s). Moreover,PAPS focus is on all programme life cycle processes, while AAP-48 focus is onsystem life cycle processes. It is for this reason that PAPS includes processes of thePre-Concept Stage, which are not covered by AAP-48. The Pre-Concept Stagedescribes the actions required to trigger the system life cycle.ISO/IEC 15288:2008 divides the system life cycle into six stages, but NATO hasadded a Pre-Concept Stage to reflect the NATO programme life cycle environment.AAP-48 covers system life cycle processes occurring between the concept and1-2Edition B Version 1
AAP-48retirement stages while AAP-20 (PAPS) covers processes occurring in the PreConcept stage. Figure 1 illustrates this relationship.Figure1:NATO Programme Life Cycle (AAP-20) in relation to AAP-48NATO O 9004, ISO9000Regulations:NoneDiscussion:NOTE: Continual Improvement is a core principle of NATO. The purpose of continualimprovement is to incrementally evolve through the identification and exploitation ofenhancement opportunities. Continual Improvement principle should be embeddedas behaviour throughout the organisation. It relies on the application of the qualitymanagement principles described in ISO 9000.Life cycle processes should be implemented, managed and supported using clearlydefined goals, objectives and metrics that lead to applicable improvements. It isimportant to understand what to measure, why it is being measured and define thesuccessful outcome.This document can be utilised byacquirer/supplier, or technical ITATIONSISO 15288:2008 1.4 “Limitations” shall apply.1-3Edition B Version 1
AAP-48CHAPTER 22.1.CONFORMANCEINTENDED USAGEISO 15288:2008 2.1 “Intended usage” shall apply2.2.FULL CONFORMANCEISO 15288:2008 2.2 “Full conformance” shall apply2.3.TAILORED CONFORMANCEISO 15288:2008 2.3 “Tailored conformance” shall applyNATO neRegulations:NoneDiscussion: NATO Agencies and NATO Programmes, in their role as acquirer or supplier,must use this publication in the management of the assigned life cycleprocesses of their programs. Nations, in their role as acquirer or supplier, may use this publication. Inparticular, Nations are encouraged to look at the full life cycle implicationswhen programs show potential for NATO or multi-national wide involvement.Harmonisation of life cycle processes at early stages will result in improvedeffectiveness and efficiency in Alliance acquisitions. It can be used by either a single party or in a multiple-party situation eitherwithin or among organisations.2-1Edition B Version 1
AAP-48CHAPTER 33.1.REFERENCESNORMATIVE REFERENCESThe following referenced documents are essential for the application of thisdocument:NATO Policy for Systems Life CycleManagementSystem Life Cycle Management STANAGSystems and software engineering -Software life cycle processes3.2.C-M(2005)0108 of 30 November2005STANAG 4728ISO/IEC 12207:2008NATO REFERENCESReference documents’ dates and editions are current as of this publication. Mostcurrent editions can be found on the NATO Standardisation Document Databasecurrently at: http://nsa.nato.int/nsa/Phased Armaments ProgrammingSystem (PAPS)NATO Guidance on Integrated LogisticsSupport (ILS) for MultinationalArmaments ProgramsAllied Life Cycle Cost Publication– NATOGuidance on Life Cycle Costs (2008)AAP- 20 Edition 2ALP- 10ALCCP-1Guidance Manual for CooperativeProgramme ArrangementsGuidance Manual on Contractual Termsfor Cooperative ProgrammesNATO policy on an integrated systemsapproach to quality through the life cycleAACP-01NATO guidance on the use of AQAP2000 seriesNATO Project Assessment modelNATO Mutual Government QualityAssurance (GQA) ProcessAQAP-2009NATO requirements for deliverablequality plansNATO quality assurance requirementsfor design, development and 070AQAP-21103-1Edition B Version 1
AAP-48NATO quality assurance requirementsfor productionNATO quality assurance requirementsfor inspection and testNATO quality assurance requirementsfor final inspectionNATO Supplementary Software QualityAssurance RequirementNATO Requirements for the Preparationof Configuration Management PlansNATO Requirements for ConfigurationIdentificationNATO Requirements for ConfigurationControl – Engineering Changes,Deviations and WaiversNATO Requirements for ConfigurationStatus AccountingNATO Requirements for ConfigurationAuditsNATO Configuration Management Termsand DefinitionsNATO Configuration Management –Guidance on the Application of ACMP 16Environmental Guidelines for DefenceMaterielEnvironmental ConditionsClimatic ConditionsElectrical and ElectromagneticEnvironmental ConditionsClimatic Environmental TestsMechanical Environmental TestsElectrical/Electromagnetic EnvironmentalTestsThe Ten Step Method for Evaluating theAbility of Materiel to meet Extended LifeRequirements and Role and MP-07AECTP 100AECTP 200AECTP 230AECTP 250AECTP 300AECTP 400AECTP 500AECTP 600Edition B Version 1
AAP-48CHAPTER 4TERMS AND DEFINITIONS15288:2008 4 “Terms and Definitions” shall applyA list of NATO terms and definitions is provided in Annex H.4-1Edition B Version 1
AAP-48CHAPTER 55.1.KEY CONCEPTS AND APPLICATION OF THIS INTERNATIONALSTANDARDSYSTEM CONCEPTS5.1.1. Introduction15288:2008 5.1.1 “Introduction” shall apply5.1.2. Systems15288:2008 5.1.2 “Systems” shall apply5.1.3. System Structure15288:2008 5.1.3 “System Structure” shall apply5.1.4. Enabling Systems15288:2008 5.1.4 “Enabling systems” shall apply5.2.LIFE CYCLE CONCEPTS5.2.1. System Life Cycle Model15288:2008 5.2.1 “System life cycle model” shall applyNATO P-20Regulations:NoneDiscussion:For more details on developing life cycle models refer to Phased ArmamentsProgramming System (PAPS), AAP-20 Edition 2.5.2.2. System Life Cycle Stages15288:2008 5.2.2 “System life cycle stages” shall apply5.3.PROCESS CONCEPTS5.3.1. Description of Processes15288:2008 5.3.1 “Description of processes” shall apply5-1Edition B Version 1
AAP-48NATO neRegulations:NoneDiscussion:Each process in this publication is supplemented by NATO reference documents.STANAGs should be implemented, as applicable, and complied with to themaximum extent possible by Nations and NATO Bodies. STANAGs, dates andeditions are current as of this publication. Most current editions can be found on theNATO Standardisation Document Database currently at: http://nsa.nato.int/nsa/5.3.2. Processes in This Standard5.3.2.1. IntroductionNATO neRegulations:NoneDiscussion:To reflect NATO specific needs, the Through-Life Traceability Management Processand the Support Process have been added beyond the ISO/IEC 15288:2008processes as shown in Figure 2.5-2Edition B Version 1
AAP-48Figure2:The Processes of AAP-485-3Edition B Version 1
AAP-485.3.2.2. Agreement Processes15288:2008 5.3.2.2 “Agreement Processes” shall apply5.3.2.3. Organisational Project-Enabling Processes15288:2008 5.3.2.3 “Organisational Project-Enabling Processes” shall apply5.3.2.4. Project Processes15288:2008 5.3.2.4 “Project Processes” shall apply5.3.2.5. Technical Processes15288:2008 5.3.2.5 “Technical Processes” shall apply5.3.3. Process Application15288:2008 5.3.3 “Process application” shall apply5.3.4. Process Tailoring15288:2008 5.3.4 “Process tailoring” shall apply5-4Edition B Version 1
AAP-48CHAPTER 6SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE PROCESSESNATO neRegulations:NoneDiscussion:The NATO community has developed documents that can enable the life cycleprocesses by providing additional details on how the process is implemented in aNATO environment. These documents are in the forms of StandardisationAgreements (STANAGs), Allied Administrative Publications (AAPs), Allied QualityAssurance Publications (AQAPs) and others. All of these documents can be foundat: http://nsa.nato.int/nsa/6.1.AGREEMENT PROCESSES15288:2008 6.1 “Agreement Processes” shall apply6.1.1. Acquisition Process6.1.1.1. Purpose15288:2008 6.1.1.1 “Purpose” shall apply6.1.1.2. Outcomes15288:2008 6.1.1.2 “Outcomes” shall applyNATO APsRegulations:NoneDiscussion:Acquirer must specify the Quality Assurance requirements accordingly (see AQAP2009), first in the tender, and subsequently, in the contract. These QA provisionsmay range from Development & Production (AQAP 2110), Production (AQAP 2120),Inspection & Test (AQAP 2130), to Final Inspection (AQAP 2131). For the selectionof appropriate AQAPs refer to AQAP 2009 Figure 2.AQAPs communicate to the supplier the contractual quality management systemterms and conditions.Acceptance criteria for the product or service shall be stated in the solicitation andcontract.6-1Edition B Version 1
AAP-48Payment provisions in the contract must be linked to the acceptance criteria.6.1.1.3. Activities and Tasks15288:2008 6.1.1.3 “Activities and tasks” shall applyNATO Additions for activity B task tions:NoneDiscussion:NOTE A decision can be taken at this point to not initiate an agreement if none of theproposals fulfill the selection criteria.NATO Additions for activity C task ations:NoneDiscussion:The solicitation must include provisions for prospective suppliers to show evidence ofprior success in quality management and delivery of quality products. Such evidenceshall be considered in the evaluation of proposals, in a manner that is appropriate forthe risk resilience of the program or system. Third Party Quality Managementcertifications are often considered as indicators of success, however, on NATOsolicitations, they are not to be used as conclusive evidence, nor required as aprecondition for consideration.NATO Additions for activity E task 2:STANAGs:STANRECs:Publications:NoneNoneAACP-1, AACP-2Regulations:NoneDiscussion:Guidelines to facilitate the development of effective arrangements for armaments cooperative programmes can be found in AACP-1. Part I of the document, and itssupplements, provide guidance for the drafting of co-operative programmeMemoranda of Understanding (MoUs), whereas Part II advises on ways to enhancecollaboration between governments and industry at early stages of a programme.Guidelines on contractual terms in support of cooperative programmes, throughoutthe consecutive phases of the programme life-cycle, from feasibility studies, throughdesign, development and production, to logistic support can be found in AACP-2. Thepublication also addresses specific aspects of current contractual practice, inparticular software intellectual property terms, electronic data interchange, and thecreation and use of data bases.6-2Edition B Version 1
AAP-48NATO Additions:STANAGs:STANRECs:STANAG 4107 NonePublications:AQAP 2070Regulations:NoneDiscussion:Government Quality Assurance (GQA) is the primary tool for Supplier Monitoring andmust be managed in accordance with AQAP 2070.AQAP’s in NATO contracts ensure access to the suppliers’ processes, facilities andrecords which are needed to monitor the execution of the agreement andconfirmation of the acceptability of products. In addition, in cases of cross-bordertrade, STANAG 4107 provides the Acquirer with the means to obtain host nationmonitoring support, through reciprocal GQA delegations between Alliance members.6.1.2. Supply Process6.1.2.1. Purpose15288:2008 6.1.2.1 “Purpose” shall apply6.1.2.2. Outcomes15288:2008 6.1.2.2 “Outcomes” shall applyNATO APsRegulations:NoneDiscussion:NATO Agencies are suppliers to the Nations and as such should have theappropriate Quality Management System in place.6.1.2.3. Activities and Tasks15288:2008 6.1.2.3 “Activities and tasks” shall apply6.2.ORGANISATIONAL PROJECT-ENABLING PROCESSES15288:2008 6.2 “Organisational Project-Enabling Processes” shall apply6.2.1. Life Cycle Model Management Process15288:2008 6.2.1 “Life Cycle Model Management Process” shall apply6-3Edition B Version 1
AAP-486.2.2. Infrastructure Management Process15288:2008 6.2.2 “Infrastructure Management Process” shall apply6.2.3. Project Portfolio Management Process15288:2008 6.2.3 “Project Portfolio Management Process” shall apply6.2.4. Human Resource Management Process15288:2008 6.2.4 “Human Resource Management Process” shall apply6.2.5. Quality Management Process6.2.5.1. Purpose15288:2008 6.2.5.1 “Purpose” shall applyNATO neRegulations:NoneDiscussion:There is a cost to managing quality as well as a benefit. The effort and time requiredto manage quality should not exceed the overall value gained from the process.NATO AP 2000Regulations:NoneDiscussion:The Acquirer must manage the quality at the enterprise and project levels inaccordance with the quality management process. The Quality ManagementProcess shall be documented, implemented and monitored for effectiveness acrossall applicable life cycle processes.AQAP 2000 details the NATO policy on an integrated systems approach to qualitythrough the life cycle.6.2.5.2. Outcomes15288:2008 6.2.5.2 “Outcomes” shall apply6.2.5.3. Activities and Tasks15288:2008 6.2.5.3 “Activities and tasks” shall apply6-4Edition B Version 1
AAP-48NATO Additions for activity A task 3:STANAGs:STANRECs:Publications:NoneNoneAAP-20, Annex3, ProjectManagementPlan TemplateRegulations:NoneDiscussion:NOTE The Quality Control sub-clause of the PP/PMP (Program Plan/ProjectManagement Plan) within AAP-20 shall specify the mechanisms to be used tomeasure and control the quality of the processes and the resulting work products.Quality control mechanisms may include quality assurance of processes, verificationand validation, joint reviews, audits, and process assessment.The Quality Assurance Plan (or relevant sub-clause of the PP/PMP) shall provide theplans for assuring that the project fulfils its commitments to the requirements asspecified in the requirements specification, the PMP, supporting plans, and anystandards, procedures, or guidelines to which the process or the product mustadhere. Quality assurance procedures may include analysis, inspections, reviews,audits, and assessments. The quality assurance plan should indicate therelationships among the quality assurance, verification and validation, review, audit,configuration management, system engineering, and assessment processes.NATO Additions for activity C task 2:STANAGs:STANRECs:Publications:STANAG 4107 NoneNoneRegulations:NoneDiscussion:STANAG 4107 provides a description of processes, procedures, and conditionsunder which Mutual Government Quality Assurance of defence products is to beperformed by the appropriate National Authority of one NATO member nation, at therequest of another NATO member nation or NATO Organisation. The STANAG alsoaims to standardise the development, updating and application of AQAP on the basisof the concept of quality assurance in the procurement of defence products.6.3.PROJECT PROCESSES6.3.1. Project Planning Process6.3.1.1. Purpose15288:2008 6.3.1.1 “Purpose” shall apply6-5Edition B Version 1
AAP-486.3.1.2. Outcomes15288:2008 6.3.1.2 “Outcomes” shall apply6.3.1.3. Activities and Tasks15288:2008 6.3.1.3 “Activities and tasks” shall applyNATO Additions for activity D task 3:STANAGs:STANRECs:Publications:AllNoneAAP-20: Annex3Regulations:NoneDiscussion:In an effort to help project/programme managers adequately plan for theirproject/programme, NATO has developed a Project Management Plan (PMP)Template (AAP-20: Annex 3). The template helps a project/programme manageridentify and document things like objectives, schedule, tools, work plans (i.e.schedule allocations, budget allocations, systems engineering), assessment andcontrol plans (i.e. requirements control plan, quality control plan), and supportingprocess plans (i.e. decision management, risk management, configurationmanagement).The AAP-20 publication provides the guidance for the management of an armamentprogramme throughout the system life cycle and addresses, in detail, themanagement effort required to carry a materiel solution through its life cycle stages.AAP-20 addresses the system life cycle stages in detail, and should be used inconjunction with AAP-48 in order to clearly define the detailed systems engineeringprocesses that will be employed to deliver the PAPS stages defined herein.6.3.2. Project Assessment and Control Process6.3.2.1. Purpose15288:2008 6.3.2.1 “Purpose” shall apply6.3.2.2. Outcomes15288:2008 6.3.2.2 “Outcomes”
AAP-48 1-1 Edition B Version 1 CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW 1. Today the NATO emphasis is on the provision of military capability, to which armament systems and equipment contribute the
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY (NSA) NATO LETTER OF PROMULGATION 03 April 2013 1. AAP-06(2013)-NATO GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND DEFINITIONS (ENGLISH AND FRENCH) is a NATO Allied publication. The agreement of nations to use this publication is recorded in STANAG 3680. 2. AAP-06(2013) is effective upon receipt.
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NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) NATO STANDARDIZATION OFFICE (NSO) NATO LETTER OF PROMULGATION 4 October 2019 1. The enclosed Allied Quality Assurance Publication AQAP-2070, Edition B, Version 4 NATO MUTUAL GOVERNMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE (GQA), which has been approved by the nations in AC/327, is promulgated herewith.
Publications (English and French) is a NATO Allied administrative publication. 2. AAP-15(2013) terminology has been . exemplified by the Concise Oxford English Dictionary and Le Petit Robert, which will be recorded in Change 1 to C-M(2005)0023. C. 15. This edition of AAP-15 conforms with the Guidance. Where there are several
NCS is comprised of US National Stock Numbers and NATO Stock Numbers NATO codification is based on U.S. Federal Catalog System Currently there are more than 18 million NSNs NATO-wide Used by 62 nations around the world, including 28 NATO countries (to find a list of the 28 NATO participating countries please follow)
74 BAB III GAMBARAN UMUM NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Dalam bab ini penulis akan menjelaskan beberapa pembahasan, Pertama penulis akan menjelaskan profil North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). dalam bab ini akan dijelaskan sejarah terbentuknya NATO, alasan negara-negara Eropa untuk membentuk aliansi, struktur NATO dan cara kerja struktur dalam NATO.
STANAG 4609 (Edition 3) RECORD OF AMENDMENTS No. Reference/date of Amendment Date Entered Signature EXPLANATORY NOTES AGREEMENT 1. This NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG) is promulgated by the Director NATO Standardization Agency under the authority vested in him by the NATO Standardization Organisation Charter. 2.
models of behavior and actual behavior occur because of what Herbert Simson (1957, p. 198) called 'bounded rationality': 'The capacity of the human mind for formulating and solving complex problems is very small compared with the size of the problems whose
