Biogas Digest, Volume II: Biogas - Application And Product .
Biogas DigestVolume IIBiogas - Application and Product DevelopmentInformation and Advisory Serviceon Appropriate Technology
ImprintThis information service on biogas technology has been developed and produced on theorder of the GTZ project Information and Advisory Service on Appropriate Technology (ISAT)for the ISAT Website in a collaborative effort of the following institutions and individuals:Concept and contents:Werner Kossmann, Uta PönitzInformation and Advisory Service on Appropriate Technology (ISAT)GATE in Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), GmbH(German Agency for Technical Cooperation)Post Box 5180D-65726 EschbornFederal Republic of GermanyTelephone: 49 6196/79-0Fax: 49 6196/797352E-mail: gate-isat@gtz.deStefan HabermehlHousehold Energy Appropriate Technologies (HEAT) GmbHLimburger Straße 29D-61479 GlashüttenFederal Republic of GermanyTelephone: 49 6174 964077Fax: 49 6174 61209E-mail: heatinternational@t-online.deThomas Hoerz, Pedro Krämer, B. Klingler, C. Kellner, Thomas Wittur, F. v. Klopotek, A.Krieg, H. EulerNaturgerechte Technologien, Bau- und Wirtschaftsberatung (TBW) GmbHBaumweg 1060316 FrankfurtTel.: 069 943507-0Fax: 069 943507-11E-mail: tbw@pop-frankfurt.comDesign:Utz DornbergerStöckelstr. 2004347 LeipzigTel.: 0341 2334980E-mail: utz@imb-jena.de1
Table of ContentsBiogas - Application and Product Development . 4Planning a biogas plant . 4Design. 4Types of plants. 5Parts of a biogas plant. 5Construction details . 6Starting the plant. 6Managing input- and output-material . 6Biogas - Digester types . 8Fixed-dome plants . 8Floating-drum plants. 11Biogas Plant Types and Design. 15Digester types in industrialized countries . 15Selection of appropriate design. 16Ballon plants . 17Horizontal plants. 17Earth-pit plants. 17Ferrocement plants. 18Parts of Biogas Plants. 19Influent collecting tank . 19Inlet and outlet . 19Digester. 20Gasholders . 22Gas pipe, valves and accessories . 24Stirring facilities . 25Optional Parts of Biogas Plants. 26Heating systems . 26Pumps . 26Weak ring . 27Balancing Biogas Production and Energy Demand. 29Determining the biogas production. 29Determining the energy demand. 29Biogas Planning Guide . 32Detailed planning guide for biogas plants. 32Step-by-Step Planning Checklist for Biogas Plants . 38Sizing a biogas plant . 39Sizing the digester. 39Calculating the daily gas production G . 39Establishing the plant parameters . 39Sizing the gasholder. 40Siting of the Biogas Unit. 41Stable . 41Biogas plant . 42Substrate types and management. 43Cattle dung and manure . 43Pig dung and manure . 43Goat dung . 43Chicken droppings . 44Human excrements . 44The problem of scum . 44Construction Details of Biogas Plants. 46Checklist for building a biogas plant . 462
Piping Systems . 48PVC piping . 48Galvanized steel piping. 48Pipe diameters. 48Lay-out of the piping system . 49Water traps. 49Valves . 50Pumps for Biogas Plants . 51Types of pumps. 51Heating. 53Internal and external heating systems . 53Agitation . 55Mixing methods . 55Slurry-Use Equipment . 59Separation of slurry and drying of the moist sludge . 60Composting of slurry . 60Plasters and Coats for Digester and Gas-Holder. 61Cement plaster with special additives. 61Bitumen (several layers) . 61Bitumen coat with aluminum foil . 62Water-thinnable dispersion paint . 62Single- and dual component synthetic resin paints . 62Paraffin . 62Underground Water . 63Operation and Use . 65Daily operation . 65Weekly / monthly operation . 66Annual operation . 66Security. 66Biogas - Sludge Management. 68Sludge storage. 68Composition of sludge . 68Fertilizing effect of effluent sludge. 69Annual Manure Yield and Nutrient Content of Animal Excrements. 71Maintainance, Monitoring and Repair . 72Daily maintenance work . 72Weekly/monthly (prophylactic) maintenance work. 73Annual maintenance work . 73Monitoring . 73Repair . 74Biogas Utilization. 76Gas production. 76Conditioning of biogas . 76Biogas burners . 77Efficiency. 77Gas demand . 79Gas Yields and Methane Contents for Various Substrates. 803
Biogas - Application and Product DevelopmentPlanning a biogas plantBefore building a biogas plant, there are different circumstances which should be considered.For instance, the natural and agricultural conditions in the specific countries are as importantas the social or the economic aspects. To consider the most important factors, we provide achecklist for the planning procedure, a planning guide and a checklist for construction of abiogas plant.Failure or unsatisfactory performance of biogas units occur mostly due to planning mistakes.The consequences of such mistakes may be immediately evident or may only becomeapparent after several years. Thorough and careful planning is, therefore, of utmostimportance to eliminate mistakes before they reach irreversible stages.As a biogas unit is an expensive investment, it should not be erected as a temporary set-up.Therefore, determining siting criteria for the stable and the biogas plant are the importantinitial steps of planning.A general problem for the planning engineer is the interference of the customer duringplanning. As much as the wishes and expectations of customers have to be taken intoconsideration, the most important task of the planner is to lay the foundation for a wellfunctioning biogas unit. As in most cases the customer has no experience with biogastechnology, the planner has to explain all the reasons for each planning step. Plannersshould have the courage to withdraw from the planning process, if the wishes of thecustomer will lead to a white elephant on the farm.Moreover, all extension-service advice concerning agricultural biogas plants must begin withan estimation of the quantitative and qualitative energy requirements of the interested party.Then, the biogas-generating potential must be calculated on the basis of the given biomassproduction and compared to the energy demand. Both the energy demand and the gasgenerating potential, however, are variables that cannot be accurately determined in theplanning phase. Sizing the plant (digester, gasholder, etc.) is the next step in the planningprocess.In the case of a family-size biogas plant intended primarily as a source of energy,implementation should only be recommended, if the plant can be expected to cover thecalculated energy demand.Information about the economic evaluation of a biogas plant can be found in the section onCosts and Benefits.DesignThroughout the world, a countless number of designs of biogas plants have been developedunder specific climatic and socio-economic conditions. Chosing a design is essentially part ofthe planning process. It is, however, important to familiarize with basic design considerationsbefore the actual planning process begins. This refers to the planning of a single biogas unitas well as to the planning of biogas-programs with a regional scope.Physical conditionsThe performance of a biogas plant is dependent on the local conditions in terms of climate,soil conditions, the substrate for digestion and building material availability. The design mustrespond to these conditions. In areas with generally low temperatures, insulation and heatingdevices may be important. If bedrock occurs frequently, the design must avoid deepexcavation work. The amount and type of substrate to be digested have a bearing on sizeand design of the digester and the inlet and outlet construction. The choice of design will alsobe based on the building materials which are available reliably and at reasonable cost.Skills and laborHigh sophistication levels of biogas technology require high levels of skills, from the planneras well as from the constructor and user. With a high training input, skill gaps can be bridged,4
but the number of skill
biogas plant can also play an important role and are described seperatly: Heating systems, pumps, weak ring. Construction details The section on construction of biogas plants provides more information on: Agitation Heating Piping systems Plasters and Coats Pumps Slurry equipement Underground water Starting the plant .
biogas produced is used as energy in cooking food and heating water. The entire biogas system works normally and operates properly. But, after one year, the only problem we met is that the biogas production is low. The purpose of our study is to check if the weakness of the biogas volume is due to the dimensions of the biogas system.
Nepal Biogas Plant -- Construction Manual Construction Manual for GGC 2047 Model Biogas Plant Biogas Support Programme (BSP) P.O. Box No.: 1966, Kathmandu, Nepal September, 1994 Sundar Bajgain Programme Manager Biogas Support Programme Tel. 5521742, 5534035 Email snvbsp@wlink.com.np Introduction The success or failure of any biogas plant mainly .
the biogas plant begin to produce biogas normally you should add raw fermentation materials into the biogas plant regularly. 2) For the 1.2m3 biogas plant to keep a 0.6m3/d biogas production, 20kg cow dung or 15kg pig dung is needed daily. 3) In the period of normal operation you can increase the concentration of the
In some countries, biogas contributes significantly to the national energy balance. It may be used both as a fuel and to generate electricity. To produce these statistics, biogas data collection should focus on plant capacity and production of biogas and electricity. Project and policy monitoring More detailed biogas statistics may be required to
biogas technology and the construction of biogas plants was launched in Cameroon. . hands-on manual. The tables and engineering drawings contained herein provide standard values . 10 m³ biogas plant produces 1.5-2 m³ and 1001 digested-slurry fertilizer per day on dung from 3-5 head of cattle or 8 - 12 pigs. With that much biogas, a 6 - 8 .
Biomass Biogas Biomass Biogas Biomass Technology Upgrades Maximum Potential Current. Emissions, metric tonnes (10. 3 . Mg for CO2eq) Feedstocks Collection and Transport Conversion Savings-80 -40 0 40 80 120 160. NOX PM CO2eq NOX PM CO2eq NOX PM CO2eq NOX PM CO2eq NOX PM CO2eq NOX PM CO2eq. Biogas Biomass Biogas Biomass Biogas Biomass Technology .
biogas technology specifically, the government has organized the National Project on Biogas Development nation-wide, and several NGO's have been active in implementing the program on the ground. Currently, there are thought to be about 2.5 million (Dutta et al., 2007) household and community biogas plants installed around India. 1.2 Why biogas?
The protein that is formed? Gene Expression DNA has many regions, some of them are coding regions – the genes which code for proteins, and other regions are non-coding regions which can switch the genes on or off and therefore determine if they will be expressed (if their protein will be produced) or not. Your cells have all of your genes but your cells don’t need to express all of these .
