Biodiesel And Renewable Diesel Research Study

Biodiesel and RenewableDiesel Research StudyOctober 14, 2008California Environmental Protection AgencyAir Resources Board1

AgendaI. IntroductionsII. Updatesa. Fuelsb. Engine/vehicle testsIII. NOx Impact Study and NOx Mitigation Study (Dr. Tom Durbin)a. Preliminary testb. Engine dynamometer cycle developmentc. Main testd. Additivese. Alternative fuel blendsf. Matched blendingIV. Transportation Refrigeration Unit (TRU) biodiesel test programV. Open Discussion2

Introductions3

Background Executive Order S-1-07 Low Carbon Fuel Standard(LCFS)– Reduce at least 10 percent of the carbon intensity ofCalifornia's transportation fuels by 2020.– Early action item with a regulation to be adopted andimplemented by 2010. Executive Order S-06-06, establishing targets for theuse and production of biofuels and biopower– Includes biodiesel and ethanol.– California shall produce a minimum of 20 percent of itsbiofuels within California by 2010, 40 percent by 2020, and75 percent by 2050.4

Background Low Carbon Fuels Standard– Biofuels specifications by 20095

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyBiodiesel and RenewableDiesel Study Biodiesel and renewable diesel emissionsevaluation Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) formation andmitigation evaluation Transportation Refrigeration Units (TRUs) Light duty vehicles Durability study Multi-Media evaluation6

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyUpdates7

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyFuels Update-BiodieselBlend Fuel Specifications Oxidative stability EN 14112– All blends: 12 hours Blend level results (EN14078 IR results)– Soy (5%) 5.3, (20%) 20.8, (50%) 52.5– Animal (5%) 5.4, (20%) 21.2, (50%) 52.88

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyFuels Update-RenewableDiesel Blends CECERT completed the blending in August Fuel analysis-in progress9

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyTest Vehicle Update Vehicle one– Heavy-duty diesel truck equipped with a 2005Caterpillar C13 engine Vehicle two secured for testing– Heavy-duty diesel truck equipped with a 2007Detroit Diesel MBE 4000 engine– Engine/vehicle break in: minimum 3000 additionalmiles needed Vehicle three– Transit bus equipped with a Detroit Diesel 1997DDCs50 engine and with a Cleaire Longview10

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyBiodiesel CharacterizationVehicle One Chassis Test Pretest “dress rehearsal” completedPotential issue with vehicle– Excessive smoke and liquid oil out of blow by tube Plan to address issue– Identified vehicle was overfilled with lube oil by six quarts due tomiscalibration of dipstick-dipstick recalibrated– Taken to dealer for service and diagnostic Identified valve issue which was repaired No other problems were identified– Undergoing oil consumption tests to confirm oil consumption is withinCaterpillar’s specifications 60 gals of fuel per quart of lube oil Test completed next week– Consultation with Caterpillar Alternative vehicle a truck equipped with a 2001 C15 Caterpillar engine11

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyDiscussion12

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyNOx Impact Tests Check list– Vehicle duty cycle translations Coast down completed Vehicle duty cycle translations– Remove engine from 2006 Cummins ISM– Tested converted duty cycles on enginedynamometer– Preliminary test– QA/QC completed– Began main engine tests in October13

NOx Impact and NOxMitigation StudyDr. Tom DurbinPrinciple InvestigatorCECERT14

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyPreliminary Test Runs– 6 test runs in a single day on CARB ULSD and B20 Animal– Results show Emission differential B20 to ULSD of 2% (1.8%) for NOx Coefficients of Variation (COVs) of 1 % Emissions values comparable to certification values15

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyDraft Preliminary Test O2g/bhp-hrCARB ULSDave.st .0780.0022.8%632.4924.3430.7%B20-Animalave.st .0610.0000.7%637.0654.0560.6%% difference (B20 - 000.7%0.08916

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyEngine Dynamometer CycleDevelopment– Engine parameters (J1939) obtained from chassisdynamometer runs over the UDDS and Cruisecycles UDDS was loaded at weight of truck cab only Cruise was loaded at the full vehicle GVWR– A single test run was selected to represent the setof engine parameter data collected Based on NOx emissions, deviation from the drive cycle,and examination of outliers– Torque and RPM values normalized– Cycles were optimized for the engine dyno– New regression statistics criteria17

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyUDDS Engine Dynamometer Cycle80normalized RPMnormalized torque70RPM and Torque (% or 018

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyCruise Engine Dynamometer Cycle120normalized torquenormalized RPM100RPM and Torque (% or maximum)8060402000500100015002000-20-4019

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyInitial Main Test Runs– First round of testing on the soy-basedfeedstock– Initial results show trends consistent withexpectations Increasing NOx for the biodiesel blends Decreasing PM for the biodiesel blends Decreasing THC for the biodiesel blends20

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudySoy Feedstock Test MatrixMain programDay 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6Day 7Day 8Day 9Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel CycleBACBCBAACARB BABCBB20 pplementalDay 1Day 2Day 3Day 4FuelCycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel BCACAABB5Day 1Day 2Fuel Cycle Fuel CycleCCCARBB5CCCCCCB5CARBCCCC21

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyPreliminary Draft Main Test ResultsNOx EmissionsULSD8.0B20 - Soy7.0B50 - SoyEmissions (g/bhp-hr)6.0B100 - Soy5.04.03.02.01.00.0UDDSFTPCruise22

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyPreliminary Draft Main Test ResultsEmissions (g/bhp-hr)THC Emissions1.0ULSD0.9B20 - Soy0.8B50 - Soy0.7B100 - Soy0.60.50.40.30.20.10.0UDDSFTPCruise23

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyPreliminary Draft Main Test ResultsCO EmissionsULSD3.5B20 - SoyEmissions (g/bhp-hr)3.0B50 - SoyB100 - Soy2.52.01.51.00.50.0UDDSFTPCruise24

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyVery Preliminary Draft Main TestResultsPM EmissionsULSD0.12B20 - SoyB50 - SoyEmissions (g/bhp-hr)0.10B100 - Soy0.080.060.040.020.00UDDSFTPCruise25

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyDiscussion26

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyStrategies for NOx Mitigation– Additives– Renewable/biodiesel blends– GTL– Match blending – subsequent testing(phase 2)27

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyAdditive Testing– 2- ethyl-hexyl-nitrate (EHN)– Di-tert-butyl-peroxide (DTBP)– Both additives have been studied by NREL andSwRI– Initially explore effectiveness of different blendslevels (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%)– Use B20 with highest NOx disbenefit– Additional testing as needed to look at cycle effectsand higher blend levels28

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyInitial Testing on DTBPDay 1FuelCARBB20Day 2CycleFTPFuelB20Day 3CycleFTPFTPFTPFTPFTPDay 4Fuel CycleB20 FTP0.5%FTPDTBPCARBFuelCARBDay 5CycleFTPFuelB20 Day 6CycleFTPFTP 1.0% DTBP FTPFTPFTPCycle1.5% DTBPFTPFTPFTPB20 FTPFTP0.5%FTPFTPFTPFTPFTPDTBPFTPFTP 1.0% DTBP FTP 1.5% DTBP FTPFTPFTPFTPB20 FTPFTPFTPB20 FuelB20 FTPCARBFTP29

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyInitial Testing EHNDay 1FuelCARBB20Day 2CycleFTPFTPFTPFTPFTPFTPB20 CycleDay 4FuelCycleB20 FTP0.5% EHN FTPFTPFuelB20Day 3FTPFTPCARBFTPFTPFTPFTPFTP0.5% EHN FTPFTPDay 5FuelCARBB20CycleCycleFTPFuelB20 FTP 1.0% EHNFTP1.5% EHNFTPFTPFTPFTP 1.0% EHNDay 6FTPFuelB20 CycleB20 FTPFTPFTPCARBFTPFTPFTPFTPFTP 1.5% EHNFTPFTP30

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyFurther Additive Testing– Look at the effects of additives Utilize blend level that was successful in producing NOxneutrality for a B20 on the FTP Higher loads (ARB Cruise) Higher levels of biodiesel (B100)31

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyFurther Additive TestingDay 1FuelCARBDay 2Day 3FuelCycleCruise B20 CruiseCruise x% DTBP CruiseFuelCARBCycleCruiseB20 x% DTBPCruiseCruiseCARBDay 4CycleDay 5FTPFuelCycleB100 FTPx% DTBP FTPFTPFTPFTPCruise B100 FTPCruiseCruiseFTPCruiseCruise x% DTBP FTPCARBFuelCARBDay 6CycleFuelCycle CruiseCruise B100Cruise x% DTBP CruiseCruiseFTP B100 CruiseFTPCruiseCARBCruiseCruiseCruiseFTP x% DTBP CruiseCruise32

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyRenewable/Biodiesel Blends– Utilize different percentage of biodiesel andrenewable diesel– Results based on the renewable dieseltested in the biodiesel characterizationportion of the study33

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyRenewable/Biodiesel TestingDay 1FuelCARBB20 SoyDay x2 Ry2CycleFTPFTPFuelBx2 Ry2Day 6FTPBx1 Ry1FuelCARBDay 5FTPFTPCycleDay 4FuelCycleBx1 Ry1 FTPFTPFuelB20 SoyDay 3Bx3 Ry3CycleFTPFTPFuelBx3 PFTP34

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyGTL Testing– An appropriate GTL fuel has been identified fortesting– Test matrix will be developed based on existingtest data35

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyDiscussion36

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyTransportation Refrigeration Unit(TRU) Biodiesel Test Program37

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyProgram Objectives Support particulate matter (PM) emissionreduction from diesel engines Support carbon dioxide (CO2) emissionreduction through low carbon fuel standard(LCFS) Quantify PM reductions and oxides ofnitrogen (NOX) emission increases due touse of biodiesel and biodiesel blends insmall diesel engines used in TRUs andoff-road applications38

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyTesting Apparatus Dyne Systems DynamometerHoriba Constant Volume Sampling SystemAVL Full Flow Particulate Sampling SystemAVL Exhaust Gas Analyzer SystemAVL Heated Flame Ionization Detector Test Cell Ready Mid-November 200839

ISO 8178, Part 4, section 6.3.1, “Test cycletype C1, ‘Off-road vehicles, industrial andmedium/high load.’”SPEEDTORQUE 8-Mode Wt. 4-Mode Wt.Rated100 %0.150Rated75 %0.150.25Rated50 %0.150.25Rated10 %0.100Intermediate100 %0.100Intermediate75 %0.100.25Intermediate50 %0.100.25Low-no-load0%0.150 40

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyThree Test Engines Engine No. 1 1998 Kubota, 37.5 hp, Unregulated (“Tier 0”) Engine No. 2 1998 Isuzu, 34.8 hp, Unregulated (“Tier 0”) Engine No. 3 1995 Yanmar, 12.5 hp, SORE-II Certified41

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudySix Test Fuels California Diesel FuelSoy-Derived Biodiesel (B100S)Animal-Derived Biodiesel (B100A)Soy-Derived Biodiesel/California DieselFuel Blends 50 percent biodiesel (B50S) 20 percent biodiesel (B20S) 5 percent biodiesel (B5S)42

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyTest MatrixSeries12345678Cycle Engine8-mode No. 18-mode No. 18-mode No. 18-mode No. 14-mode No. 24-mode No. 24-mode No. 34-mode No. 100SB100AB50S43

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyDaily Test Sequence Morning Run one 8-mode or two 4-mode tests on sameengine with morning fuel (same fuel as afternoon fuelfrom the day before) Mid-day Switch fuel filter and fuel Run engine to purge morning fuel Afternoon Run one 8-mode or two 4-mode tests on sameengine with afternoon fuel (same fuel as morning fuelfor next day)44

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyProcedures Change Oil and Oil Filter Before Each New TestSeries, Except for Test Series 4 (Series 3 and 4Test Soy-Derived Blends) Use Dedicated Fuel Filters for Each Fuel Engine No. 1 CA, B100S, B100A, B50S, B20S, B5S Engine No. 2 CA, B100S, B100A Engine No. 3 CA, B100S, B100A45

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyProcedures (Continued) Measure Emissions and Work for Each Mode NOX and nitrous oxide (N2O)PMHydrocarbons (HC)Carbon Monoxide (CO) and (CO2) Run at Least Eight Test Cycles on Each Fuel inEach Test Series, Trying to Determine Differencesof Average Weighted NOX Emissions to 0.5 % with90 % Confidence46

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel StudyDiscussion47

Open Discussion48

Biodiesel/Renewable DieselWorkgroup Meeting Tentatively planned for December 2nd atthe CAL/EPA building Notice and agenda Include Tier one report and Tier two testprotocol Guest speakers and panel discussion49

NOx Impact Study and NOx Mitigation Study (Dr. Tom Durbin) a. Preliminary test b. Engine dynamometer cycle development c. Main test d. Additives e. Alternative fuel blends f. Matched blending IV. Transportation Refrigeration Unit (TRU) biodiesel test program V. Open Discussion . 2