I Yam What I Yam— Dioscorea I - UC Botanical Garden
U N I V E R S I T Y o f C A L I F O R N I AOTANICALB ARDENGN E W S L E T T E RVolume 28, Number 1Published by the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL GARDEN at BerkeleyWinter 2003I Yam What I Yam—Dioscoreathese presumptive genera wasf presented with a word assolocation. The odd distributionciation test that linked theof the plants was considterms “succulent” and “yam,”ered evidence for contimost people probably wouldnental drift long beforesummon up thoughts of food,plate tectonics was underperhaps Thanksgiving dinner,stood.tender, delicious, golden-orangeDespite the thousandsyams dripping with melted butofmilesand an ocean thatter and similar impressions of aseparated their nearlyculinary nature. Those relativelyidentical species,few souls who are fans of thoseTestudinaria was mergedplants that have evolved peculiarinto Dioscorea years ago.strategies for dealing with aridSome dioscoreas from Eastclimates would have a differentAfrica and Madagascarreaction, however. Althoughhave leafy annual stemsmost of the several hundredsarmed with spines, andspecies of Dioscorea—the namethose species with persissake genus of the yam family,tent (rather than annual)Dioscoreaceae—are tropical andtubers can make interestsemi-tropical vining plants withing container plants. Inunderground tubers, several ofthe case of those fewthem have adapted to drier clispecies of Dioscorea withmates by modifying their tubers;normally partly or totallya few of these rank as curiositiesabove-ground caudices,of the plant kingdom, eagerlyhowever, the thick, woodysought after and admired by colDioscorea hemicrypta in the Arid House.outer layer of the caudexlectors of succulent plants.that aids in moistureThe succulent dioscoreas comeretentionandprotectionagainstpredationalso gives thefrom widely separated parts of the world, eastern Mexico andplant great visual appeal. These plants may have taperedSouth Africa. This geographical disparity originally led to thebases, bases that lie flat on the ground, or bases nearly cubicalcreation of two genera, Dioscorea for the Mexican plants andin shape. Several species have caudices divided into regularother yams and Testudinaria specifically for the South AfricanPhoto by F. DortortIplants, but in reality the only significant distinction between(continued on page 2)
2DIOSCOREAUniversity of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley(continued from page 1)Photo by F. Dortortpolygonal plates that become protuberant with age, dividedsome species have certain quirks. The massive caudex ofby deep furrows. The vines grow annually from the caudices.Dioscorea mexicana roots only from its sides, not its bottom.Dioscorea mexicana from Mexico, puts out a rather starConsequently, someone who raises the caudex in a containertlingly vigorous vine in late spring that may grow to moreto display it better runs the risk of having a plant that willthan thirty feet before itnever make roots and willdies back in winter. Theeventually dry up and die.broadly dome-shaped,Dioscorea elephantipesplated and fissuredhas a more typical rootcaudex may reach a yardsystem, and though itin diameter and perhapsgenerally goes dormanta foot in height. Otherin summer, sometimesMexican dioscoreas—both it and its Mexicansmall vegetative chemicousin ignore theircal factories that wereproper growing seasonsthe original sourcesand either keep theirfor compounds used invines growing long intobirth control pills—their rest period or sendhowever fascinatingup new vines much earin their own right, aren’tlier than expected. Inreally succulent plantsthat case, paying attenat all.tion to the plant andSome of the Southnot the calendar is aAfrican species alsogood idea.DioscoreaelephantipesintheAridHouseexhibit only borderline sucLarge specimens,culence. If an individualinvariably wild-collectedDioscorea sylvatica is lucky enough to begin its life in richplants, of Dioscorea mexicana show up for sale from time tosoil, its caudex will remain underground. In rocky and hillytime, usually at high prices. These old collected plants thrivesituations, though, it will poke its irregularly shapedin cultivation but their caudices hardly get bigger at all.caudex—with a knobby, somewhat fissured, surface thatAlthough habitat loss is certainly a greater threat to their sursomewhat resembles a multilobed pancake—above ground.vival than collection, their origins bring up complex issues.Dioscorea hemicrypta, from the western, winter-rainfall,Mexico has extremely strict laws against collecting plants.part of South Africa, puts out its vine in fall and may produceLarge, legally imported specimens of Dioscorea elephantipesits small, dioecious, sweet-smelling flowers in early winter. Itsshow up from time to time at extremely high prices, butirregularly shaped, always above-ground caudex is taller thanseed-grown plants a few years old with one or two inch cauwide, up to six feet high if sheltered by bushes or trees.dices are much easier to find. Though it might take a centuThe most interesting, and certainly the most famous,ry or two to grow a large D. elephantipes in a container,species is Dioscorea elephantipes, the elephant foot plant. Inplants even five to ten years old are extremely striking andthis west South African species the depth of the furrows andconsiderably more manageable.knobbyness and geometrical regularity of the plates attainWe have several species of Dioscorea on display in thetheir greatest development, with old plants having caudicesArid House, including plants that have lived in the collectionover a yard in diameter with a height to match. Unlike thefor more than fifty years. Even if these yams don’t resembleMexican species, D. elephantipes sends out its better behavedwhat you’d find in a grocery store, they certainly deservevine in autumn, grows through winter and spring, and goesyour attention.dormant in early summer.—Fred DortortAlthough none of these odd plants is very hard to grow,
Winter 20033DIRECTOR’S COLUMNAs the great wheel of the seasons cycled into deep winter,now grow several species of trees that in the past had beenGarden visitors dressed in shorts and shirtsleeves werekilled by the previously longer frost season.rewarded by wonderfully clear views of the Farallon IslandsIs this such a bad thing, you might ask? After all, wefrom the Garden of Old Roses. Was our unusually warmcould grow more species of tender plants in our Bay Areagardens if our winters were warmer and warmer summerswinter due to global climate change? It is difficult to say thatwould certainly produce more tasty tomatoes. However, asany particular event is a result of global climate change.Chris Field memorably pointed out, the relatively smallHowever, better understanding of global cycles is allowingexpected temperature change could easily transform the cliscientists to more accurately detect some ominous signals.mate of Los Angeles to something close to that found inIn January, our volunteers and others in the Garden comDeath Valley.munity learned about the potential impacts on California ofThe Ecological Society of America, a professional societyglobal climate change in a thought-provoking presentationof scientists who specialize in ecological research, and theby Dr. Chris Field, Director of the Carnegie Institution ofUnion of Concerned Scientists, an advocacy group, haveWashington’s new Department of Global Ecology, housed atproduced a report on the effects of global climate change onStanford University. Field informed his audience that theCalifornia. They describe several changes that are expected toconcentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased byoccur in California as global temperatures rise. Most notably,more than 30% over the last hundred years. I have even seenthe proportion of precipitationthe change in my lifetime!in the state that falls as snowWhen I was a graduateCHANGESmay decrease. Okay, you think,student in the early 1980’smaybe the skiing won’t be somy friends studying thegreat.Butalsorememberthatthe Sierran snowpack is theeffects on plant growth of atmospheric CO2 concentrationmajor water storage mechanism for the state. Our reservoirsused 350 ppm as the “current” concentration in their experiare continually supplied with snowmelt throughout much ofments. Today, the atmospheric CO2 concentration is 365the summer, vastly increasing their annual capacity. If globalppm.warming means that we get a smaller volume of water inCarbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, which means that itevery reservoir, we may lack the water to produce those tastyhelps trap heat near the earth’s surface. The best evidence fortomatoes.the relationship between atmospheric CO2 concentrationSome of the historically observed increase in carbon dioxand global temperatures comes from deep layers of ice thatidehas been produced by clearing forested land, but aboutwere created tens of thousands of years ago in continental icethree-quarters of CO2 emissions to the global atmospherecaps. We can drill into the ice to bring up cores with gasduring the past 20 years is due to fossil fuel burning. Aspockets, which act like samples of ancient atmospheres. WeChris Field told his Garden audience, the good news is thatcan compare those samples with geological and paleontologiwe can reduce the impact of climate change by changing ourcal evidence of past climates and correlate paleoclimates withbehavior. For example, when you buy your next car, choosethe ice core atmospheres. In particular, fossil pollen grainsone that is highly fuel efficient. Every gallon of gasoline youobtained from cores drilled out of lake bottoms or bogs prosave means 20 less pounds carbon dioxide added to thevide quantitative data on the plant species that grew aroundatmosphere.the lake or bog and and can be used to infer ancient cliqmates.At the end of June, 2003, I will have completed my forAs predicted by the ice cores and pollen cores, concommalappointment as Garden Director. In response to themitant with historically recorded increases of CO2 and otherrecent review of the Garden, which found that directorshipgreenhouse gases, the surface of the earth has warmed byof a public museum such as the Garden is too demanding aabout 1º F. The effects of this change have been subtle butposition for a faculty member with an active research prohave not gone unnoticed. For example, mountaineers notedgram, Vice Chancellor of Research Beth Burnside haswidespread retreat of mountain glaciers during the twentiethappointed the former Dean of the Division of Biologicalcentury. Also, the frost season in the United States has shortSciences, Professor Paul Licht, as the next Director of theened by an average of 1.1 days per decade, leading the(continued on page 4)Arnold Arboretum of Boston, MA, to report that they can
4University of California Botanical Garden at BerkeleyDIRECTOR’S COLUMN(continued from page 3)Garden. Professor Licht’s appointment as Director will beginJuly 1, 2003. He brings to the Garden a strong researchrecord, a successful track record in fundraising, and intimateknowledge of how to make things happen at Cal. ProfessorLicht has announced his intention to continue the Garden’smission to develop and maintain a diverse living collectionof plants to support teaching and worldwide research inplant biology, further the conservation of plant diversity, andpromote understanding and appreciation of plants and thenatural environment.Finally, I have been awarded a Miller Professorship forthe 2003-2004 academic year, which begins 1 July 2003.I’m very excited about this opportunity. I expect to spendtime at Berkeley in the labs of Steve Lindow and MaryFirestone, as well as work in the greenhouse and with my labgroup. I also expect to pursue some local field work thisspring and next. In particular, I look forward to spendingmore time thinking about and doing science.—Ellen SimmsRESEARCH IN THE GARDENPhoto by H. ForbesThe Gardenregularly provides plantsamples forresearch projects for a greatvariety of studies. We recentlyprovided a sizeable rhizome ofCaliforniapitcher plant(Darlingtoniacalifornica) toDrs. SherwinCarlquist andCalifornia Pitcher Plant (Darlingtonia californica)Edward Schneiderof the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. Dr. Carlquist writes:“In very woody plants, the specialized cells that account formost water conduction (vessel elements) dissolve wallsbetween them, so that a series of tubular cells like pipes in apipeline is achieved. In some primitive woody plants, the dissolution of the walls is incomplete, and remnants of the wallcan be seen with a scanning electron microscope. In two genera of Sarraceniaceae, Heliamphora, and just recently,Sarracenia (new data), the wall remnants are present, so thematerial of Darlingtonia will permit us to see if Darlingtonia,the third genus of the family, follows the pattern.”Dr. Alan Smith, research botanist at the UC Herbariumand member of the Garden’s Faculty Advisory Committee,regularly makes use of the Garden’s fern collections for hisresearch projects. This winter he brought his colleague, Dr.Layne Huiet, to the Garden to collect some samples of several maidenhair fern species (Adiantum) for DNA analysis insupport of a phylogenetic study of the genus.Dr. Michael Freeling, professor of Plant and MicrobialBiology at UCB, studies maize developmental genetics. Hislab staff visit the Garden throughout the year for researchsamples, most recently for members of monocot (one seedleaf ) families such as sedge (Cyperaceae), cattail (Typhaceae),restio (Restionaceae), and many others.Not all research projects take materials out of theGarden! Dr. David J. Read (University of Sheffield, U.K.)was a visiting Miller research professor in Prof. ThomasBruns’ lab on campus this past fall (Department of Plantand Microbial Biology). He has a long-term interest in mycorrhizae, and worked in the Bruns’ lab on the role of symbiont fungi in facilitating invasion by alien plants. In a collaborative research program with UCB post-doc MartinBidartondo, he is investigating the hypothesis that the spreadof broad-leaved helleborine (Epipactis helleborine) is facilitated by the ability of its seedlings to use the ectomycorrhizalfungal associates of live oak (and possibly pine). The Gardenis their research site. They buried very small, sealed nylonpackets of seeds of this orchid under oak, pine, and, as acontrol, another type of tree which does not form ectomycorrhiza. The packets are being harvested sequentially over thenext few months so that germination and fungal colonization of the seedlings can be followed.H E L P U S P L A N T T H E F U T U R E — B E C O M E A M E M B E R TO DAY !
Winter 20035Photos by J. WilliamsGARDEN NOTESBabiana ringens in the Southern African Area, Bed 130.SOUTHERN AFRICA RENOVATION. Two years agoportions of the Southern African section underwent majorrenovation. Supported by a generous donation from RobFerber, an elaborate new planting area was created by masterrock-worker PhilJohnson.Recreating therocky outcroppings of the Karooregion of SouthAfrica,HorticulturistLawrence Leeplanted numerousbulbs, succulentsand annuals inthese beds. Thisseason many ofthe plantings havematured nicelyand we expect agreat floral display. Please take the time to check out ourKaroo planting this spring!STAFF. Horticulturist Judith Finn attended the “IntegratedPest Management” conference of the Marin CountyCooperative Extension. She received an update on new andon-going diseases of trees in the Bay Area, on Dec. 5.THE DOCTOR SAYS Two new raisin grapes have been developed by researchersin California. The cultivar Selma Pete produces large quantities of seedless grapes, which can dry on the vines after thefruit-bearing canes are cut. This makes for the possibility ofmechanical harvesting and lower costs. It fruits early and thusreduces the chance of damage by unseasonable early rains.Also early is cv. Diamond Muscat, which has a fruity flavorand can be used for dessert wines and confections such aschocolate covered raisins. It is seedless and thus has the distinct advantage over cv. Muscat of Alexandria, presently usedfor such products because its fruits are damaged severely inseed removal. Agricultural Research (USDA-ARS) 50(12): 17. Erica nana is classified as rare and is found in the higheraltitudes of mountain ranges in South Africa. It was collectedand put in a botanical garden in 1971. Erica patersonia isalso a yellow-flowered species but is not as rare as Erica nana.Among seedlings grown from garden-collected seed was aplant that was like neither of the two species but had the bestattributes of both. It turned out to be a hybrid and because ofthe golden color of the flowers has been registered as Erica‘Gengold’. It is propagated easily vegetatively, but because it isregistered, can be done so only by nurseries licensed to do so.Veld and Flora 88(3): 89. Now available is a new Coleus from Europe which has anodor that keeps cats and dogs away. Humans are not affected. The plant is marketed under the names of “Scardy Cat”and “Dog’s Gone”. Greenhouse Grower 20(1): 37-38.—Robert Raabe
6University of California Botanical Garden at BerkeleyEDUCATION“Math in the Garden” Activities for Parents and Youth LeadersWith string and laughter, two children divide their planting bed into rectangular-shaped quarters and decide where toplant their pumpkins, snapdragons, tomatoes and lettuce. Inthe neighboring bed, children divide their plot into triangular-shaped quarters. Another child squeaks with surprisewhen she discovers a three-inch long tomato worm just infront of her nose. Nearby a child and her parent place sticksin the ground as they mark the advance of a sunflower’sshadow every five minutes. During the past three years, theMath in the Garden project at the Garden, funded by theNational Science Foundation, has worked closely with parents, after-school program youth leaders, educators fromcommunity garden programs, Girl Scouts, Boy Scout, 4-H,botanical gardens across the country and classroom teachersto develop math activities to conduct in myriad garden settings. The resulting engaging and fun activities spark a joy offiguring out mathematical relationships with flowers, leaves,insects, shadows and water.The activities are attractive, easy to use and in demand byeducators in community-based programs as well as in schoolsacross the country. Although taking place out of doors, theseactivities are not just typical environmental education activities with a few extra charts and measurements included.Each activity is focused on a specific mathematical conceptPhoto by K. JohnsonMath in The GardenA third grader determines the perimeter of a leaf and compares itwith the leaf ’s area.Photo by J. WhiteMath in The GardenChildren use standard measuring units to compare garden harvests.and carefully crafted to give children opportunities to develop and/or use mathematical skills as the core purpose of theactivity.It is obvious that children and adults are enjoying themselves, but you might ask what are the children learning andwhat mathematical skills are they developing? The state andnational educational standards for mathematics now includemore strands than most of us focused on during our ownearly education. Although we are most familiar with arithmetic, today children in primary grades and up are learningmathematical concepts involving geometry, statistics anddata analysis, algebraic functions and measurement. Thesixty Math in the Garden activities have been gathered intothree companion books, each containing approximately 20activities clustered around the following mathematicalstrands — measurement, geometry, and statistics. This seriescovers all required mathematical strands for elementary andmiddle school children. Each book includes activities for 5year-olds to 13-year-olds. Some of the activities are appropriate for a broad range of ages, reflecting the age ranges onefinds among siblings and in after-school youth programs.The following examples highlight some of the ways mathconcepts are presented and what children learn.
Winter 20037We are surrounded by data every day and from all kindsof media. Myriad charts and graphs in the newspaper showtrends in the stock market, weather changes, economicgrowth, voter preferences and rates of gas use in vehicles.Our activities promote critical thinking skills in mathematicsand give children opportunities to promote, develop andpractice those skills. Analyzing the same data set from severalperspectives and understanding the criteria used in developing charts and graphs are important mathematical and lifeskills. In Flowers: Graph & Graph Again from the volumeMath in the Garden: Gather and Analyze, children look closelyat a group of flowers as a data set. Children identify variousattributes of the flowers, such as petal color, petal number,color of pollen, flower size, and whether or not the stigma islonger than the stamens. Children pick one characteristic touse to develop a graph of the flower group. Then using a second attribute from the same flower set, they produce a secondgraph and make true statements about each graph. JaineKopp, Mathematics Educator at the Lawrence Hall of Scienceand project staff member, states “In this exercise children seethat the same data can be organized in more than one way toprovide different information. Additionally, once organized,children discover that they can make TRUE statements aswell as inferences and learn to recognize the differencebetween these two. This is such an important skill.”When students create their own charts and graphs, andperform calculations based on the hands-on activity of determining their samples, they understand what the charts represent and can move from the concrete object to more abstractrepresentations of data. Students use their experience in thesampling activity to decide on the representation of theirdata; they are also exposed to other students’ ideas since thedata groups are performing hands-on math work side-byside. Ms. Maguire continues, “Rather than looking for a predetermined answer to a math problem, the students experience an open-ended question, a real-life math problem tograpple with, and then are able to see how mathematicsapplies to the world outside of the math class.”A common characteristic of Math in the Garden activitiesPhoto by J. WhiteMath in The GardenChildren create triangles as they subdivide their planting beds intoequal parts.Photo by K. JohnsonMath in The GardenUsing graph paper, this Oxford student determines the area of a leaf.is that activities promote extended learning and applicationas the students see this mathematical sampling could be performed in their home gardens, other areas of the school,community gardens and even with other sets besides plants.Katie Johnson, third grade teacher at Oxford ElementarySchool in Berkeley and also a project staff member recentlypresented Exploring Area and Perimeter of Leaves from thethird volume Math in the Garden: Shapes and Geometry to herstudents. “After exploring area of leaves using centimeterpaper, students were doing a Tangram activity determiningthe area of various polygons. At one point, one student pipedup ‘Oh, this is like finding the area of our leaves.’ Studentscould make connections in other applications with the sameconcepts. The Math in the Garden activity offered a goodhands-on, concrete experience to finding area of a leaf, whichthen transfers to more abstract experiences in math,” declaredMs. Johnson.Gardens provide rich opportunities to develop mathematics skills as children and adults plant, prune, weed, harvest,enjoy and savor the beauty and diversity in plant and gardenactivities.— Jenny White
8University of California Botanical Garden at BerkeleyThe Garden has beenin the news media oftenover the last twelvemonths, and we haveresponded to severalqueries a week from thepress. This is in additionto the press releases wesend to Bay Area mediausing free calendar listingopportunities for Gardenevents —over 1,020releases were sent out in2002!Additionally, manynewspaper articles reference the Garden’s collection and expert specialistknowledge. Web mediais now paying moreattention to the Gardenwith numerous requestsfor images and information,such as Judith Finn’s recentPhoto by J. WilliamsTHE GARDEN IN THE NEWSGeorge Reading and Garden horticulturist Jerry Parsons discuss orchid care duringan episode of “California Heartland.”interview about carnivorous plants withUnivision.com—theWeb site of Univision,the largest Spanishlanguage TV networkin the United States.Getting the wordout about the Gardenon our very limitedmarketing budget is achallenge, and whenwe hear of publicityopportunities fromour supporters we arethrilled to take upsuch leads. If youhave publicity contacts or suggestionsplease contact JanetWilliams, Marketingand DevelopmentOfficer at (510) 6432937.UCBG Media Highlights of 2002Some of the highlights of UCBGmedia interaction during 2002included: Ten television crews filmed andconducted interviews here for bothlocal and national news about thepresence of Sudden Oak Death inthe Garden;collection which resulted in widespread outreach for the Garden—aswell as the impressive floral presentation of the show itself; The KRON4 television show,Des Moines, Iowa, reveled in theirextended filming session here in thespring;“Henry’s Garden” interviewedManager of Horticulture andCollections, Chris Carmichael, andalso filmed the Garden extensively.KRON4 also picked up on ouraward from the East Bay Express as“Best Place to Hold a Wedding inthe East Bay;” The year ended with KVIE Press tour groups representingSacramento filming an episode of“California Heartland” which hasscreened, and re-screened, on PBSstations all around the state sinceDecember. This show included aninterview with Garden orchid specialist, Jerry Parsons;newspapers all over the country visited on two occasions, resulting, so far,in articles mentioning the Garden innewspapers and magazines in fifteenstates. Garden Gate Magazine, based in San Francisco Magazine filmed asumptuous spring fashion photography shoot here in the TropicalHouse, Fern House and among theorchid collection for their Aprilissue; Macy’s Spring Flower Show fea-tured the delights of the Garden’s
Winter 20039New and Improved Spring Plant SaleSilent Auction, Raffle, Children’s PlantsSaturday, April 26th10 am to 2 pmAfter a hiatus of one year, the annual Spring Plant Sale isreturning with some exciting new features and, of course, alot of new and interesting plants.The public sale will be held on Saturday, April 26th from10:00 am to 2:00 pm, with a special Members’ Sale onFriday, April 25, from 5:00-7:30 pm. Membershipswill be available at the Sale.The Friday night Members’ Sale and SilentAuction will feature some rare and unusual plants.Among the choice items for the auction are giantred hot poker (Kniphofia northiae), Poor Knightslily (Xeronema callistemon), the rare rock daisy(Pachystegia insignis) of New Zealand, and perhapsa white Lapageria or two.And for those who rely on chance more thanmoney, there will be a raffle of garden plants beginning on Friday night and drawn on Saturday afternoon. Unlike the Silent Auction, the winner neednot be present to win.For the first time, the public sale will offer a selection ofspecial starter plants for children at prices affordable on eventhe smallest allowance (Adults will be allowed to buy theseplants only when accompanied by a responsible child!).Throughout the day there will be special talks and hands-onpotting workshops for children given by volunteers anddocents.In addition to our large selection of plants propagatedfrom the collections, we have some unusual offerings, including Pelargonium species from the collection of Dr. RobertRaabe, an expanded selection of cool growing orchids andculinary herbs, Scilla natalensis—an awesome spring blooming South African bulb which forms large above groundbulbs, and limited quantities of some rare Beschorneriaspecies. See our more extensive list of plants on the Garden’swebsite closer to the sale date.Photos by J. WilliamsSpecial Members’ Saleand Silent AuctionFriday, April 25th5 pm to 7:30 pmGinger Guthrie potting up plants.VOLUNTEERPROPAGATORSHELP GETPLANTSREADY FORSPRING SALEJoanne Muench and Mika Matsui.Kathryn Maack with carnivorous plants.
10University of California Botanical Garden at BerkeleyCALENDAR OF EVENTSSICK PLANT CLINICFirst Saturday of every month, 9 am to noon.UC plant pathologist Dr. Robert Raabe, UC entomologistDr. Mills, and their team of experts will diagnose what ailsyour plants.Free. No reservations required.GARDEN PARTY 2003Saturday, June 1, 3:00 pm – 6:00 pmSave the Date! Wine, food and music! Walks led by Gardenexperts. Silent Auction and raffle! Door prizes.Celebrate the Garden – delight in the peak of the bloom!Call for information and tickets.FIBERS AND DYESApril 10, 2003 through April 27, 2003 during Garden hoursIn this free-standing interpretive exhibit see plants sampledlargely from the Garden’s collection, used by various culturesfor weaving and dyeing. This is an annually repeating Gardenexhibit; available for scheduled tours by groups and schools.Call 510-642-3352 to schedule a tour.Free with Garden admission. No registration required.UNSELT BIRDING BREAKFAST AND QUARTERLYBIRD WALKSaturday, May 3, 8:00 – 11:00 amJoin Chris Carmichael, Manager of Collections andHorticulture, and expert birder Dennis Wolff on a morningwalk to discover the Garden’s bird life and to partake inbreakfast treats.Free. Space limited. Registration required.PLANT AND MICROBIAL INTERACTION: The WoodWide Web and other stories of life in the underground; cosponsored with the East Bay Chapter of the CaliforniaNative Plant SocietyApril 23, 2003, 7:30 pm – 9:00 pmDr. Ellen Simms, Director of the Garden, will speak aboutthe underground lives of plants and their microbial
sake genus of the yam family, Dioscoreaceae—are tropical and semi-tropical vining plants with . of a public museum such as the Garden is too demanding a . 4 University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley Garden. Professor Licht’s appointment as Director will begin July 1, 2003. .
Texts of Wow Rosh Hashana II 5780 - Congregation Shearith Israel, Atlanta Georgia Wow ׳ג ׳א:׳א תישארב (א) ׃ץרֶָֽאָּהָּ תאֵֵ֥וְּ םִימִַׁ֖שַָּה תאֵֵ֥ םיקִִ֑לֹאֱ ארָָּ֣ Îָּ תישִִׁ֖ארֵ Îְּ(ב) חַורְָּ֣ו ם
in Sub-Saharan Africa annually on 4.6 M Ha. Over 95% of this production lies in a five-country "yam belt" that includes Nigeria, enin, Togo, Ghana, and ôte d'Ivoire. Although yam production in Africa is 40% that of cassava, the value of yam production exceeds all other African staple crops and is equivalent to the
the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture to improve yam varieties and lower postharvest losses. Goal is to reach 200,000 yam farmers in Ghana and Nigeria. Overall yam income is expected to double. 3 2. CHALLENGES The agricultural
with 98/02665 as national check were obtained from the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Nigeria. A local cultivar, UL-A-1 (Akpedu) obtained from Uyo and Itu yam farmers served as local check. Sixteen genotypes of yam were cut into minisetts of 40 g, each genotype comprised 30 yam minisetts which were properly labelled
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The growth period is from 5 to 9 months, depending on variety and tuber size; the dormancy period is between 2 and 3 months after senescence. The worst scenario, which is common in practice, is that one plant which produces one seed yam takes one year to produce another single seed yam.
hydroponics system. Consequently, three alternative fertilizer-program options developed by context has been included in this manual (Appendix VI-VII) . Despite the above options, there is need for a single blended fertilizer that will ease seed yam production activities in hydroponics system. Hence, fertigation research will continue.
E-learning memungkinkan pembelajar untuk belajar melalui komputer ditempat mereka masing-masing tanpa harus secara fisik pergi mengikuti pelajaran/ perkuliahan di kelas. 4. E-learning sering pula dipahami sebagai suatu bentuk pembelajaran berbasis web yang bias diakses dari internet di jaringan lokal atau internet. 5.
