Exploration Merit Badge - Nwscouter

44ExplorationExploration – The Second Age of Exploration Science and Territorial Voyagerso 18th-19th centuryo Great European and American Territorial Race Australia, South Pacific and Scramble for Africa Captain James Cooko The Enlightenment Resurgence in science, reason, and learning New "natural sciences" such as biology and geologyEndeavour

45ExplorationExploration – The Third Age of Exploration 20th centuryo Age of Science New technologies and hunger for knowledgeo Polar Exploration James Clark Ross Robert Falcon Scott Ernest Shackletono Soviets join ino International Geophysical Year - 1957o Space Exploration

46ExplorationRequirement 1b – General KnowledgeExplain how approaches to exploration may differ if it occurs in the ocean,in space, in a jungle, or in a science lab in a city.

47Tropic of Ca1519 MagellanTropic of CaprJungleImage Credit: NASA, Public domain)

48What’s In There

49ExplorationJungle Exploration Why Explore the Jungle?o Goldo Conquesto Spread of religion and cultureo Meet new cultureso Mapping the worldImage Credit: Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. www.cngcoins.com commons.wikimedia.org

50ExplorationJungle Exploration Why Explore the Jungle?o 2/3rds of all known plants & animalslive in tropical rain forests Amazing bio science New Foods and spices? New technologies - rubber New Drugs? Cure for cancer?Honduran Rain ForestDiscovery of Muscodor albusA fungus that gives off an anti-microbial gasImage Credit: Ivette Perfecto www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc summ.jsp?org NSF&cntn id 104473

51ExplorationJungle Exploration So much to explore up in the treeso Almost half of Earth’s biodiversity lives in treetops Canopy Scientists today use:o Ropeso Hot-air balloonso Walkwayso Ladderso Construction cranesAbornaut Canopy Meg (Dr. Meg Lowman)Image Credit: Meg Lowman e-of-tree-tops/

52ExplorationJungle Exploration – Hazards Jungle has many hazardso Heato Easy to get losto Lack of potable watero Diseaseso Poisonous plantso Things that can kill and possibly eat you Bugs Animals Peopleo Lack of food for those who are unpreparedAfrican trypanosomiasis aka Sleeping sicknessParasites on blood smearImage Credit: CDC commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trypanosoma sp. PHIL 613 lores.jpg

53SpaceExplorationImage Credit: NASA , Public domain)

54What’s Out There

55ExplorationSpace Exploration American and Russian Space Raceo Late 1960s to early 1970s Moon landingso Soviet Uniono United Stateso China The International Space Stationo USA, Russia, Europe, Canada and Japan Marso Soviet Uniono United Stateso ChinaImage Credit: NASA images.nasa.gov/details-as15-88-11866.html

56ExplorationSpace Exploration New Challengeso Getting there How do you get there safely?o Surviving No Air No Water Radiation Cold No gravityo Logistical nightmareCosmonaut Alexander SkvortsovImage Credit: NASA www.nasa.gov/mission pages/station/spacewalks

57ExplorationSpace Exploration New ways to exploreo Human spaceflighto Robotic probeso Constantly expanding possibilitiesNASA’s R5 robotImage Credit: NASA tics-groups-to-advance-latest-humanoid-robot

58ExplorationSpace Exploration Discoveries and Techo Satellite technologyo Discover new celestial bodieso Artificial limbso Scratch-resistant lenseso Insulin pumpo Firefighting equipmento DustBusterso LASIKo Shock absorbers for buildings2012 Hurricane Seasono Solar cellso Wireless headsetsImage Credit: NASA er-satellite-proves-its-worth

59ExplorationOceansCovers 3/4 of earthImage Credit: NASA, Public domain)

60What’s Down There

61ExplorationOcean Exploration Previously unimagined ecosystemsAreas devoid of sunlightNew mineral depositsInsights into the oceanand life on EarthThe Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary whale tagging boatImage Credit: NOAA sanctuaries.noaa.gov/magazine/1/sanctuary-science/

62ExplorationOcean Exploration Challengeso Can’t breathe underwatero Great pressures at deptho Stormso Logistical support at sea– No Amazon PrimeDivers from the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries and EasternCarolina University photograph the German U-boat U-352 off thecoast of Morehead City, North Carolina.Image Credit: NOAA sanctuaries.noaa.gov/magazine/1/sanctuary-science/

63ExplorationOcean Exploration Exploration Jobs:o Locating and ID Historic Shipwreckso Seeking sustainable fishing and food sourceso Studying ocean pollutiono Studying ocean currentso Studying amazing life and ecosystemsImage Credit: NOAA sanctuaries.noaa.gov/magazine/1/sanctuary-science/

64ExplorationOcean Exploration Tools and Techniqueso Research vesselso Submersibleso Remotely operated vehicleso Buoyso Trawls (nets)o Technical Divingo Free-swimming robotso Sonaro Photogrammetry and Geographic Information System (GIS)Image Credit: Kip Evans/NOAA sanctuaries.noaa.gov/magazine/1/sanctuary-science/

65Science LabExplorationImage Credit: nih.gov, Public domain)

66What

67ExplorationScience Lab Exploration What discoveries can be made in lab?o New Chemicalso Radiationo Gene technologyo New energy sourceso New roboticso New understanding on human psycheo New medical treatmentsVice President Joe Biden tours a laboratory atSloan Kettering Rockefeller Research LabsImage: Executive Office of the President of the United States https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joe Biden at Sloan Kettering Rockefeller Research Labs in 2016.jpg

68ExplorationScience Lab ExplorationWith every Exploration in the LabThere is a New Discovery

69ExplorationScience Lab ExplorationWith every Exploration in the LabThere is a New DiscoverySome are Small

70ExplorationScience Lab ExplorationWith every Exploration in the LabThere is a New DiscoverySome are SmallSome will Change theCourse of Human Existence and Thinking

71ExplorationRequirement 2 – History of ExplorationDiscuss with your counselor the history of exploration.Select a field of study with a history of exploration to illustrate theimportance of exploration in the development of that field (for example,aerospace, oil industry, paleontology, oceanography, etc.).

72ExplorationHistory of Exploration - Genetics Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study ofo Geneso Genetic variationo Heredity in organisms

73ExplorationHistory of Exploration - Genetics Genetics has been observed for millenniaWasn’t until the 19th century that it was studied scientificallySince then, understanding Genetics has dramatically evolvedFuture of field holds great potential

74ExplorationVarious Discoveries 1859- Charles22-year-oldCharlesDarwin Robert Darwinvisits theIslandso GalapagosOn theOrigin of Speciesin 1835publishes Evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selectionImage: USGS https://apps.nationalmap.gov/viewer

75ExplorationCharles Darwin finds birds with differentbeaks on each of the Galapagos IslandsImage: Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles Darwin by G. Richmond.pngand John Gould commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Darwin%27s finches by Gould.jpg

76ExplorationVarious Discoveries 1859 - Charles Robert Darwin publisheso On the Origin of Species Evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selectionHMS Beagle in the Straits of MagellanImage: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM V57 D097 Hms beagle in the straits of magellan.png

77ExplorationVarious Discoveries 1869 - Friedrich Miescher discovers “nuclein”o Isolated pure sample of salmon spermo Pupil Richard Altmann names it “nucleic acid”Image: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich Miescher.jpg

78ExplorationGregor Mendel Austrian monk and botanist 1822-1884Performed many scientific experiments with plants to study inheritanceExperimented on thousands of pea plants for 8 yearsForced to give up research when became abbot Gregor Mendel - YouTube Gregor Mendel Biography The Friar and the PeaImage: Wellcome Library, London commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gregor Mendel oval.jpg

79ExplorationPollen Gregor Mendel Punnett squareo One of Mendel's crosseso Homozygous pea plantspurple/white color alleleso Purple Dominant over WhiteBBBbBbBbBbbPistol bImage: Madprime commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punnett square mendel flowers.svg

80ExplorationPollen Gregor Mendel Punnett squareo One of Mendel's crosseso Heterozygous pea plantspurple/white color allelesBbBBBbBbbbBPistol bImage: Madprime commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punnett square mendel flowers.svg

81ExplorationHugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak Dutch, German and Austrian scientists Also studied plants Discovered similar findings as Mendel

82ExplorationHugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak Hugo de Vries (1889) suggested the concept ofo Mutilationso Mutation theory - based on a modified version ofCharles Darwin's theory of Pangenesiso Genes ("pangen") Carl Correns (1909) discoveredo Cytoplasmic inheritance Some inheritance depends on which parent had trait Erich von Tschermak (1900 inheritance publication) later developedo New disease-resistant crops, including wheat-rye and oat hybrids

83ExplorationVarious Discoveries 1910 - Thomas Hunt Morgan showedo Genes reside on specific chromosomeso Proposed concept of recombinationo Recombination dependent on gene proximityo Began the first chromosomal mapof the fruit fly (Drosophila)Morgan's illustration of crossing over1916 A Critique of the Theory of EvolutionImage: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Morgan crossover 1.jpg

84ExplorationVarious Discoveries 1951 - George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatumo Found mold Neurospora crassa exposed to x-rays causes mutationsThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958Image: nobelprize.org en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George Wells Beadle.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward Lawrie Tatum nobel.jpg

85ExplorationJames Watson and Francis Crick Crick 1916-2004- British molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist Watson 1928- American molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist 1953 ProposedThe double helix structure of the DNA molecule Discovery of the structure of DNAImage: Zephyris commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA orbit animated.gifThe Discovery of the Structure of DNA

86ExplorationJames Watson and Francis Crick Concept of how DNA constructed Theory on how DNA can be copiedo Adenine links only with Thymineo Guanine links only with Cytosineo Split the strand and fill in gapsImage: Madprime commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA chemical structure.svg

87ExplorationHuman DNA Sequencing 2001 - first human genome sequences published (nearly complete)o Human Genome Projecto Celera Corporationo 341 gaps could not be sequenced with current technology 2018 - the diploid genomes of over a million humans determinedo Using next-generation sequencing 2021 - T2T consortium reports complete sequencing of human DNAo Filled in all the gaps

88ExplorationGenetics – What Next? Map out genetic disease?o Help treat/cure problems early in lifeo Already being used mRNA Treatmento mRNA used to instruct cells to produce proteinso Covid-19 Vaccines Gene therapyo Thought to be able to cure many genetic disorderso Thousands of clinical trialso Already being used to treat a handful of diseases

89ExplorationGenetics – Exploration? Is lab work and research Exploration?

90ExplorationExploration What about Legendary Explorerso Impossible and epic journeys into unknow landso Risk of deatho The Fedora Read about Sir Ernest Shackleton

91ExplorationRequirement 2 – History of ExplorationDiscuss with your counselor the history of exploration.Select a field of study with a history of exploration to illustrate theimportance of exploration in the development of that field (for example,aerospace, oil industry, paleontology, oceanography, etc.).Back to the Requirement

92ExplorationRequirement 3 – Importance of ExplorationExplain to your counselor why it is important to explore.Discuss the following:a. Why it is important for exploration to have a scientific basisb. How explorers have aided in our understanding of our worldc. What you think it takes to be an explorerHomework

93ExplorationRequirement 4 – Real-Life ExplorationDo ONE of the following:a. Learn about a living explorer.b. Learn about an actual scientific exploration expeditionc. Learn about types of exploration that may take place in a laboratoryor scientific research facility.Homework

94ExplorationRequirement 4a – Real-Life ExplorationLearn about a living explorer.Create a short report or presentation (verbal, written, or multimedia slidepresentation) on this individual's objectives and the achievements of oneof the explorer's expeditions.Share what you have learned with your counselor and unit.

95ExplorationRequirement 4b – Real-Life ExplorationLearn about an actual scientific exploration expedition.Gather information about the mission objectives and the expedition'smost interesting or important discoveries.Share what you have learned with your counselor and unit.Tell how the information gained from this expedition helped scientistsanswer important questions.

96ExplorationRequirement 4c – Real-Life ExplorationLearn about types of exploration that may take place in a laboratory orscientific research facility (medicine, biology, chemistry, physics,astronomy, etc.).Explain to your counselor how laboratory research and exploration aresimilar to field research and exploration.

97ExplorationRequirement 5 - Exploration in Lab and FieldDo ONE of the following, and share what you learn with your counselor:a. With your parent's permission and counselor's approval, visit eitherin person or via the internet an exploration sponsoring organization(such as The Explorers Club, National Geographic Society,Smithsonian Institution, Alpine Club, World Wildlife Fund, or similarorganization). Find out what type(s) of exploration the organizationsupports.b. With permission and approval, visit either in person or via theinternet a science lab, astronomical observatory, medical researchfacility, or similar site. Learn what exploration is done in this facility.Homework

Expedition

99ExpeditionExploration vs ExpeditionExploration Goal is simply to find out more about somethingExpedition Scientists or explorers have some background knowledge Seek evidence, or data, to help answer specific questions Expeditions are about getting out there

100ExpeditionExpeditionExpeditions are widely variable.You do not have to climb Mount Everest or go to a jungle to be an explorer.For this merit badge, an expedition should be viewed like a field trip orscience project.While you cannot just hike some place and call it an expedition, you canhike to a location and study an aspect that interests you.Excerpt from Exploration Merit Badge Pamphlet

101ExpeditionExpeditionThe major difference between an expedition and a field science trip is thatyou (with your counselor’s guidance) have to plan everything.You have to formulate objectives and plan an agenda.As needed, you will need to do things like confirm transportation, arrangecommunication, plan for food and medical supplies, acquire all food andother supplies, construct safety and possible evacuation procedures,manage any adverse events, and prepare a report after the expedition.Excerpt from Exploration Merit Badge Pamphlet

102ExpeditionExpeditionEvaluating the effects of a storm on the local forest or nature preserve, theeffects of a drought on a field used by birds and mammals, changes inbutterfly populations due to loss of wildflower habitat, incursions byinvasive plant or animal species, insect diversity, and presence or absenceof amphibians or fish are just some of the examples that can be studiedand reported.Your imagination is your only limitation.Excerpt from Exploration Merit Badge Pamphlet

103ExpeditionRequirement 6 – Expedition PlanningDiscuss with your counselor each of the following steps for conducting a successful exploration activity. Explain theneed for each step.a. Identify the objectives (establish goals).b. Plan the mission. Create an expedition agenda or schedule. List potential documents or permits needed.c. Budget and plan for adequate financial resources. Estimate costs for travel, equipment, accommodations,meals, permits or licenses, and other expedition expenses.d. Determine equipment and supplies required for personal and mission needs for the length of theexpedition.e. Determine communication and transportation needs. Plan how to keep in contact with your base or theoutside world, and determine how you will communicate with each other on-site.f. Establish safety and first aid procedures (including planning for medical evacuation). Identify the hazardsthat explorers could encounter on the expedition, and establish procedures to prevent or avoid thosehazards.g. Determine team selection. Identify who is essential for the expedition to be successful and what skills arerequired by the expedition leader.h. Establish detailed recordkeeping (documentation) procedures. Plan the interpretation and sharing ofinformation at the conclusion of the expedition.Homework

104ExpeditionRequirement 6a – Expedition Planning – GoalsIdentify the objectives (establish goals).

105ExpeditionExpedition Planning – Goals Develop a Concepto Longstanding interest or sudden curiosityo Define concept furthero What is your objec

the Exploration Merit Badge and nothing more. There is inherent risk with exploration and expeditions, whether in the . Explain how approaches to exploration may differ if it occurs in the ocean, in space, in a jungle,