WATER POLLUTION AND SCARCITY 3.2.1 INTRODUCTION
WATER POLLUTION AND SCARCITY3.2.1INTRODUCTIONWater is the most vital element among the naturalresources, and is crucial for the survival of all livingorganisms. The environment, economic growth anddevelopment of Bangladesh are all highly influencedby water - its regional and seasonal availability, andthe quality of surface and groundwater. Spatial andseasonal availability of surface and groundwater ishighly responsive to the monsoon climate andphysiography of the country. Availability also dependson upstream withdrawal for consumptive and nonconsumptive uses. In terms of quality, the surfacewater of the country is unprotected from untreatedindustrial effluents and municipal wastewater, runoffpollution from chemical fertilizers and pesticides, andoil and lube spillage in the coastal area from theoperation of sea and river ports. Water quality alsodepends on effluent types and discharge quantity fromdifferent type of industries, types of agrochemicalsused in agriculture, and seasonal water flow anddilution capability by the river system.Bangladesh is the lower riparian of three majorriver systems, the Ganges-Padma, theBrahmaputra-Jamuna and the Meghna (GBM), andconstitutes about 8 per cent of the combinedcatchment area. Over 92 per cent of the annualrunoff generated in the GBM catchment areas flowsthrough Bangladesh (Coleman, 1969). Thecombined flow of the Ganges and Brahmaputratypically vary between less than 5000 m3 /s in thedriest period (March-April) to 80,000-140,000 m3 /sin late August to ear ly September (WARPO,2000b).The contribution of local rainfall to the annual surfacerunoff is about 25 per cent, with significant seasonalvariation. Annual rainfall and evapotranspiration ofthe country show that there is a substantial excess ofrainfall everywhere in the monsoon season. From theannual overall averages, dependable rainfall exceedsevapotranspiration by over 10 per cent in most parts ofthe country, except in the Northwest (NW) andSouthwest (SW) regions. In the NW region, rainfalland evapotranspiration are almost equal, but in theSW the overall deficit is about 10 per cent. FromNovember to May, evapotranspiration exceeds rainfallall over the country, except in the Northeast (NE)region (WARPO, 1999b).The concerns over water quality relate not just to thewater itself, but also to the danger of diffusion oftoxic substances into other ecosystems. The aquaticenvironment for living organisms can be affectedand bioaccumulation of harmful substances in thewater-dependent food chain can occur. A variationof inland surface water quality is noticed due toseasonal variation of river flow, operation ofindustrial units and use of agrochemicals. Overall,inland surface water quality in the monsoon seasonis within tolerable limit with respect to the standardset by the Department of Environment (DoE).However, quality degrades in the dry season. Thesalinity intrusion in the Southwest region andpollution problems in industrial areas are significant.In particular, water quality around Dhaka is so poorthat water from the surrounding rivers can no longerbe considered as a source of water supply for humanconsumption.The largest use of water is made for irrigation. Besidesagriculture, some other uses are for domestic andmunicipal water supply, industry, fishery, forestry andnavigation. In addition, water is of fundamentalimportance for ecology and the wider environment.Water stress occurs when the demand for waterexceeds the amount available during a certain periodor when poor quality restricts its use. This frequentlyoccurs in areas with low rainfall and high populationdensity or in areas where agricultural land or industrialactivities are intense. Even where sufficient long-termfreshwater resources do exist, seasonal or annualvariations in the availability of freshwater may attimes cause water quality degradation (EEA, 1999).The Water Pollution and Scarcity section of the reportdeals with inland surface and groundwater quality,pollution problems, salinity attributed to low waterflow and coastal water pollution. Other water-relatedenvironmental problems have been discussed in detailin other sections. For example, droughts and floodshave been discussed under the Natural Disaster section.The Biodiversity section addresses the implications ofshrinking dry season water area. Riverbank erosion andthe consequences of gradual silt deposition in thefloodplain are discussed under Land Degradation.3.2.2PRESSURESFor water resource analysis and planning, waterdemands have been categorized into consumptive andnon-consumptive uses. Consumptive demands arethose where water is lost from the resource pool andnon-consumptive demands are those where used wateris returned to the resource pool, and can be re-used(WARPO, 1999b). The consumptive use of water isincreasing due to the growth of different economicsectors - agriculture in particular.41
BANGLADESH : STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 2001The increasing urbanization and industrialization ofBangladesh have negative implications for waterquality. The pollution from industrial and urbanwaste effluents, and from agrochemicals in somewater bodies and rivers have reached alarminglevels. The long-term effects of this watercontamination by organic and inorganic substances,many of them toxic, are incalculable. The mar ineand aquatic ecosystems are affected, and thechemicals that enter the food chain have publichealth implications.Water quality in the coastal area of Bangladesh isdegraded by the intrusion of saline water that hasoccurred due to lean flow in the dry season. Thisaffects agriculture significantly, as well as otherconsumptive uses of the water.A common phenomenon in the lower ripariancountries is that of enough water in monsoon, butwater scarcity during the dry season. It is also commonin Bangladesh for areas that were once inundatedfacing water scarcity in the dry season. Dry seasonwater availability depends on water use for irrigation,dry season rainfall and withdrawal or diversion ofwater upstream. It has implications for navigation, andthe wetland ecosystem and its productivity.Excess water in the monsoon causes floods andriverbank erosion, which res ult in loss of land andpeople being left homeless. This is discussed in detail inthe Land Degradation and Natural Disaster sec tions.Although there is an abundance of water in themonsoon, often the water quality is compromisedduring floods, and this translates into a type of waterscarcity when good potable water becomes difficult toobtain.The inter-linkage of pressures, state, impacts andvarious policy responses to address water relatedenvironmental problems have been presented inTable 3.2.1. Detailed analyses of various policies andTable 3.2.1 Inter-linkage of pressures, state, impacts, and various responses related to waterPressuresStateImpactsPolicy ResponsesPollution Industrial effluent Agrochemical Fecal Pollution Ship breaking and lube oildischarge Oil and lube spillageduring normal refueling ofships at sea and river ports Low water flow in the riversystem in dry season Decreasing inland waterquality in dry season Decreasing coastal waterquality Salinity intrusion insurface and groundwater Soil salinity increase No primary or secondarymeasurement is availableon discharge quantity Pressure on urban watersource Fish fingerling mortality,migration and quality of fish Degradation of fish habitat Yield reduction (soil fertilityloss) Increase in risk fromwaterborne diseases Affecting marine aquatic lifeScarcity (dry season) Upstream withdrawal forconsumptive and nonconsumptive use Low rainfall Gradual siltation in riverbed and floodplain Dry season irrigation Flood Decline river water leveland discharge Low water flow Shrinking dry seasonwater area Decline/fluctuation ofgroundwater Less access to safedrinking waterAbundance of Water(Monsoon season) Geographical location andsetting (92 per cent runoffflows through Bangladesh,which is 7 percent of thecatchment area) Monsoon Climate (78 percent rainfall occurs in themonsoon) Increase flooding Increase water relatedhazards Increase river bankerosion Increasing river bankshifting Decline in aquatic resourcesproduction Navigation problem Increase conflict amongdifferent users and sectors Domestic uses Increase pressure ongroundwater Quality of water decline Crop yield reduction anddamage Disruption of livelihoodsystem Damage of homestead andtowns Population displacement Environmental ConservationAct and Regulation Setup environmental qualitystandard Industrial EIA and effluenttreatment plants to reducepollutants load Polluters pay principle National Water Policy: EIA forwater development projectsand increase surface water flowin dry season National Water Policy:Dredging and water harvesting,regional cooperation,augmentation of dry seasonflow and use of surface waterfor irrigationSource: SoE Study Team42 National Water Policy:Structural and non-structuralmitigation (early warning andflood proofing) Planned development amongdifferent sectors need
WATER POLLUTION AND SCARCITYprograms to address degradation of water quality andscarcity are presented in section 3.2.4.3.2.2.1 Causes of Water PollutionThe major causes of degradation of inland waterquality are related to land based activities, whenadequate regulatory measures are not incorporatedand the stakeholders do not show proper concern.The underlying driving forces for this are poverty,an unhealthy national economy, lack ofinstitutional strength, and lack of awareness andeducation. Pollutants that enter the marine andcoastal environment originate on land in the formof runoff from municipal, industrial andagricultural wastes, and from commercial seafaringactivities.Industrial effluentIn Bangladesh, industrial units are mostly locatedalong the banks of the rivers. There are obviousreasons for this such as provision of transportationfor incoming raw materials and outgoing finishedproducts. Unfortunately as a consequence,industrial units drain effluents directly into therivers without any consideration of theenvironmental degradation.A view of industries, situated on the river banksregion, which comprises about 49 per cent of thetotal sector. About 33 per cent of the industries in theNC region are textiles, apparels and tanneries, ofwhich Dhaka district accounts for almost half andNarayanganj about 32 per cent. About 65 per cent ofthe total chemicals, plastics and petroleum industriesare also located in the NC region, and concentratedin and around Dhaka, Narayanganj and Gazipurdistricts (WARPO, 2000a). Region-wise numbers ofindustrial establishments and most pollutingindustries are shown in Table 3.2.2.The organic pollutants are both biodegradable andnon-biodegradable in nature. The biodegradableTable 3.2.2. Region-wise Number of Industrial Establishments and Polluting IndustriesRegionNo. ofEstablishmentsTextiles, apparels& tanneriesNorth WestNorth CentralNorth EastSouth EastSouth WestSouth 2128South EastTotal2,50624,9344755,714Paper, paperproducts &printing113707206839291021,078Chemicals,plastics ralsmanufactures3607331325491991572292,359Source: WAROP, 2000aThe most problematic industries for the water sectorare textiles, tanneries, pulp and paper mills,fertilizer, industrial chemical production andrefineries. A complex mixture of hazardouschemicals, both organic and inorganic, is dischargedinto the water bodies from all these industriesusually without treatment.The highest numbers of industrial establishments inthe country are located in the North Central (NC)organic components degrade water quality duringdecomposition by depleting dissolved oxygen. Thenon-biodegradable organic components persist in thewater system for a long time and pass into the foodchain (Ahmed and Reazuddin, 2000). Inorganicpollutants are mostly metallic salts, and basic andacidic compounds. These inorganic componentsundergo different chemical and biochemicalinteractions in the river system, and deteriorate waterquality.43
BANGLADESH : STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 2001AgrochemicalOil and Lube SpillageThe main suspected sources of agricultural runoffpollution are from the use of fertilizers andagrochemicals, inc luding herbicides and pesticides.Urea, Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), Muriate ofPotash (MP) and Gypsum are the major chemicalfertilizers used in Bangladesh. The total amount offertilizers used annually is about 2 million tons.With the increase of irrigated areas and cultivationof HYV rice, there was an increase of about 20 percent fertilizer use in 1990. But the present growthin use has decreased and fluctuates from plusminus 5 to 10 per cent. In 1995, the use ofnitrogenous fertilizer accounted for about 88 percent of the total fertilizer use, which was about 67per cent in 1991. The share of the market held bydomestic production of Urea, TSP and Gypsum iscurrently about 90 per cent (BBS, 1979, 1985,1990, 1994, 1998).Chittagong and Mongla are the two seaports of thecountry, and on an average deal with 1500 to 1600vessels and 12,000 to 13,000 cargos annually (BBS,1998). These ports, however, do not have facilities toreceive and treat bilge and ballast water, and thusships throw wastewater into the territorial waters ofBangladesh. Oil and lube spillage also happens duringrefueling of vessels and cargo handling. In addition,there are innumerable mechanized trawlers and boatsengaged in fishing in the Bay of Bengal. The operatorsof these vessels dump waste, including burnt oil, intothe water, because of their ignorance about its adverseeffect on environment.Pesticide use was introduced in Bangladesh in 1957.Since 1981, the area covered by plant protectionmeasures has actually decreased, though the trendshave been erratic. Insecticide is commonly used forpest control, which accounts for about 90 per cent ofthe total consumed pesticide (BBS, 1985, 1998). Thetrends of irrigated land, and the use of chemicalfertilizers and pesticides from 1991 to 1995 arepresented in Figure 3.1.1 in the Land Degradationsection.Fecal PollutionBangladesh has the highest rural population densit iesin the world, and with an exception in some areas,the overall density is very high. Most of the ruralareas have densities around 1,000 people per km²,and over one third of the thanas exceed this. Themain problem poses in respect to water is the lack ofsanitation facilities in the rural areas and inadequatefacilities for urban wastewater treatment. There isone sewage treatment plant in the whole country,serving only a part of Dhaka. A major program forprovision of sewerage is needed to arrest theincreasing fecal pollution of open watercoursesaround all urban areas in Bangladesh, particularlyDhaka. Outside the urban areas, there is a problemwith designing adequately sealed latrine systems atthe household level, which can cope with the annualflooding and prevent fecal pollution of the watersupply. Poor management of wellhead areas may bethe most significant source of fecal contaminationrather than direct aquifer pollution.44As the seaports and the harbors of Bangladesh arelocated near shallow water, large oil tankerscarrying crude and refined oil cannot enter them.Therefore, oil spills also take place in outeranchorage during the transfer of crude and refinedoil from large oil tankers to small tankers. Therehave already been several environmental disastersdue to heavy spillage from oil tankers in outeranchorage and along coastal areas. In late 1989, aGreek-owned Cypriot flagship charted to bringcrude oil for the Bangladesh Petroleum Corporationcaused about 3,000 tons of oil slicks along theChittagong Cox's Bazar coast. The vessel developeda hole through which crude oil oozed out, butauthorities only detected it as the vessel rose higheras it was unloaded at outer anchorage. A huge oilslick was also detected around the Khulna coast in1992, which was dumped from a foreign ship. Butthe authorities concerned failed to identify thevessel responsible for this (Majumder, 1999).Lube oil and heavy metals enter the coastal area waterfrom the ship-breaking industries in Chittagong, andseveral accidents have occurred. However, there is noassessment available on the amount of lube oildischarged from ship-breaking industries. Concernover this pollution in the coastal area is emerging, andactions to prevent it are in the initial stage.Enforcement of ECA and ECR, with institutionalstrengthening, is essential to address this problem.Low Flow in Dry seasonA certain level of stream flow is required to maintainnavigability, the wetland habitat and ecosystem, andequilibrium between freshwater and saline watermixing zones. Generally, reduction of water flowcauses saline water intrusion into the river system.Saline water intrusion is aggravated in the coastal area
WATER POLLUTION AND SCARCITYof the country in dry season, when water flow fromthe river system becomes lean. Over the past twodecades, the lowest water level data of the majorrivers showed a declining tendency in the dry season(BBS, 1985, 1992, 1998). However, scientific researchis required to establish whether decreasing water levelhas a direct linkage or not with salinity increase in thecoastal area.monsoon months of April and May. Over this sevenmonth period, only 22 per cent of rainfall occurs, andevapotranspiration is four times higher than therainfall (WARPO, 1999b). The maximum deficit ofwater is in the southwest and northwest regions of thecountry. Dry season rainfall plays a very importantrole for irrigating HYV Boro and reduces pressure ongroundwater extraction for irrigation.3.2.2.2 Causes of ScarcityGradual Siltation in River Bed and FloodplainGenerally, water scarcity is a dry seasonphenomenon when the availability becomes lessthan the demand or the quality of the water restrictsits use. Dry season water resources are comprisedof the runoff and trans-boundary river inflow,together with water contained in surface waterbodies and groundwater. Scarcity is also dependenton the amount of soil moisture available at thebeginning of the season. Trans-boundary inflow inthe dry season has decreased due to upstreamdevelopment, and withdrawal of water for irrigationand other purposes. Groundwater is the majorsource of irrigation in Bangladesh, and there hasbeen a tremendous increase in suction modeirrigation. The following section presents a briefdescription of the causes of water scarcity in dryseason.Upstream Withdrawal and Diversion of FlowAs a lower riparian country, Bangladesh has 57 trans boundary rivers, of which 54 are shared with India and3 with Myanmar. The upper riparian countries haveadopted innumerable development schemes in theupstream regions of these rivers. Apart from bigbarrages and other river based constructions near theborder of the country, there is construction of spursand weirs going on in other minor rivers such asDhalai and Kachamara, a blockage on the Sonai river,barrage over the Khowai and Gumati, and many otherstructures on a number of rivers (Nazem and Kabir1986). A significant amount of dry season stream flowis withdrawn and diverted upstream both inside thecountry and outside by neighboring countries, forirrigation and navigation. Withdrawal of water insidethe country is done mainly for irrigation.Dry Season RainfallThe National Water Management Plan Project hasconsidered the dry season to be from November toMay, when rainfall is scanty, irregular and erratic.There is hardly any rainfall, except for the pre-The three major rivers, the Ganges, the Brahmaputraand the Meghna, with their innumerable tributariesand distributaries used to carry about 2.0 to 2.4 billiontons of sediment every year into the country(Colemen, 1969, Milliman and Meade, 1983). But therecent estimate is somewhere between 1.2 to 2.0billion tons. This indicates that there is a decrease insediment load in the river system. Only about 5 percent of the sediments are deposited in the riverbed andfloodplain, and the rest are discharged into the Bay ofBengal (Hossain 1992).Besides the regional geography, irrational use offorestland and other natural resources in areas up anddownstream of the rivers for human activities lead toan increased sediment load in the river system(Islam, 1986). In the dry season, the in-streamsedimentation rate is increased due to an interruptionof natural water flow. This creates strips of raisedland, called “Char”, inside the river channels, whichreduce the navigability.Deposition of sandy materials on agricultural land isfrequent in the lower regions of the piedmont areas ofnorth Netrokona, and the valleys of Sylhet andChittagong Hill tracts. It happens because of thedeforestation of the hills in the upper catchment areas.During the monsoon season, heavy rainfalls occurs inthe upper hill areas and causes flash floods in thelower plains. With the runoff the water carries sandysediments that spread over the floodplain. This shrinksthe water holding capacity of the low-lying areas. Forexample, siltation in the Kaptai Reservoir hasincreased from 1 mm to 1.2 mm per year due todeforestation and improper agricultural activities insurrounding hilly areas over the last decade (Hossain,2000a). The impacts of gradual siltation of the landand the reduction of soil fertility are discussed in theLand Degradation chapter.Withdrawal of Wetland WaterWithdrawal of water from wetland haor, baor andbeel for irrigating agricultural lands, as well as for45
BANGLADESH : STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 2001Figure 3.2.1 Irrigated area in dry season by different MTWLLPMajor d Hectorsfishing, is a very common practice. Differentagencies at different places all over thecountry have noticed the impacts of this illjudged practice. The noteworthy impacts ofsuch water use are the declining trend inproduction of aquatic species, and destructionof habitat for other wetland dependentspecies. The government of Bangladesh,among others, has initiated a new approac h of“Community-Based Management of AquaticEcosystems” on a pilot scale to restoreaquatic habitats and improve the quality oflife of the local community.Source: WARPO, 1999b, Topic Paper 7Dry Season IrrigationAgriculture consumes the highest amount of wateramong the consumptive uses, in particularirrigating HYV crops. Over the last three decades,much effort has been put into intensification ofagriculture by promoting dry season croppingthrough irrigation. Future demands of water for thiswill depend on the government policy for ir rigatedcrop development.may be found in some areas. The trend may indicatethat suction mode irrigation development hasreached its limit in these areas, other non-resourcefactors may also influence the figures. Theseinclude land availability, the conflict betweenoverlapping crops (e.g., transplanted Aman andwheat), the cost of growing Boro on permeablesoils, and social and economic factors such as la ndownership.Climate variability and change is also an emergingissue that requires further assessment with respect towater resource management. As part of its program onclimate change, the Government of Bangladesh hasdone an initial assessment incorporating the climatechange scenario. Research and development on lowwater demanding and drought-tolerant crop varietiesare also necessary.FloodsA view of wetlands in dry seasonGroundwater is an alternative source of water in dryseason. A recent study shows the trends ingroundwater use for irrigation and annual level ofnatural recharge. It shows that the groundwateraquifer is recharged annually through rainfall andflooding, and replenishes every year; exceptunderneath Dhaka city, where an imbalance betweenrecharge and groundwater extraction have beenestablished (WARPO, 1999b). However, it isimportant to note that due to excess withdrawal ofgroundwater, water contaminatio n such as arsenicpollution is on the rise. Thus, further use ofgroundwater does need re-evaluation.The overall present trend of irrigated areas shows asteady rise (Figure 3.2.1), although a leveling off46Monsoon is characterized by excessive rainfall andsurface runoff, which is mostly generated outsidethe geographical boundary of Bangladesh. About78 per cent of the total rainfall occurs in the fivemonths starting from June to October (WARPO,1999b). The combined effect of surface runoff andmonsoon rainfall makes the country vulnerable toflooding, which causes other water-relatedproblems. Of major concern during floods is accessto drinking water and its purity. The higher to taland fecal coliform levels in the surface water atsuch times leads to a high incidence of diarrhealdiseases, particularly surrounding the urbanareas. Study results show that the surface waterquality of Dhaka City during the 1998 flood washighly polluted and crossed the safe threshold limitset by the Department of Environment (Yusuf,1998).
WATER POLLUTION AND SCARCITY3.2.3STATE AND IMPACTSThere are several government departments inBangladesh dealing with water pollution andscarcity problems. Among them, the Department ofEnvironment (DoE) deals with pollution issues. TheMinistry of Water Resources, Ministry ofCommunication and Ministry of Agriculture,through its different branches, deals with scarcity.DoE has been collecting data on surface water qualitysince 1980, at 11 points spread amongst five rivers ofthe country, i.e., Buriganga, Sitalakhya, Balu, theJamuna, and the Meghna. Most of these points arelocated either towards the borders of the country oradjacent to known sources of pollution problems. Afurther 36 sites were added in 1991, of which only 14sites are located in Dhaka and Chittagong Divisions.The relevant divisional offices of the DoE arecollecting data on the remaining 22 points. Some sitesare designated as Global Environmental MonitoringSystem (GEMS) points, the results of which areforwarded to Nairobi, Kenya, as part of aninternational commitment of the Government ofBangladesh. At present, DoE is monitoring waterquality data at 69 stations, the details of which arepresented in Table 3.2.3.Various key parameters and indicators of water qualityare monitored by the DoE. These includephysiochemical characteristics of water, like the pH,dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand(BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), totalsuspended solids (TSS), suspended solids (SS), totalcoliforms, heavy metals, electrical conductivity (EC),chloride, turbidity, total alkalinity and temperature.Table 3.2.3forDivisionName of the RiverDhakaBalu RiverThe Brahmaputra Kaligonga.Dakatia RiverHaldaKarnaphuliKushiara RiverThe Meghna RiverSurma RiverKaptai LakeThe Jamuna RiverIsamoti RiverKorotoya RiverThe PadmaTangs RiverTista RiverBagherhat RiverBalesher RiverBhoirab RiverBeel DakatiaDoratana RiverGabkhan RiverKakshialy RiverKirtankhola RiverKumar RiverMadhumati RiverThe PadmaPashur RiverRupshaShugandha RiverChittagongRajshahiKhulnaThe Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB)collects data on suspended sediments and surfacewater salinity. Data on surface water and groundwatersalinity of the coastal area of the country are collectedby the Soil Resources Development Institute (SRDI),and are available from 1990 to 1997.The main source of data for groundwater quality is theDepartment of Public Health Engineering (DPHE),particularly for domestic water supply. Since the late1980's, DPHE has undertaken routine monitoring ofbasic water quality parameters at production wells indifferent district centers. In Dhaka and Chittagong,Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (WASA)periodically monitors production wells. Since 1965,the monitoring programs of the Bangladesh WaterDevelopment Board include 19 parameters for 115tubewells. Sampling work was also carried out underthe Bangladesh Agricultural DevelopmentDesignated StationsMonitoring by DoETotalWaterQualityNumber Source: Rahman, October, 2000Corporation (BADC) Deep Tubewell Programs,covering the period 1977 to 1992, followed by theNational Minor Irrigation Development Project(NMIDP). The recently completed, GroundwaterStudies for Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh,summarized the groundwater situation in the country,and in addition to arsenic levels, gives a wideranalysis.47
BANGLADESH : STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 2001Figure 3.2.2 Water Quality of Buriganga, 19982520mg/lDifferent industrial units, particularlypulp and paper mills, and fertilizerfactories monitor surface water qualityin the dry season, in order to maintainindustrial production. In addition, a fewother projects have collected data oninland and coastal water quality tocover their study objectives. Data oncoastal water pollution and its sourcesare very scanty and unpublished. TheMinistry of Defense and the MarineScience Institute of ChittagongUniversity have some unpublished dataon coastal and marine water quality ofthe country.151050JanuaryDO (Hazaribag)DO (Chadnighat)MarchBOD (Hazaribag)DecemberBOD (Chadnighat)Source: Department of Environment, 20003.2.3.1 State and Impacts of Water PollutionLongitudinal analysis of surface water quality data isdifficult due to the absence of consistent data at thesame monitoring points. In addition, the seasonalityof flow in the watercourses from the main riversconstitutes a significant constraint to their ability todilute and disperse effluent discharged into them.This becomes complicated further by the fact thatsome of the discharges are themselves seasonal innature. Issues of concern regarding water qualitydata on the depths from where the samples weretaken, and the state of the tide at that time in thoseareas. However, there is little debate that there are“hot spots” of water pollution due to industrialeffluents around the major cities, i.e., Dhaka
The Water Pollution and Scarcity section of the report deals with inland surface and groundwater quality, pollution problems, salinity attributed to low water flow and coastal water pollution. Other water-related in other sections. For example, droughts and floods have
- Lynne Twist, The Soul of Money SCARCITY VS SCARCITY MINDSET Scarcity is the “state of being scarce or in short supply.” (Literally not having enough of something.) Scarcity Mindset is a byproduct of Scarcity but it isn’t necessarily connected to the physical state of scarcity.
health. World Bank research estimated that the direct costs of water scarcity and pollution are equivalent to approximately 2.3 percent of China's GDP, with 1.3 percent attributable to scarcity and 1 percent to the direct impacts of pollution.4 Other studies have found significant correlation between water pollution and
Water scarcity is defined as scarcity in availability due to physical shortage, or scarcity in access due to the failure of institutions to ensure a regular supply or due to a lack of adequate infrastructure. Almost 4.5 % of the world's population lives in the Middle East but they have only 1% of the global .
Unit 5 : Environmental Pollution Definition Cause, effects and control measures of :- a. Air pollution b. Water pollution c. Soil pollution d. Marine pollution e. Noise pollution f. Thermal pollution g. Nuclear hazards Solid waste Management : Causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial wastes.
Change in irrigation water. demand, global scale: Change of required irrigation water withdrawals by 2080. Low emission: -0.2 to 1.6%: Med emission: 1.9 to 2.8%. High emission: 6.7 to 10.0%. Water scarcity % global population in countries with low capita blue water resources (2080) No significant differences. New or aggravated water: scarcity
water pollution. " Relate Text and Visuals Circle the potential sources of water pollution in this scene. Sources of Water Pollution Water pollutants can be point or nonpoint pollution sources, classified by how they enter the water. A pipe gushing wastewater directly into a river or stream is an example of a point source.
Resources and Scarcity 6 Slide 8 The Move toward Renewable Energy The United States has been from nonrenewable to renewable resources. Renewable energy use is . Renewable energy makes up about 9 percent of energy used. Scarcity Scarcity is the idea that all resources are . Resources cannot fulfill unlimited wants and needs.
The Application of Color in Healthcare Settings SPONSORED BY KI JAIN MALKIN INC. PALLAS TEXTILES . Sheila J. Bosch serves as the director of research and innovation for Gresham, Smith and Partners. An invited member of The Center for Health Design’s Research Coalition and an active participant in national-level research activities, Bosch is a recognized expert in her field. Her more than 20 .
