ENERGY FOR SPACE
ENERGY FOR SPACEDEPARTMENT OF ENERGY’SSTRATEGY TO ADVANCE AMERICANSPACE LEADERSHIP(FY 2021–FY 2031)
Energy for Space: Department of Energy’s Strategy to Advance American Space LeadershipExecutive SummaryThe United States is facing an increasingly diverseand competitive environment in the commercial andmilitary exploitation of space. A growing number ofnations are seeking to venture into space, and ouradversaries are energetically pursuing commercial andmilitary advantage in this domain. The current NationalSpace Strategy, National Space Policy, and SpacePolicy Directives (SPDs) call for a reinvigorated, wholeof-nation approach to advance America’s leadershipin space-based science, technology, commerce, andsecurity. U.S. priorities include returning Americanastronauts to the Moon for the long-term, followedby human exploration missions to Mars and beyond;ensuring an unfettered ability to operate in space bydeterring, countering, and defeating space-orientedthreats to U.S. security; and reforming regulatoryframeworks and pursuing international cooperation tofoster growth in space commerce. America’s leadershipin space will depend upon developing advanced, spaceapplicable technology, through our own U.S. effortsand in partnership with nations and international spaceagencies that share our values and interests.Since the earliest days of space exploration, theDepartment of Energy (DOE) and its NationalLaboratories have been essential suppliers of thescientific research, knowledge, and technologies thathave led to a sustained U.S. presence in space, to everlonger space exploration missions, and to significantspace achievements. The DOE innovation enterprisebrings together a world-class community of scientists,engineers, and technologists with unique, cutting-edgeresearch facilities, capable of solving U.S. space missionchallenges and advancing U.S. scientific understandingof the universe.Through this Energy for Space strategy, DOE willbuild on its support to U.S national space policiesand programs, and contribute to advancing U.S.leadership in space exploration, security, andcommerce via a more strategic approach to DOE’swork with the space community. This strategy alsodemonstrates the connections between DOE’s spacerelated contributions and DOE’s pursuit of its owncore missions in science, energy, security, and theenvironment.VisionThe Department of Energy will be an essentialsource of the science, technology, andengineering solutions needed for advancing U.S.leadership in the space domain.Strategic GoalsDOE will apply the Department’s core competenciesand emerging capabilities, including those of its 17National Laboratories, to the needs of the U.S. spacecommunity through focused strategic goals: Power the Exploration of Space. DOE will developspace-capable energy technologies (both nuclearand non-nuclear) for U.S. space customers, exploreenergy management systems for their potentialapplication to space missions, and advance innovativeenergy generation, collection, storage, distribution,employment, dissipation, and thermal managementtechnologies for space systems. Solve the Mysteries of Space. DOE will harnessthe capabilities and expertise within its laboratorycomplex and across its broad community ofresearchers to make scientific discoveries forspace and in space, advancing our fundamentalunderstanding of the universe and the ways inwhich humans can live and work in it safely, securely,productively, and profitably. Support the Secure and Peaceful Use of Space.DOE, including the National Nuclear SecurityAdministration (NNSA), will provide technicalcapabilities, systems, multi-purpose sensors, andsatellite development/deployment support withapplication to national security as well as civil spaceprograms. Enable the Development of Space. DOE will driveinnovation in space science research and achievebreakthroughs in space-applicable technology forfuture U.S. space missions and grow U.S. spacecommerce.i
Energy for Space: Department of Energy’s Strategy to Advance American Space LeadershipPrinciplesImplementationDOE’s approach to these four strategic goals will beunderpinned by three foundational principles:The Energy for Space strategy was prepared throughthe internal DOE Space Coordinating Group andin consultation with external U.S. space leaders,stakeholders, and partners, including the NationalSpace Council, National Security Council, NationalAeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), theDepartment of Defense (DoD) and U.S. Space Force,and others. The implementation of this strategy willtake place through a series of programmatic objectivesand lines of action that DOE will pursue to support therequirements and needs of other U.S. space agenciesand industry, consistent with DOE’s strategic goals andprinciples. The anticipated supporting program actionsare outlined in the appendices to this document. DOE’s space-related activities will concurrentlydevelop DOE’s scientific and technically skilledworkforce within DOE’s primary mission areas; createopportunities to maintain and retain DOE’s cadre ofexperienced scientists, engineers, and technicians;and promote educational achievement in Science,Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)programs aimed at building DOE’s next generationworkforce. DOE’s scientific facilities and infrastructure willbenefit from the additional work provided by otheragencies sponsoring space research, experiments,and technology development across the DOEenterprise. DOE’s flexible Federally Funded Research andDevelopment Center (FFRDC) contracting model,as well as strategic partnering with other Federalagencies, industry, and universities, will both supportU.S. space initiatives as well as offer practicalopportunities for DOE to improve the effectivenessand efficiency of contract administration and projectmanagement performance at the best value to theU.S. taxpayer.This strategic plan is an internal policy document to guide DOE planning. Any recommendations or activitiesto implement this strategy beyond those already reflected in the President’s Budget will be subject to relevantbudgetary, regulatory, and policy development processes before adoption or execution.ii
Energy for Space: Department of Energy’s Strategy to Advance American Space LeadershipTable of ContentsExecutive Summary.iThe U.S. Strategy for Space Leadership. 1The DOE Strategy for Space. 3Methodology. 4Goals and Objectives. 7Power the Exploration of Space. 7Solve the Mysteries of Space.9Support the Secure and Peaceful Use of Space. 12Enable the Development of Space. 14Conclusion. 17Appendix A: List of Legislation, PolicyDirectives, and Other Documents. 19Appendix B: DOE Space Power Action Plan. 21Appendix C: DOE Space Science Action Plan. 23Appendix D: DOE Space National Security Action Plan.27Appendix E: DOE Space Development Action Plan. 29iii
Energy for Space: Department of Energy’s Strategy to Advance American Space LeadershipAcronyms and AbbreviationsAIArtificial IntelligenceLIBSLaser Induced Breakdown SpectroscopyBNLBrookhaven National LaboratoryLPSLab Partnering ServiceCRADACooperative Research and DevelopmentAgreementsMIMachine IntelligenceMMRTGCSPConcentrating Solar PowerMulti-Mission RadioisotopeThermoelectric GeneratorDAMIENDetecting and Mitigating the Impact ofEarth-Bound Near-Earth ObjectsMOUMemorandum of UnderstandingM&SModeling and SimulationDARTDouble Asteroid Redirection TestNASADCDirect CurrentNational Aeronautics and SpaceAdministrationDoDDepartment of DefenseNEONear-Earth ObjectDOEDepartment of EnergyNNSANational Nuclear Security AdministrationDOE NEDepartment of Energy Office of NuclearEnergyNOAANational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministrationDOE OEDepartment of Energy Office of ElectricityNSFNational Science FoundationFEMAFederal Emergency Management AgencyNTPNuclear Thermal PropulsionFFRDCFederally Funded Research andDevelopment CenterORNLOak Ridge National LaboratoryGPSGlobal Positioning SystemDOE OSPP Department of Energy Office of StrategicPlanning and PolicyINLIdaho National LaboratoryPuPlutoniumISSInternational Space StationRFIRequest for InformationKRUSTYKilowatt Power Using Stirling TechnologyRTGRadioisotope Thermoelectric GeneratorLANLLos Alamos National LaboratoryR&DResearch and DevelopmentLBNLLawrence Berkeley National LaboratorySHERLOCLLNLLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryScanning Habitable Environments withRaman & Luminescence for Organics andChemicalsLTBTLimited Test Ban TreatySNLSandia National Laboratoriesiv
Energy for Space: Department of Energy’s Strategy to Advance American Space LeadershipSNPPSpace Nuclear Power and PropulsionTRISOTristructural-Isotropic (Nuclear Fuel)SPDSpace Policy DirectiveUSAFU.S. Air ForceSPPStrategic Partnership ProjectsUSNDSU.S. Nuclear Detonation Detection SystemSSASpace Situational AwarenessSTEMScience, Technology, Engineering andMathematicsS&TScience and Technologyv
Energy for Space: Department of Energy’s Strategy to Advance American Space LeadershipThe reinvigorated U.S. space strategy has challengedus to think differently about the space domain. To doso, the Department of Energy must be bold; it must applyits scientific and engineering talents to overcome thechallenges of vast distances, extreme conditions, complexoperations, and unfamiliar environments to propel andpower exploration, security, and commerce in space. TheDepartment has an accomplished history in America’sspace ventures – of reaching to, and beyond the horizon.And the Department stands ready to be an essential partof advancing America’s space leadership in the future.Thus, I argue that in many ways, DOE actually stands forthe “Department of Exploration.”—Dan Brouillette, Secretary of Energyvi
Energy for Space: Department of Energy’s Strategy to Advance American Space LeadershipThe U.S. Strategy for Space LeadershipFor decades, the United States has been the world’sleading space power, with no equal in technicalcapability and operational presence. Over time, aswith most of the world, the United States has becomecrucially reliant on space systems. Further, our allies andpartners have benefited from joining and contributingto U.S. space missions, which in turn has advancedU.S diplomatic objectives such as strengtheningstandards of behavior in the space domain. Fromeconomic prosperity and national security to scienceand diplomacy, space activities provide practical as wellas symbolic benefits to the nation. Consequently, thefuture sustainability and governance of space activitieshas evolved into a key U.S. strategic interest.At the same time, space dominance by a maligncompetitor would dramatically increase the risk ofsevere, possibly irreversible, harm to the internationalposition and technical leadership of the United States.Today and for the foreseeable future, the United Stateswill be facing a space environment that is increasinglymore diverse and competitive, with an increasingnumber of space-faring nations and commercial entities,as well as countries such as China and Russia that aregrowing space threats pursuing their own commercialand military advantage in the space domain.environment (SPD-3); establishing the U.S. Space Forceto deter space-oriented threats to U.S. security (SPD-4);protecting space systems from cyber threats (SPD-5);and developing space nuclear power systems (SPD-6).3Further, the National Space Council recommendeda specific timeframe—the decade of the 2020s—forachieving the primary objectives of SPD-1:Consistent with the overall goals of SPD-1, the UnitedStates will seek to land Americans on the Moon’s SouthPole by 2024, establish a sustainable human presenceon the Moon by 2028, and chart a future path for humanMars exploration. NASA’s lunar presence will focuson science, resource utilization, and risk reduction forfuture missions to Mars.4The National Space StrategyThe 2018 National Space Strategy1, the 2020 NationalSpace Policy2, and SPD-1 call for a reinvigoratedapproach that prioritizes American interests in space bymaintaining and enhancing America’s leading positionin space-based science, commerce, and security.Doing so requires a dynamic and cooperative interplaybetween the national security, commercial, and civilspace sectors.Additional Presidential directives build on SPD-1 tofurther advance American leadership in space throughstreamlining regulations to grow U.S. space commerce(SPD-2); enhancing space traffic managementcapabilities to ensure a safe and sustainable space“[The United States will] Lead an innovative and sustainableprogram of exploration with commercial and internationalpartners to enable human expansion across the solarsystem and to bring back to Earth new knowledge andopportunities. Beginning with missions beyond low-Earthorbit, the United States will lead the return of humans tothe Moon for long-term exploration and utilization, followedby human missions to Mars and other destinations.”(Space Policy Directive 1, December 2017)1The White House Fact Sheet, America First National Space Strategy (March 23, 2018), available at onal-space-strategy/.2Executive Office of the President, The National Space Policy, 85 Fed. Reg. 81,755 (December 9, 2020), available at 16/2020-27892/the-national-space-policy.3See the list of Presidential Space Policy Directives in Appendix A.The White House/National Space Council, A New Era for Deep Space Exploration and Development (July 23, 2020) p. 3, available at t-07-23-2020.pdf.41
Energy for Space: Department of Energy’s Strategy to Advance American Space LeadershipEstablishing a sustained human presence beyondEarth within the next decade is new to U.S. nationalspace policy and calls for different thinking about theUnited States’ role in the space domain. Instead oflimited steps into orbit and back, the future space arenawill have a sustained human and robotic presenceacross the solar system, and an expanding sphere ofcommercial, non-government activities with increasingnumbers of Americans living and working in space.For this vision to be realized, critical technologies mustbe developed, such as space-capable power sources,long-term habitation infrastructure, and autonomoussystems for planetary exploration and for the discoveryand use of in situ resources. Initially, governmentsupport for research and demonstration will beneeded to develop these technologies. In the future,commercial firms may take over routine operations toprovide consumables and utilities, such as power andcommunications.“Americans will return to the Moon in 2024. Followingthis 2024 landing, we will develop a sustained, strategicpresence at the lunar South Pole called the Artemis BaseCamp. Our activities at our Artemis Base Camp over thenext decade will pave the way for long-term economic andscientific activity at the Moon, as well as for the first humanmission to Mars in the 2030s.”(NASA’s Plan for Sustained Lunar Exploration andDevelopment, April 2020)The DOE Role in the NationalSpace StrategyExtending America’s presence beyond Earth’s orbitrequires a whole-of-government approach, and whileNASA will remain the lead for U.S. government spaceexploration efforts, other departments and agencieswill have increasingly important roles in space. For 60years, DOE (and predecessor agencies) have been a keyplayer in U.S. space activities, and DOE will continue2that role in support of America’s leadership in space.The Department’s mission—to address America’senergy, environmental, and nuclear challengesthrough transformative science and technology (S&T)solutions—simultaneously creates opportunities forDOE to advance American space innovation and driveAmerican space exploration.S&T Capacity. As the largest sponsor of basicscientific research and development (R&D), DOE hasbuilt a diverse community of interdisciplinary S&Ttalent within the complex of National Laboratoriesand throughout U.S. colleges and universities. Thisworld-leading S&T expertise can be brought to bearon answering the most difficult challenges facing U.S.space missions. R&D Infrastructure. DOE supports the world’smost advanced and unique scientific facilities. Thesefacilities support researchers both in the UnitedStates and abroad in advancing our understandingof the universe, from the subatomic scale to thecosmic scale. The discoveries made possible by thesefacilities push the boundaries of human knowledgeacross many scientific disciplines. Emerging/Innovative Capabilities. DOE providesexpert knowledge and world-leading capabilitiesin nuclear and non-nuclear energy technologies,artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics, high-speedinformation technology, advanced manufacturing,microelectronics, materials for extreme environments,radiation science, isotope production, and a hostof other areas. This engine of discovery can powercrewed missions to the Moon and beyond, as wellas pave the way for human habitats and a sustainedpresence on the surface of other planetary bodies. Technology Commercialization. DOE is one ofthe largest supporters of technology transfer in thefederal government. Thus, DOE’s R&D investmentscan aid in accelerating the commercialization andindustrialization of space, forge new capabilities forsustainable expansion into the solar system, andprovide benefits for life on Earth.
Energy for Space: Department of Energy’s Strategy to Advance American Space LeadershipThe DOE Strategy for SpaceVisionPrinciplesFor the next decade (defined in this strategy as FiscalYears 2021 to 2031), DOE will seek to enhance theDepartment’s role in supporting U.S. national spacepolicies:DOE’s approach to these four strategic goals will beunderpinned by three foundational principles:VisionThe Department of Energy will be an essentialsource of the science, technology, andengineering solutions needed for advancing U.S.leadership in the space domain.Strategic GoalsDOE will apply the Department’s core competenciesand emerging capabilities, including those of its 17National Laboratories, to the needs of the U.S. spacecommunity through focused strategic goals: Power the Exploration of Space. DOE will developspace-capable energy technologies (both nuclearand non-nuclear) for U.S. space customers, exploreenergy management systems for their potentialapplication to space missions, and advance innovativeenergy generation, collection, storage, distribution,employment, dissipation, and thermal managementtechnologies for space systems. Solve the Mysteries of Space. DOE, including NNSA,will harness the capabilities and expertise within itslaboratory complex and across its broad communityof researchers to make scientific discoveries forspace and in space, advancing our fundamentalunderstanding of the universe and the ways inwhich humans can live and work in it safely, securely,productively, and profitably. Support the Secure and Peaceful Use of Space.DOE will provide technical capabilities, systems,multi-purpose sensors, and satellit
v Energy for Space: Department of Energy’s Strategy to Advance American Space Leadership SNPP Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion SPD Space Policy Directive SPP Strategic Partnership Projects SSA Space Situational Awareness STEM Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics S&T Science and Technology TRISO Tristructural-Isotropic (Nuclear Fuel) USAF U.S. Air Force
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