Tens Of Thousands Of Dogs Are A Caged Racing Greyhound In .
of 42,000 greyhound pups per year, including thethousands who never get named and are omittedfrom industry record keeping.Though not every jurisdiction functions identically,racing greyhounds are subject to practices that arecruel and inhumane: lives of confinement, seriousracing injuries, and the threat of “culling” at everystage of life.Tens of thousands of dogs arebred for this cruel industryA caged racing greyhound in Ireland.Commercial greyhound racing exists in sevenThe majority of racing greyhounds are bred incountries at 115 tracks worldwide. First inventedIreland, Australia, and the United States,in the United States, commercial racing is typicallyrespectively. Each jurisdiction breeds thousands ofcharacterized by a regulating authority, state-greyhounds per year for its own tracks, andsanctioned gambling, an industrialized breedingsupplies secondary jurisdictions with thousands ofapparatus, a greyhound tattoo identificationdogs as well.1system, organized kennel operations, and anetwork of public racetracks.Ireland reported 2,324 litters in 2019.6 Using theconservative estimate of six pups per litter, theDog racing is currently legal in the United States,industry bred approximately 13,944 greyhoundsAustralia, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, the Unitedthat year. In 2015, the most recent year ofKingdom, and Vietnam. Even within thesereported registrations, 8,344 of an estimatedjurisdictions, commercial racing has been13,184 available greyhounds were registered tooutlawed in many states, most recently Florida inrace, both for commercial racing and hare2the USA. Non-commercial dog racing is alsocoursing.7 Approximately 6,250 greyhounds thatknown to exist in twenty-one countries.4are bred in Ireland are exported to the UK each3Greyhound racing is cruel andinhumaneyear, sold for prices that are 50% the cost ofproduction.8 Each year, some 6,000 excess Irishgreyhounds are known to be culled.9 Additionally,older racing greyhounds have been known to beEach year, the greyhound industry worldwideexported to Argentina, Pakistan, and Spain — allbreeds at least 7,000 greyhound litters for the solecountries where dogs are routinely killed and5purpose of gambling. This amounts to a minimumdiscarded. 10
Australia reported 3,006 litters in 2015. 11 Usingside, and in jurisdictions like the US, in stackedthe conservative estimate of six pups per litter,cages. They are confined for long hours each daythe industry bred approximately 18,036with bedding that ranges from carpet scraps andgreyhounds that year. In 2015 only 11,732 wereshredded newspaper to burlap sacks. 16registered to race, a a discrepancy of 6,304dogs.12Greyhounds are “turned out” two to five times perday, depending on the jurisdiction. At theCanidrome in Macau, dogs were let out twice a dayto relieve themselves but stayed in their cages forupwards of twenty-three hours a day.17 In theUnited States, dogs are confined for twenty hoursor more with intermittent turn outs and racesabout once every four days.18Kennels vary widely across jurisdictions. In Macau,Puppies from a breeding farm in the United States.Australia regularly sends greyhounds to NewZealand, having exported 1,048 greyhoundsbetween 2016 and 2020.13 In addition, it isestimated that since 2011, Australian trainershave also exported over 1,700 dogs to mainlandChina, Macau, and Vietnam, jurisdictions with noanimal welfare laws in place.14the greyhound kennel compounds were fifty-yearold sparse concrete structures with metal bars orfencing to contain the dogs, two-thirds of which“would fail to meet the minimum size for a racingkennel in Australia.”19 In the US, there are twostandard cage sizes, 49”-36”-35” and 43”-30”-32”.The latter is barely large enough for somegreyhounds to stand up or turn around.20The United States reported 1,405 litters in 2017.Again using the conservative estimate of six pupsper litter, the industry bred approximately 8,430greyhounds in that year. In 2017, 7,181 wereregistered to race. The US exports both young andold dogs to Mexico, where they race at the AguaCaliente race track, often every other day, anunusually high rate by industry averages.15Greyhounds endure lives ofconfinementThe vast majority of commercial racinggreyhounds endure lives of terrible confinement.Dogs live in warehouse-style kennels, side byA greyhound in an Australian kennel.Greyhounds suffer seriousinjuries while racingAt dog tracks worldwide, greyhounds routinelysuffer serious injuries. However, only a few
jurisdictions regularly publish injury data. The“[Tasmanian] stewards notified 274 injuries, 14racing commissions of the American states ofeuthanised” from January 1, 2014 to December 31,Arkansas, Iowa, and West Virginia produce injury2014. 24data subject to public request, and the Australianstate of New South Wales started publishing injurydata in late 2015. Reported injuries include brokenlegs, crushed skulls, seizures, paralysis, brokenbacks, and death by electrocution.In February 2021, the Coalition for the Protectionanalyzed thousands of Australian official stewardsreports, and found that 9,861 injuries occurred atAustralian tracks in 2020.25In the United Kingdom, the Greyhound Board ofGreat Britain was not required to report injuriesuntil 2017. Between 2017 and 2019, 14,770greyhound injuries were documented, including706 track fatalities.26In Ireland, between 2015 and 2020, 2,146 injurieswere documented, including 715 track fatalities.27Mexico, New Zealand, and Vietnam do not publishinjury data.A dog falls at a race track in the United States.In the United States, more than 10,000 injurieswere reported from January 2010 to December2019.21 Of these injuries, over 400 resulted indeath.22 In Florida, only one track was required toreport injuries but Sanford-Orlando Kennel Clubclosed in March 2020.Death is a common fate forgreyhoundsDeath is an all-too-common fate for racinggreyhounds. Dogs that aren’t fast enough or havesustained a severe injury are removed from theracing pool. At best, this situation can result inphysical rehabilitation and adoption, but far tooIn Australia, only one state racing body, New Southoften owners and trainers turn to euthanasia andWales, has published injury records. These identifyeven unsanctioned killings as cheap alternatives.a total of 8,657 documented injuries and 1,338documented deaths from January 2016 throughJune 2019. 23Aggregate injury reporting does appear in officialinquiries from time to time. The Australian state ofTasmania commissioned a report from theindustry entitled “Review of Arrangements forAnimal Welfare in the Tasmanian GreyhoundRacing Industry.” In it, the authors stated thatIn Australia, an internal industry memo fromGreyhounds Australasia CEO Scott Parker statedthat as many as 17,000 healthy greyhounds arekilled each year.28The 2016 “Special Commission of Inquiry into theGreyhound Racing Industry” found that at least50% of the greyhounds whelped were deliberatelykilled for not being fast enough, and that 40% of
greyhounds whelped never make it to the track.29In New South Wales, Australia, a 2016Parliamentary investigation revealed evidence2016/17-2018/19 reveal an additional 3,206greyhounds were destroyed trackside over threeyears.36that suggests as many as 68,448 greyhounds hadIn Queensland, Australia, a mass grave wasbeen killed over a twelve-year period becausediscovered by the Greyhound Racing Industry Task“they were considered too slow to pay their wayForce in Bundaberg.37 Investigators discoveredor were unsuitable for racing.”30 A few days afterfifty-five greyhound skeletons of dogs which “maythis analysis was released, a greyhound masshave been beaten to death.”38 Two months later, agrave was discovered at the Keinbah Trial TrackQueensland government inquiry into greyhoundnear Cessnock.31Almost 100 greyhounds hadracing found that the “wastage rate” within thebeen killed there “with a blow to the head, fromgreyhound industry was unacceptably high.39 Theeither a gunshot or a blunt instrument.”32inquiry demonstrated that between 2003 and2013 the greyhound industry produced a surplusof “7,263 (average of 660 per year) or 30 per centof [all] greyhounds whelped.”40 The reportdescribed these extra greyhounds as“unaccounted for.”41A November 2018 ABC report revealed thathundreds of Queensland greyhounds continue tobe killed. In the 2017/18 financial year, 446greyhounds were euthanized, and an estimated7,000 greyhounds were unaccounted for.42Greyhound skeletons in a mass grave in Australia.In Tasmania, Australia, an industry report entitledIn 2017/18 and 2018/19, an estimated 4,000Tasmanian Greyhound Racing Industry” found thatgreyhounds disappeared annually in New SouthWales. This number represents the thousands ofgreyhounds difference between the number ofgreyhounds due for retirement and the muchsmaller number of greyhounds that arerehomed.33In Victoria, Australia, the racing body released itsAnnual Report for 2015/16 which revealed that3,157 greyhounds had been euthanized during theyear.34 Greyhound Racing Victoria also indicatedthat an even higher number had been euthanizedin years prior.35 Annual Reports for the years“Review of Arrangements for Animal Welfare in theduring the 2013/14 racing season and the 2014/15racing season, 753 greyhounds were killed by boththe industry and by the industry rehoming programitself.43 In the years 2016/17-2018/19, an additional764 greyhounds were euthanized or died.44
Irish tracks.52In the United Kingdom, building merchant DavidSmith was discovered in 2006 to have killed anestimated 10,000 greyhounds in his backyard witha bolt gun.53 He was paid 10 per dog and buriedthem in a pit on his property.54 In addition to 706track fatalities, between 2017 and 2019, 2,036greyhounds were reported euthanized for otherreasons such as treatment costs or beingdesignated as unsuitable for rehoming.55David Smith of the United Kingdom burying exracing greyhounds.The full extent of greyhound deaths may never beknown, but the current figures confirm a grimIn South Australia, Australia, Greyhound Racing SAreality: thousands upon thousands of greyhoundsreleased a media statement under pressure fromare euthanized or destroyed each year because itthe public in September 2016. In it, the CEOis expedient for industry participants to do so.admitted that in the last fiscal year 2015/16, 535greyhounds were euthanized or died.45 From2016/17-2018/19, 772 greyhounds wereeuthanized or died.46Hundreds of cases of cruelty andneglect have been documentedaround the worldAnd in the year 2020, the Coalition for theProtection of Greyhounds found that 1,968greyhounds were killed by the industry across allAustralian racing jurisdictions.47In New Zealand, the National Animal WelfareAdvisory Committee assesses that as many as 300greyhounds are euthanized each year.48 The 2017“Report to New Zealand Racing Board on WelfareIssues Affecting Greyhound Racing in NewZealand” found that 1,447 greyhounds wereeuthanized between 2013-2014 and 2016-2017.49Annual Reports from 2017/18 and 2019/20 revealthat 937 greyhounds have been destroyed overthree years.50In Ireland, 6,000 greyhounds are killed each yearfor not being fast enough.51 Between 2015 and2020, an additional 715 greyhounds were killed atA racing greyhound in Ireland.
The worldwide commercial racing industry has aowners, names of trainers, nor the names andwell-documented history of animal welfare issueslicense numbers for those transporting theand abuse. These include starvation, drugging,greyhounds.57mutilation, and abandonment. In 2020, GREY2K USA Worldwide In January of 2017 in South Australia, greyhoundhandler Tony Rasmussen was televised sexuallydocumented live lure training in the three keystimulating a greyhound before a race, whichAmerica greyhound breeding states of Kansas,resulted in a 1,000 fine.58Oklahoma and Texas. Live lure training orbaiting, also called "blooding," refers to the useof small animals to excite and enhance a chaseinstinct in young dogs. Screaming rabbitswere dangled before greyhounds, dragged infront of them on ropes, or simply set loose tobe attacked and killed. Eleven industryparticipants were observed, including adeputy sheriff and his daughter, as well asUrsula O'Donnell, who had previously escapedprosecution as part of a conspiracy to killthousands of Florida greyhounds in 2001.O'Donnell was filmed live baiting in a field justoutside the headquarters of the NationalGreyhound Association in Abilene. Authoritieshave taken no action against any of theseperpetrators.56 On May 5, 2017, Florida investigators conductedan inspection of Blanchard Kennels, owned andoperated by National Greyhound Association(NGA) Director James Blanchard. Blanchardinitially advised his staff to refuse entry,although investigators were eventually allowedto inspect the kennels. They discovered threegreyhounds with expired vaccination recordsand an additional 43 greyhounds missing proofof vaccinations. Blanchard was also unable toprovide a kennel roster for greyhounds in eitherof his two kennel buildings, and could notproduce dates of receipt and release,greyhound names, tattoo numbers, names of In October of 2016, Florida kennel operatorMichael Klingbeil discovered his greyhound BCDiablo Sam looking “lethargic, drawn, anddehydrated” prior to a race. Instead of seekingveterinary care or withdrawing his dog from therace, he administered his own medical care andraced the dog anyway. After the race, BC DiabloSam was found dead in his crate. Though hewas originally charged with failing to treat hisdog humanely, he and Florida regulators agreedto a stipulated order in which he onlyacknowledged wrongfully possessing ahypodermic needle.59 In July of 2016, in New South Wales, Australia,kennel operator Robert Newstead was caughton film using an electric cattle prod on agreyhound before a race, an action whichresulted in a 15-month suspension.60 In April of 2016, West Virginia kennel operatorTaylor Jones was found keeping greyhounds invery dirty conditions. Greyhounds were sleepingin wet urine-soaked beds, and she was found tobe keeping restricted medical supplies in herkennel. For all of this, Jones was given awarning.61 On December 9, 2015, ABC’s 7.30 program airedan investigation into greyhound exports fromAustralia to China and Vietnam in whichreporters uncovered a 100% death rate for
these greyhounds.62 Since 2001, at least 3,500during which several industry participantsgreyhounds have been exported to Macau fromadmitted to the killing of hundreds of healthythe Australian state of Victoria alone.63greyhounds.69 The reporter also called into On February 16, 2015, ABC’s Four Cornersprogram released “Making a Killing,” a damningexposé into the widespread practice of live64question the use of the word “retired” as aeuphemism for “euthanized.”70 On April 10, 2012 in County Limerick, Ireland, sixbaiting in Australia. Small animals like piglets,greyhounds were found dead, after having beenopossums and rabbits were routinely used asshot in the head and dumped in a quarry.71 Thelures to ‘blood’ the greyhounds by some of thedogs were traced back to their owner Johncountry’s most prominent industryCorkerey, who admitted he had arranged toparticipants.65destroy the dogs after a poor performance at On November 3, 2014, BBC Panorama releasedan undercover report of race fixing in thetheir racing trials.72 On October 29, 2010, Florida’s Division of Pari-greyhound racing industry in Great Britain.Mutuel Wagering investigators reported theTrainer Chris Mosdall openly admitted todiscovery of thirty-two grossly emaciated deaddoping dogs to fix races, slowing them downdogs and five barely alive at the Ebro dogwith drugs for several races until the bettingtrack.73 Kennel operator Ronald John Williamsodds became highly profitable at which point hewas charged with thirty-seven counts of felonywould enter them without.66animal cruelty.74 The bodies of eight more dead On October 27, 2014, French port authoritiesdiscovered the bodies of eleven Irishgreyhounds who had suffocated in the cargohold of the ferry Oscar Wilde.67 They were beingexported from Ireland to Spain by way ofFrance.68 On March 6, 2013, 3 News of New Zealandreleased its program “Let Me Entertain You”dogs were found at Williams’s home, bringingthe total up to forty.75Greyhounds test positive forserious drugsGreyhounds routinely test positive for serious,prohibited drugs. Doping agents like cocaine, EPO,morphine, and amphetamines are found ingreyhounds with alarming regularity. Though theindustry often chalks up these occurrences totainted food or the actions of a few bad apples,the doping problem runs deep in the racingculture. The Association of Racing CommissionersInternational, an industry group that works topromote integrity in the horse and greyhoundracing business, includes nearly 900 prohibiteddrugs on its official control list.76A greyhound on the property of Ronald John Williams.
Five racing countries have regulatory frameworksin place to handle drug screening — the US,Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, the UK.77 Theseindustry organizations are responsible for findingand handling drug violations.dogs less aware of any injuries they may have.In Scotland, a December 2016 newspaperinvestigation found that race fixing with drugsoccurred with regularity at the non-registered“flapping” tracks.83 A trainer admitted to giving hisdog valoids to slow him down, waiting a few racesuntil the betting odds became favorable, thentaking him off the drugs to result in a faster racepace.84 Scottish greyhounds have continued to bedrugged: one trainer’s greyhounds tested positivefor cocaine and a betablocker in March 2019.85Altogether, twenty-eight drug positives haveoccurred at Shawfield Stadium since 2009,including five for cocaine.86In Ireland, the Irish Greyhound Board has postedKiowa Amage Me tested positive for cocaine in theUnited States in 2015.200 greyhound drug positives since 2012 in theSince 2008, GREY2K USA Worldwide has obtainedAnalytical Findings.87 These include cocaine,604 drug-related rulings from Americanamphetamine, and pentobarbital positives.88 Whileracetracks.78 Racing greyhounds have testedcocaine and amphetamine are known aspositive for a variety of serious drugs includingdangerous performance-enhancing drugs,79form of Control Committee Reports and Adversecocaine and oxycodone. Additionally, greyhoundpentobarbital is a performance-reducing drug. Intrainers have themselves tested positive forlarge doses, it has been used for both animal andcocaine and marijuana, and drug paraphernaliahuman euthanasia and appears in nearly 20% offor both dogs and humans has been confiscated inall IGB drug positives.89greyhound kennels.80In New Zealand, the Racing Integrity Unit foundIn the UK, the Greyhound Board of Great Britainhas published hundreds of greyhound positivessince 2009, forty-three alone in contract year2018/19.81 These include stanozolol, barbiturates,and morphine.82 Stanozolol is a synthetic anabolicsteroid and has been banned for its performanceenhancing influence. Barbiturates are centralnervous system depressants and are seriousperformance-affecting drugs. Morphine has beenused as a masking agent in greyhounds to makeMelinda Finn of Australia was disqualified for dopinggreyhounds with the hormone EPO.
thirty-nine greyhound drug positives from 2014 to2019.90 According to New Zealand’s Judicial ControlAuthority, some of these positives weremorphine.91 Additionally, two greyhound trainerstested positive for cannabis.92In Australia, each state and territory has a regulatoryagency. These agencies have reported hundreds ofgreyhound drug positives since 2008. InQueensland, greyhounds have tested positive foramphetamine, morphine, and pentobarbitone, afast-acting barbiturate.93In New South Wales, greyhounds have testedpositive for EPO, amphetamine, and codeine.94Between 2015 and April 2018, 201 greyhoundstested positive for drugs in New South Wales.95 InVictoria, eight greyhounds tested positive forcodeine and morphine in 2016.96 In Tasmania,greyhounds have tested positive for caffeine andcobalt.97 In South Australia, greyhounds have testedpositive for amphetamine and cobalt.98Additionally, greyhounds in Australia test positivefor unusual drugs. In Queensland, a greyhoundtested positive for Desvenlafaxine, a drug normallyused to treat depression and which isn’t used at allnormally used in cows to control estrus cycles.100Gambling on greyhounds isdecliningGreyhound wagering is on the decline. Totalwagering, also known as the handle or turnover, isan industry metric that gauges public interest in aparticular gambling sector. For example, in the lastten years, wagering on greyhound racing in Irelandand the US has diminished by hundreds of millionsof dollars.Australia is the lone country where wagering ongreyhound racing is steadily increasing, and the 3.14 billion (AUD4.99 billion) wagered onAustralian racing in 2018 accounts for over half ofthe 6.04 billion worldwide greyhound handle.However, the 3.45% increase in wagering from2018 to 2019 represents the lowest annual growthrate since all six major territories began reportingturnover figures in 2013.101In Ireland, the Irish Greyhound Board reported 24.38 million ( 23 million) in total racing turnoverin 2019, a decline of 30.03% since 2010.102in veterinary medicine.99 In Western Australia, aIn Macau’s final full year of racing, 2017, 26.16greyhound tested positive for Fertagyl, a drugmillion (MOP218 million) was wagered, a decline ofTotal Amount Gambled on Live and Simulcast Dog Racing
86.86% from its peak in 2010.103Between 2016 and 2018, turnover in New Zealandhas registered between 233 million and 257million (NZD382 million and NZD421 million) eachyear.104future.106 This decline is the result of increasedpublic awareness that dog racing is cruel andinhumane, coupled with competition from other,faster forms of gambling including internetwagering.In the United States, 432.79 million was wageredSince GREY2K USA Worldwide began its USin 2019, a reduction of 37.05% since 2010.campaign in 2001, forty-three American dog tracksIn the United Kingdom, 2.14 billion ( 1.7 billion)Florida became the forty-first state to outlaw dogwas wagered in 2018, amounting to just more thana third of worldwide handle. Turnover declined tohave closed or ceased live racing.107 Most recently,racing outright.108 2.06 billion ( 1.64 billion) in 2019, a decline of3.66% from 2018.Given that the UK has observed an average annualrate of inflation of 2.9% between 2010 and 2019, ifthe greyhound betting industry had kept pace,turnover would be at 2.4 billion ( 1.93 billion).Instead, turnover is stagnant, and lagging behindthe rate of inflation by hundreds of millions ofdollars.British greyhound wagering is also trending awayfrom on course and off course betting at the trackand betting shops, and towards internet wagering.This shift has resulted in a reduction in grossgambling yield, the amount retained by gamblingoperators, that significantly outpaces thedownturn in overall wagering. This occurs becausegambling operators retain a lower percentage ofthe turnover when bets are placed remotely.105Greyhound racing is a dyingindustryThe greyhound racing industry is dying. Around theworld, dozens of tracks have closed and continue toDogs poisoned to death after racing in Vietnam.Once numbering over 100, Australia’s tracks havecontinued to close. Today, the country has sixtyfour greyhound tracks, the most recent oneclosing in April 2018.109New Zealand once operated thirteen tracks andnow maintains only seven.110close. Fewer than 120 commercial tracks currentlyThe UK once had at least seventy-seven licensedexist, and more are slated to close in the neartracks.111 Now only twenty-two operate there, with
Poole having closed in August 2020.112 In Londonitself, once the home of over thirty greyhoundstadiums, the last track at Plough Lane held itsfinal race in March 2017. 113 Wimbledon will nowbe used as a soccer stadium.Ibid.9Conor Ryan, “Thousands of greyhounds ‘culled each year’ for not being fastenough,” RTE, greyhoundrte-investigates/, June 26, 2019 (accessed April 1, 2020).114In China, the Canidrome was ordered to close bythe Macau government In July 2018.115 This wasthe only legal dog track in the entire country.Greyhound racing and its attendant crueltiesviolate the values of our world community andshould be prohibited.Last updated on October 21, 2021"Greyhound Racing Tracks in Australia," Australian RacingGreyhound, australianracinggreyhound.com, September 11, 2015 (accessed1March 2, 2020). The current total number of tracks accounts for the ban in theACT, discontinuing racing at Canberra Greyhound track (Isaac Ling, “Greyhoundscome to a close in Canberra,” -come-to-a-close-incanberra 168425/, April 28, 2018); John Anthony, “Greyhound racing facesuncertain future in NZ following damning NSW report,” -nz-following-damning-nsw-report, September 2, 2016; “OurStadiums,” Irish Greyhound Board, / (accessed April 1, 2020); ”Racecourses,” Greyhound Board of GreatBritain, acks true. The UKhas an additional three operational unlicensed tracks, known as independent orflapper tracks; http://duachovietnam.net/ (accessed April 1, 2020); “The CalienteRacetrack,” stijuana/greyhound-racing/ (accessed April 1, 2020).2”Greyhound Racing Around the World,” GREY2K USA e.php (accessed April 1, 2020).Rob Wile, “Florida voters put dog racing in America on its last legs,” MiamiHerald, iamidade/article221293595.html, November 8, 2018.4One such country is Portugal, which has a breeding system in place derived3from predominantly Irish bloodlines. Races are held around the country and theissue has been debated in Parliament, although no betting is known to occur.“Australasian Statistics,” Greyhounds Australasia, istics Greyhounds-Australasia2016-05.pdf, May 12, 2016 (accessed April 1, 2020); “For the Record: NGA OfficeStatistics,” National Greyhound Association (accessed March 22, 2019); FloydAmphlett, “Registrations and Litters Both Down,” Greyhound litters-both-down/, January 23,2020 (accessed April 1, 2020).6Floyd Amphlett, “Registrations and Litters Both Down,” Greyhound litters-both-down/, January 23,2020 (accessed April 1, 2020).7The discrepancy between the number of pups bred and the number of pupsthat are registered to race is analyzed extensively in a report prepared for theIrish Greyhound Board in September 2017 (“IGB Business Model Analysis,”Preferred Results Ltd., port---pages-1---65compressed.pdf, September 29, 2017).58Wayne O’Connor and Mark O’Regan, “Exported Irish greyhounds sufferhorrific abuse at hands of new owners,” at-hands-of-new-owners-35712353.html, May 14, 2017 (accessedApril 1, 2020).11“Australasian Statistics,” Greyhounds Australasia, istics Greyhounds-Australasia2016-05.pdf, May 12, 2016 (accessed April 1, 2020).1012Ibid.”Greyhound exports,” Australian Government’s Department of Agriculture,Water and the Environment, reyhound-exports (accessedMarch 16, 2021).14Neil Keene, “Australian greyhounds ‘exported to misery’,” The Daily Telegraph,December 9, 2015.15Carey Theil, “Greyhounds Run Into the Ground at Mexico Track,” GREY2K USAWorldwide, October 7, 2015, to-ground-at-mexico.html (accessed April 1, 2020).16Clifton Gray, “A Day in the Life of the Racing Greyhound,” All AboutGreyhounds, 2011.17“Review of Australian Greyhound Export Welfare Standards,” GreyhoundsAustralasia, 2012.18Clifton Gray, “A Day in the Life of a Racing Greyhound,” All About Greyhounds,2011.19“Review of Australian Greyhound Export Welfare Standards,” GreyhoundsAustralasia, 2012.20Penny Wick, “Crating for Safety and Wellbeing,” National GreyhoundAssociation, March 1, 2016.“Greyhound Racing in the United States,” GREY2K USA Worldwide,https://files.grey2kusa.org/pdf/GREY2K USA National Fact Sheet.pdf, June 5,2019 (accessed April 1, 2020).2122Ibid.“Injury Reports,” Greyhound Racing New South njury-report (accessed April 1,2020); “Annual Report 2018/19,” GWIC (August 7, 2020).24Rod Andrewartha and Tony Murray, “Review of Arrangements for AnimalWelfare in the Tasmanian Greyhound Racing Industry,” Department of PrimaryIndustries, Parks, Water & Environment, March 13, 2015.25“Lethal Tracks 2020,” Coalition for the Protection of Greyhounds 0/, February 2021 (accessedMarch 16, 2021).26“Key Injury and Retirement Figures,” Greyhound Board of Great y-and-retirement-data/ (accessedApril 1, 2020)).27“At tracks around Ireland in 2020, 255 greyhounds suffered injuries and 90were killed,” Irish Council Against hounds-suffered-injuries-and-90-were-killed/, January 30, 2021(accessed March 16, 2021).28Scott Parker and
A caged racing greyhound in Ireland. Commercial greyhound racing exists in seven countries at 116 tracks worldwide.1 First invented in the United States, commercial racing is typically characterized by a regulating authority, state-sanctioned gambling, an industrialized breeding apparatus, a greyhound tattoo identification
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A 2 hundreds 4 tens ones B 2 hundreds 5 tens 4 ones C 1 hundred 5 tens 4 ones A girl has 464 roses in her garden. How many hundreds, tens, and ones does she have? A 4 hundreds 6 tens 4 ones B 6 hundreds 4 tens ones C 4 hundreds tens 6 ones A boy has 325 bugs. How many hundreds, tens, and ones
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tens and tens, ones and ones.” But I cannot add “hundreds and hundreds, tens and tens, ones and ones” if I don’t first understand base ten and place value. I have to “see” the numeral 123 as 1 hundred, 2 tens, and 3 ones. And I have to “see” 245 as 2 hundreds, 4 tens, and 5 ones
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South Korea: Chungbuk (130 ticks from 14 dogs), Chungnam (145 ticks from 15 dogs), and Gyeongbuk (167 ticks from 17 dogs) and southern South Korea: Jeonbuk (165 ticks from 17 dogs), Jeonnam (180 ticks from 19 dogs), and Gyeongnam (193 ticks from 20 dogs). None of the infested dogs showed clinical symptoms of tickborne pathogens (TBPs).
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