INTRODUCTION 3 WATER INTRUSION 6 COMBO OVERVIEW 7
INTRODUCTION3WATER INTRUSION6COMBO OVERVIEW7CATEGORIES10CLASSES OF LOSS11SAFETY12THOROUGH DOCUMENTATION16DRY STANDARD19PSYCHROMETRIC CALCULATIONS24AIR MOVERS27DEHUMIDIFIER CALCULATIONS29EXTRACTION34TOOLS35WHY IS EXTRACTION SO IMPORTANT?37A QUICK LOOK AT MICROBIOLOGY40EVAPORATE43DEHUMIDIFY45TYPES OF DEHUMIDIFIERS45WHAT DRYING SYSTEM IS BEST?48OTHER TYPES OF AIRFLOW DEVICES50WATER AND MATERIALS54WOOD54CEILINGS AND WALLS58THE SCIENCE OF DRY601
EXPRESSIONS OF HUMIDITY62VAPOR PRESSURE (VP)63AIRFLOW IMPACT65TEMPERATURE’S ROLE65DEW POINT65PSYCHROMETRY APPLICATION66BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER682
IntroductionWelcome to WRT/ASD COMBO CLASS!This course will span the next five days. We will be uncoveringconcepts and techniques which apply to water damage restorationand structural drying work. Hands on exercises and demonstrationsare built-in to provide opportunities for students to make learningand retaining this information more easily. The trick with a courselike this is to ENGAGE. If you come each day with an eagerness tolearn, then you will.We will spend time on principles of restoration as well as calculationsspecific to drying projects. You will have many chances to work dogroup activities with your classmates, as well as self-study time.Sufficient breaks will be given throughout the course and are usuallyno longer than 15 minutes. Restrooms are for use at anytime. Lunchis provided for you and we will break at approximately noon.Be considerateWe all understand the need for taking care of business and phonecalls are a normal part of that. Please “silence” your phone and if youmust take a call, please do so outside of the classroom environment toavoid disruption to the class. Smoking is permitted only in thedesignated areas. Remember that this class is being hosted by thelocation and we should be respectful of their wishes. We encourageyou to ask questions and do your best to get clarity on the conceptstaught. You are usually not the only one wondering about something,and it helps the rest of the class to learn.Who are you?Please give us some details about yourself. How long have youworked here? Do you have experience in this field? Married?Children? Share anything you would like us to know about you.3
IICRC infoThis course is taught according to the IICRC guidelines. A briefIICRC introduction video will be shown to provide informationabout certification, CECs and Certified Firms. This course manualwill contain everything in the examination, but we do not “teach tothe test”. It is important that you review and study the course manualand notes each day to prepare for the exam. Also, in the back of thismanual, there is information regarding the IICRC. Two exams will begiven during this course to gain. Passing each will gain you WRT andASD certification.PaperworkEach day, sign-in sheets will need to be completed. This is to proveyour attendance in this course. Also, on Day 3, accompanying theexam will be an application packet. These forms are important andmust be completed in a specific way. Please write clearly to avoid anydelay in the processing of your exam. Upon completion of thepaperwork, a test fee of 50 is required in order to continue.Chew on thisThis course is designed to give you the tools to go into the field andperform quality service. It is overflowing with good information thatyou can reference for years to come. However, none of it is any goodif you don’t understand one important rule as a restorer:Your customer is in distress from water intrusion in their home!What they need is a CARING, SINCERE PROFESSIONAL who canrespond quickly and help them in this time. You can score a perfect100% on the exam and still provide awful service.4
Think about some of the things in your home for a moment. Do youhave anything that you would hate to lose? So do your clients. Bemindful of this at all times during restoration work. Your customerwill appreciate it and more projects will be completed smoothly.They don’t care how much you know until they know howmuch you care!Your FutureAs a (soon to be) certified water damage restorer, you are held to ahigh-level of professionalism and expertise. The industry- widerecognized document considered to be the Standard of Care in waterdamage restoration is the IICRC S500 3rd Edition. It encompasses allof the best practices related to water damage work. Using thestandard as the guide as it was intended is invaluable to any restorer.With procedure in mind, the standard uses language to assist inmaking good decisions. For example, the word ‘shall’ is used to meanthat something is mandatory. When the word ‘should’ is used, itmeans that something isaccepted, but not mandatory.‘Recommended’ meansthat a procedure would beadvised, but not required.The simple idea behind restorative work is to bring the structure asclose to pre-loss condition as possible. Paying attention the standardwill help you to get there more often.This course is designed with exactly that in mind. As you moveforward in your career as a restorer, you are charged with the care ofproperty that belongs to others. You will be shown principles directlyfrom the S500 so that you will be able to successfully complete waterdamage restoration projects. This course will also prepare you for the5
next level of IICRC education. IICRC courses offer many industryrelevant courses to promote better service, professionalism andunderstanding within specific fields. As well, this industry is everchanging and the IICRC continues to revise and update instructionrequirements. Beyond classes, you are encouraged to research andlearn more about your field. This is a good start!Water intrusionFrozen water pipe burstsRivers floodNatural disasters bring heavy rainDishwasher breaksPlumbing backs upFire causes suppression “sprinkler” activationThese are some of the reasons we are called for work. With time youwill experience a wide range of water intrusion. A very importantlesson you will learn is that:Water will find a way.6
Most of the time, it isn’t the visible water, but that which we CAN’TSEE that presents the biggest challenge. You will be given theopportunity to use different devices and instruments to assist infinding the invisible water. Thoroughness prevails in water damagework. You must check everywhere for possible moisture affectedareas. Doing this will keep you ahead of the project. If you fail to findall moisture, you are inviting problems into the job.COMBO overviewLet’s think about this in terms of logical flow. If you are to dry astructure successfully, you must consider, and follow, a strategicplan. In order to do that you must understand how water affectseverything in the building. Once you grasp that, think about how itmust be removed. Really your only two choices are extraction anddehumidification. You also need to understand how time affectswater.7
ct1. Inspecting the structure is critical in identifying all moistureaffected areas, material and air. Then you can make a dryingplan.2. Extraction follows to remove as much water as possible.3. Any water left behind must be evaporated (converted intovapor).4. Once in the air, dehumidification removes water vapor.5. Temperature affects evaporation, so it must be managed.8
Okay, so now you are ready to hit the road and start drying jobs,right?Not so fast! Before you can even think about performing a thoroughinspection, we have to get you up to speed on some principles. Wecan use the illustration as our flowchart. Let’s start at the beginning.First and foremost, we must be prepared for the initial call forservice. This isn’t about simply getting an address, name andnumber. Remember, the person on the other end of the line is notexactly in the best emotional state. They want a company who is ableto respond quickly, reducing drying time, damage and stress.We can begin the restoration process right over the phone. It all boilsdown to first impression and our ability to remain calm, even if theyaren’t.Some pointers for a smooth call:Assure them that you will do everything possible to helpAsk good questions.Do you know how long it has been wet?Has the intrusion source been located and stopped? Does anyone inthe home suffer from allergies or immune deficient condition?Will an insurance company be involved. If so, have you called them?These questions help you to gain information as well as engage theclient. This provides a sense of action and sincerity on your part.You should bring the call to a close by explaining the process andthings they can expect during this experience.9
CATEGORIES OF WATERDescribe the level of contamination present in the water lossarea. Determining which materials should be dried, as well as safetydecisions can be made when the category is known.Category 1- This category of intrusion poses no significantthreat of sickness from ingestion inhalation or dermal exposure. It isconsidered “clean” water. In place drying could be performed here iffurther damage will not result and if equipment is available.Category 1 water intrusion normally involves sanitary water supplysources. As a rule of thumb, 72 hours is the maximum time that aloss can remain Category 1. Also, odors present could be anindication that the loss is NOT Category 1. Further investigation isnecessary.Category 2- This intrusion does carry a significant risk ofchemical, biological, and/ or physical contamination. Toilet bowloverflows containing pathogens, waterbed leaks, aquariums,dishwasher discharge, washing machine leaks and any waterintrusion from below grade are considered Category 2. In this loss,IICRC S500 recommends carpet cushion must always be removedand disposed of, and carpet thoroughly cleaned with HWE. Specialsteps should be taken to clean the areas prior to continuing drying.Category 3- This intrusion is from a grossly unsanitary source,carrying pathogens, or when water has been in the structure for morethan 120 hours. Toilet water coming from beyond the trap or septicsystem, as well as floodwaters would be Category 3 losses. Whendealing with sewage in a Category 3 loss, health risks are elevated.This must be the most important consideration. Communication iscritical in a Category 3 situation! If a materially interested partydisagrees with carpet removal, the decision to stop work may benecessary until the conflict can be resolved. Carpet, cushion, and anyother affected porous materials must be contained for properdisposal.Note: As you can see, the longer water dwells in the structure,the greater decline in conditions. Growth can begin in as few as 4810
hours in the right conditions. Restorers must keep in mind that thesingle most efficient way to prevent, or slow microbial growth is toSPEED DRY the affected materials.Once we know what kind of water has intruded, we need to thinkabout how it has impacted the building and materials initially.CLASSES OF WATER LOSSDescribe the rate of evaporation. Normally, we base theequipment needs and setup on the class of the loss.Class 1- This loss involves the least amount of water,absorption and evaporation.There is very little, if any, wet carpet and/or cushion (underlay).Class 2 – This loss involves a large amount of water, absorptionand evaporation by highly porous materials. Water has saturatedentire areas of carpet and cushion and has migrated up walls lessthan 24”. Water remains in structural materials like plywood, drywalland concrete. Drying can usually be accomplished if no insulationexists between drywall and block walls with wood framing.Class 3 – This involves the greatest amount of water, absorptionand evaporation. Water may have come from overhead throughceilings, saturating insulation, walls, carpet, cushion, and subfloor.Class 4 – These losses present specialty drying conditions.Longer drying times and special techniques are necessary to addressbound or trapped water. This is due to the low rate of evaporationcharacteristics of the saturated materials. Hardwood floors, stone,brick, and plaster often require low specific humidity.Note: Classes of loss are really only helpful for Day 1. Why?11
Now that we some idea of the type of water loss we have,dealing with it safely should be the number one objective.Safe RestorersAs explained in the above section, there is a risk at ALL waterloss projects. As a restorer, one of your PRIMARY concerns is toprevent, identify and manage potential safety risks. Obviously, itdepends on the situation, but you must consider safety precautionsconstantly. Injury from improper techniques or lack of safety protocolis completely preventable. Effective restoration firms have specificsafety programs in place to protect employees and unnecessaryexposure. On going instruction and coaching is the only way toensure compliance and prevention.Effective company safety programs include:Frequently overlooked risk- When standing water is present atClass 1 or 2 losses, slip and fall accidents are possibly the mostcommon hazard. Restorers must use caution on even the simplestprojects and educate occupants of the risks. Prior to starting the job,performing a walk through with occupants is a good idea. It affordsthe restorer an opportunity to point out potential risks.Water is heavy! It weighs in at 8.34 lbs. per gallon. One cubicfoot of water contains 7.48 gallons. That’s over 62 lbs of water. Manywater losses involve intrusion from above. Trapped water in a ceilingcould cause a serious bump on your head.Encouraging good health- Contact with infectious diseases is avery real possibility in water loss work. All active restorationemployees should consider consultation with their Primary HealthCare Provider (PHCP) for immunization information.Personal protective equipment, or PPE, is a huge part of a safe project.Protecting the respiratory systems of restorers shall include restorersundergoing medical evaluation, proper training, and fit testing forrespirators. Exposure to pathogenic agents, microorganisms, andother risks can be minimized with the proper PPE. It is important to12
match the PPE to the risk. A “paper” mask respirator simply will notoffer much protection in a serious Category 3 sewage backup waterloss. During a restoration job, technicians may discover microbialgrowth. When this happens, they must use appropriate protectivemeasures. You also must think in terms of potentially making thematter worse.Circulating air where visible contamination is present will increasethe possibility of contaminating unaffected areas. If growth is located,a good practice is to close off airflow of any kind and contain thegrowth.This can be done with heavy plastic sheeting secured with tapeto completely cover the area.Emergency service providers should be prepared with PPE thatprovide from all potential exposure to the body. These items canmean the difference between success and injury:Hard Hat Rubber BootsChemical Resistant RubberGlovesFire ExtinguisherFirst aid kitsLeather Gloves Tyvek SuitsKnee Pads VaporRespiratorChemical agents- Many times, restorers need to use chemicalsto treat surfaces. You must be mindful of the surroundings whenapplying any product. Normally, the guidelines for safe use can befound on the label. Restorers must follow label directions when usinggovernment -registered biocides (agents formulated to kill microbes).Most biocides on the market will suggest an application rate formaximum effectiveness. Since the product is to be discharged from asprayer, it is recommended that animals be removed from theapplication site during application.13
Electricity- Until wireless drying equipment is introduced,restorers must rely on corded air movers, dehumidifiers, AFDs, etc.to get the job done. That said, electrical safety is a priority. Restorersshould be aware of the condition of all electrical devices throughout theproject. Intern
As a (soon to be) certified water damage restorer, you are held to a high-level of professionalism and expertise. The industry- wide recognized document considered to be the Standard of Care in water damage restoration is the IICRC S500 3rd Edition. It encompasses all of the best practices related to water damage work. Using the
Intrusion Detection System Objectives To know what is Intrusion Detection system and why it is needed. To be familiar with Snort IDS/IPS. What Is Intrusion Detection? Intrusion is defined as “the act of thrusting in, or of entering into a place or state without invitation, right, or welcome.” When we speak of intrusion detection,
c. Plan, Deploy, Manage, Test, Configure d. Design, Configure, Test, Deploy, Document 15. What are the main types of intrusion detection systems? a. Perimeter Intrusion Detection & Network Intrusion Detection b. Host Intrusion Detection & Network Intrusion Detection c. Host Intrusion Detection & Intrusion Prevention Systems d.
Intrusion Prevention: Signature Policies 201 Intrusion Prevention: Signature Policies - New 203 Intrusion Prevention: Sensors 204 Intrusion Prevention: Sensor - New 205 Intrusion Prevention: Sensor - Associating Sensor to a Firewall Policy 206 Intrusion Prevention: Alerts and Reports 208 Intrusion Prevention: View Rule File 210
Step 1.1. Create Intrusion Policy To configure Intrusion Policy, login to Adaptive Security Device Manager (ASDM) and complete these steps: Step 1. Navigate to Configuration ASA FirePOWER Configuration Policies Intrusion Policy Intrusion Policy. Step 2. Click the Create Policy. Step 3. Enter the Name of the Intrusion Policy. Step 4.
called as behaviour-based intrusion detection. Fig. 2: Misuse-based intrusion detection process Misuse-based intrusion detection is also called as knowledge-based intrusion detection because in Figure 2. it depicts that it maintains knowledge base which contains the signature or patterns of well-known attacks. This intrusion
threats to your security policies. And intrusion prevention is the process of per - forming intrusion detection and then stopping the detected incidents. These security measures are available as intrusion detection systems (IDS) and intrusion prevention systems (IPS), which become part of your network to detect and stop potential incidents.
This chapter presents the corresponding research work on the intrusion detection and intrusion prevention in large-scale high-speed network environment and is organized as follows: firstly, a distributed extensible intrusion prevention system is provided, then various packet selection models for intrusion detection systems based-on sampling are
The process of identifying and responding to intrusion activities Intrusion prevention The process of both detecting intrusion activities and managing responsive actions throughout the network. 23 Overview of IDS/IPS Intrusion detection system (IDS) A system that performs automatically the process of intrusion detection.
