Making Connections - University Of California, San Diego
Making ConnectionsMary ET Boyle, Ph.D.Department of Cognitive ScienceUCSD
impulse propagation along the axon
impulse propagation myelinated axon
Test your understanding:given thefollowingequilibriumpotentials:EK -90mVENa 60mVECl- -70mVSuppose that in a neuron ECl- is -70 mV and the resting membranepotential is -75 mV. Given a typical distribution of the ion, then ifchloride channels are opened in this neuron by the action of a transmittersubstance, there will be:a net outward movement of Cl- ions.
What do we really know?Who is in control?BrainMind
Three levels of description –neurons, networks and thebrain.The overall architecture of thecortex is to go from simple tocomplex representations.Figure adapted Boyle, Mary ET (Ed.) (2012) Minds and Brains: Introductory Readings
Means “glue” inGreekFacilitate &participate incommunicationCare and feedneuronsClean up debrisCircuitGlial CellsNeuronsDiffer in size,shape, andfunction.Specialized forelectricalcommunication.Some neuronsexcite whileothers inhibit.Sets of neuronsthat affect oneanother.Withdrawalreflex – anexample of asimple neuralcircuit.
sensory neurons Detect changes in the external environment andsend information about these changes to thecentral nervous system.motor neurons These neurons, located within the central nervoussystem, control the contraction of a muscle or thesecretion of a gland.interneurons Are between neurons that register what’s out there and thosethat control movement (or between other interneurons) Most of the neurons in the brain are of this type.
Astrocytes/Astroglia Astrocyte “star cell” – provide physical support to neuronsand clean up debris. Some of the astrocyte’s processes are wrapped around bloodvessels; other processes are wrapped around parts ofneurons.Oligodendrocytes (“white matter”) Provide support to axons and to produce the myelin sheathwhich electrically insulates the axons. Found only in the central nervous system (CNS)Schwann Cells Performs the same function as oligodendrocytes in theperipheral nervous system (PNS). Each myelin segment is a single Schwann cell.
Prototypical NeuronDendrites with spinesCell body (soma)Axon with myelinIntegrate and Fire NeuronFigure adapted Boyle, Mary ET (Ed.) (2012) Minds and Brains: Introductory Readings
Receive synaptic input& evoke gradedpotentialsIntegrate andFire NeuronIntegration of all theinputs are addedtogether over a shortperiod of time.Encoding occurs whenthe input is above athreshold and triggersa spike down the axon.Figure adapted Boyle, Mary ET (Ed.) (2012) Minds and Brains: Introductory Readings
2.2. reception3.3. integration1.4.1. intrinsicDendrites receive synaptic inputthat evoke graded membranepotentials (2).When dendritic potentials riseabove threshold in a very briefinterval (3) and are added tothe intrinsic membranepotentials (1) an actionpotential can be triggered (4)down the axon.4. encoding5.5. outputSpikes cause the release ofneurochemicals at the axonterminals (5).Figure adapted Boyle, Mary ET (Ed.) (2012) Minds and Brains: Introductory Readings
Types of synapses: axosomatic axodendritic axoaxonicFigure from Boyle, Mary ET (Ed.) (2012) Minds and Brains: Introductory Readings
pre-synapticterminal bouton
Neurotransmitter is released from a docked vesicle as a result ofCa entry at the pre-synaptic terminal.action potentialspre-synapticterminal boutonpost-synapticdendritic spine
Synaptic Transmission
exocytosis
Neurotransmitter deactivation: reuptake
Neurotransmitter deactivation: degradation
The cerebellumTransversesection of thecerebellarfollium.
Brainbow – Roger Tsien work in green fluorescent protein contributed to this work.
Making Connections Mary ET Boyle, Ph.D. Department of Cognitive Science UCSD. impulse propagation along the axon. impulse propagation myelinated axon. Test your understanding: given the following . Microsoft PowerPoint - 03-W14-COGS11-Baars-Making Connections
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