New Quality-Control Investigations On Vaccines: Micro- And .
International Journal of Vaccines and VaccinationNew Quality-Control Investigations on Vaccines: Microand NanocontaminationResearch ArticleAbstractVaccines are being under investigation for the possible side effects they cancause. In order to supply new information, an electron-microscopy investigationmethod was applied to the study of vaccines, aimed at verifying the presence ofsolid contaminants by means of an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopeequipped with an X-ray microprobe. The results of this new investigation showthe presence of micro- and nanosized particulate matter composed of inorganicelements in vaccines’ samples which is not declared among the components andwhose unduly presence is, for the time being, inexplicable. A considerable partof those particulate contaminants have already been verified in other matricesand reported in literature as non biodegradable and non biocompatible. Theevidence collected is suggestive of some hypotheses correlated to diseases thatare mentioned and briefly discussed.Keywords: Vaccine; Disease; Contamination; Protein corona; Biocompatibility;Toxicity; Nanoparticle; Immunogenicity; Foreign body; Environment; Industrialprocess; Quality controlIntroductionVaccines are one of the most notable inventions meant toprotect people from infectious diseases. The practice of variolationis century-old and is mentioned in Chinese and Indian documentsdated around 1000 A.D. Over time, variolation has been replacedby vaccination, vaccines have been enhanced as to technology, andthe vaccination practice is now standardized worldwide.Side effects have always been reported but in the latest yearsit seems that they have increased in number and seriousness,particularly in children as the American Academy of pediatricsreports [1,2]. For instance, the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis(DTaP) vaccine was linked to cases of sudden infant deathsyndrome (SIDS) [3]; measles-mumps-rubella vaccine withautism [4,5]; multiple immunizations with immune disorders [6];hepatitis B vaccines with multiple sclerosis, etc.The notice of Tripedia DTaP by Sanofi Pasteur reports “Adverseevents reported during post-approval use of Tripedia vaccineinclude idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, SIDS, anaphylacticreaction, cellulitis, autism, convulsion/grand mal convulsion,encephalopathia, hypotonia, neuropathy, somnolence andapnea”. The epidemiological studies carried out did not show aclear evidence of those associations, even if in 2011 the NationalAcademy of Medicine (formerly, IOM) admitted: “Vaccines are notfree from side effects, or adverse effects”[7].Specific researches on components of the vaccines likeadjuvants (in most instances, Aluminum salts) are alreadyindicated as possible responsible of neurological symptoms[8-10] and in some cases, in-vivo tests and epidemiologicalstudies demonstrated a possible correlation with neurologicalSubmit Manuscript http://medcraveonline.comVolume 4 Issue 1 - 2017National Council of Research of Italy, Institute for the Scienceand Technology of Ceramics, Italy2International Clean Water Institute, USA3Nanodiagnostics srl, Italy1*Corresponding author: Dr. Antonietta Gatti, NationalCouncil of Research of Italy, c/o NanodiagnosticsVia E. Fermi, 1/L, 41057 San Vito (MO), Italy, Tel:059798778; Email:Received: November 30, 2016 Published: January 23,2017diseases [10,11]. Neurological damages induced in patientsunder hemodialysis treated with water containing Aluminum arereported in literature [12].Recently, with the worldwide-adopted vaccines against HumanPapillomavirus (HPV), the debate was reawaken due to someadverse effects reported by some young subjects.Specific studies communicated the existence of symptomsrelated to never-described-before syndromes developed after thevaccine was administered. For instance, Complex Regional PainSyndrome (CRPS), Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome(POTS), and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) [13]. The sideeffects that can arise within a relatively short time can be localor systemic.Pain at the site of injection, swelling and uncontrollablemovement of the hands (though this last symptom can also beconsidered systemic) are described. Among the systemic effects,fever, headache, irritability, epileptic seizures, temporary speechloss, lower limbs dysaesthesia and paresis, hot flashes, sleepdisorders, hypersensitivity reactions, muscle pain, recurrentsyncope, constant hunger, significant gait impairment, incapacityto maintain the orthostatic posture are reported [14].It is a matter of fact that every day millions of vaccine dosesare administered and nothing notable happens, but it is alsoirrefutable that, regardless of the amount of side effects thatare not recorded and the percentage of which remains in factunknown, in a limited number cases something wrong occurs. Nosatisfactory explanation or, in many cases, no explanation at allhas been given and it seems that those adverse effects happen ona random and stochastic basis.Int J Vaccines Vaccin 2016, 4(1): 00072
Copyright: 2016 Gatti et al.New Quality-Control Investigations on Vaccines: Micro- and NanocontaminationThose situations induced us to verify the safety of vaccines froma point of view which was never adopted before: not a biological,but a physical approach. So, we developed a new analysis methodbased on the use of a Field Emission Gun Environmental ScanningElectron Microscope investigations to detect possible physicalcontamination in those products.Table 1: List of vaccines analyzed, according to their purpose.2/13Materials and Methods44 types of vaccines coming from 2 countries (Italy and France)were analyzed. Table 1 groups them in terms of name, brand andpurpose.NNameBrand Name, Country ofDistributionDescriptionProduction Batch,Expiry Date1Vivotif BernaBerna Biotech SA, ItalyAnti-Thyphoid Vaccine (Live), group Ty21a3000336 [2004]3TypherixGlaxoSmithKline S.p.a., ItalyAnti-Thypoid Vaccine (polysaccharide Vi)ATYPB061BB [2009]AnatetallNovartis Vaccines and Diagnostics,ItalyAdsorbed anti-Tetanus Vaccine060510 [2009]7Dif-Tet-AllNovartis Vaccines and Diagnostics,ItalyAdsorbed anti-Tetanus and diphtheria Vaccine9Infanrix hexaGlaxoSmithKline Biologicals s,Italy10Infanrix hexaAnti-diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B,poliomyelitis and disease caused by Haemophilusinfluenzae type b11M-M-R vaxPro13RepevaxSanofi Pasteur MSD SNC France15MoruparChiron (now Novartis, ), Italy17Stamaril PasteurSanofi Pasteur MSD, Italy2Typhim ixVarilrix18Allergoid-Adsorbat6-Graser Starke B.20Prenevar 131921Aventis Pasteur MSD, ItalyChiron (now Novartis) ItalyBaxter AG, ItalyGlaxoSmithKline S.p.a., ItalyGlaxoSmithKline Biologicals s. a.FranceSanofi Pasteur MSD, ItalyAnti-Salmonella typhi VaccineAdsorbed anti-Tetanus VaccineU1510-2 [2004]030106 [2004]Adsorbed anti-Tetanus VaccineVNG2G006A [2009]Anti-Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccineAC14B071AJ [2009]Anti-diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B,poliomyelitis and disease caused by Haemophilusinfluenzae type bA21CC421A [ 2017]M-M-R vaxPro (measles, mumps, and rubella)analyzed in Cambridge070501 [2009]A21CC512A [ 2017]L012437 [ 2017]Sanofi Pasteur MSD, ineGlaxoSmithKline S.p.a., ItalyAnti--measles-mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccineA69CB550A [2009]GlaxoSmithKline S.p.a., ItalyAnti-Chicken pox vaccine (group OKA)A70CA567A [2009]Antiallergic vaccineCh-B.:30005999-B[2006]Allergopharma, cineAnti-measles- mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccineanti-yellow fever vaccineL0362-1 [2017]L0033-1 [2016]7601 [2004]A5329-6 [2009]Engerix-BGlaxoSmithKline S.p.a., ItalyAdsorbed anti-hepatitis B vaccineAHBVB468BD [2009]Prevenar 13Pfizer, FranceAntipneumococcal vaccineN27430 [ 2018]Pfizer, ItalyAntipneumococcal vaccineG79324 [2013]22Mencevax AcwyGlaxoSmithKline, Italyanti-Neisseria meningococcal group A, C, W135and Y vaccineN402A47B 12 [2004]24MeningitecPfizer-ItalyAnti-meningococcus (group C 10) vaccine(adsorbed on Al-Phosphate)H20500 [2014]23MeningitecPfizer, Italy(group C 10) (adsorbed on Al-Phosphate)H92709 [2015]Citation: Gatti AM, Montanari S (2016) New Quality-Control Investigations on Vaccines: Micro- and Nanocontamination. Int J Vaccines Vaccin 4(1):00072. DOI: 10.15406/ijvv.2017.04.00072
Copyright: 2016 Gatti et al.New Quality-Control Investigations on Vaccines: Micro- and ngococcus vaccine sequestred byProcura della us vaccine sequestred byProcura della Repubblica2628MeningitecPfizer-ItalyG76673 [2014]Anti-meningococcus vaccine sequestred byProcura della RepubblicaH99459 [2015]Anti-meningococcus group CYA0163AB [2010]Anti-meningococcus group C vaccineE83920 [2011]H52269 [2015]MenjugateNovartis Vaccines and Diagnostics30MeningitecWyeth Pharmaceutical - France32VaxigripSanofi Pasteur MSDVaxigripSanofi Pasteur, ItalyAnti-flu vaccine, with inactivated and split virusM7319-1 [2016]NovartisAnti-flu vaccine 2012/2013127002A [2013]Anti-flu inactivated/superficial antigene v 2014/2015147302A [2015]2931333435MenveoInflexal VVaxigripNovartis Vaccines and DiagnosticsAntimeningococcus groups A, C, W135, YBerna BiotechAnti-flu vaccine 2008/20093001463-01 [2009]Anti-flu vaccine 2012/2013J8401-1 [2013]Sanofi PasteurAnti-flu vaccine 2008/2009Anti-pandemic flu H1N1 vaccineAgrippalNovartis vaccines, ItalyAnti-flu vaccine with inactivated and split virus2015/2016 -GlaxoSmithKline - GSKAnti-flu vaccine 2013AFLUA789AA [2014]Anti-HPV types 6,11,16,18 vaccineNP01250 [2012]Anti-HPV (type 16,18)AHPVA238AX [2017]38Agrippal S1Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics40FluadNovartis Vaccines and DiagnosticsAnti-flu inactivated/superficial antigene vaccine- 2014/2015GardasilSanofi Pasteur MSD, ItalyAnti-HPV (types 6,11,16,18) vaccineVirbac S.A. - Carros - Italyanti-panleucopenia, infectious rhinotracheitis andinfections by Calcivirus, veterinary Vaccine for catsFluarix41Gardasil43Cervarix4244D9703-1 [2009]Novartis Vaccines and DiagnosticsAgrippal39A15083 [2017]Focetria36373/13Feligen CRPSanofi Pasteur MSD, ItalyGlaxoSmithKline Biological, ItalySome vaccines, in fact a minority, are meant to deal with asingle bacterium or virus, while others are multi-valent. The listof vaccines we analyzed may contain repeated names, because weconsidered different batches and years of production of the samevaccine: the ones against influenza in particular.The study was aimed at verifying a possible physicalcontamination. To do that, we performed a new kind ofinvestigation based on observations under a Field Emission GunEnvironmental Electron Scanning Microscope (FEG-ESEM, Quanta200, FEI, The Netherlands) equipped with the X-ray microprobeof an Energy Dispersive Spectroscope (EDS, EDAX, Mahwah, NJ,USA) to detect the possible presence of inorganic, particulatecontaminants and identify their chemical composition.0902401 [2010]152803 [2016]142502 [2015]K023804 [2016]3R4R [2013]A drop of about 20 microliter of vaccine is released fromthe syringe on a 25-mm-diameter cellulose filter (Millipore,USA), inside a flow cabinet. The filter is then deposited on anAluminum stub covered with an adhesive carbon disc. Thesample is immediately put inside a clean box in order to avoidany contamination and the box is re-opened only for the sampleto be inserted inside the FEG-ESEM chamber. We selected thatparticular type of microscope as it allows to analyse wateryand oily samples in low vacuum (from 10 to 130 Pa) at a highsensitivity.When the water and saline the vaccine contains are evaporated,the biological/physical components emerge on the filter andit is then possible to observe them. This type of microscopeCitation: Gatti AM, Montanari S (2016) New Quality-Control Investigations on Vaccines: Micro- and Nanocontamination. Int J Vaccines Vaccin 4(1):00072. DOI: 10.15406/ijvv.2017.04.00072
Copyright: 2016 Gatti et al.New Quality-Control Investigations on Vaccines: Micro- and Nanocontamination(low-vacuum observations) prevents the possible samplecontamination and the creation of artefacts. The observationsare made with different sensors (SE: secondary-electron sensorand BSE: backscattered-electron sensor), and are performedat a pressure of 8.9 e-1 mbar, at energies ranging from 10 to30kV to detect the particulate matter’s size, morphology and itselemental composition. The method identifies clearly inorganicbodies with a higher atomic density (looking whiter) than thebiological substrate. So, organic entities are visible and easy todistinguish from inorganic ones. The method cannot distinguishbetween proteins and organic adjuvants (e.g. squalene, glutamate,proteins, etc.) or viruses, bacteria, bacteria’s DNA, endo-toxinsand bacteria’s waste, but their comparatively low atomic densityallows us to identify these entities as organic matter. In somevaccines, the organic matter contains white-looking debris namedaggregates, while a high concentration or inorganic debris iscalled a cluster.4/13Single inorganic particles or organic-inorganic aggregatesare identified, evaluated and counted. The counting procedureis repeated three times by three different operators, with anerror lower than 10%. When a layer of salts (Sodium chloride orAluminum) is detected, we record the situation but we do not dobody count.ResultsThe investigations verified the physical-chemical compositionof the vaccines considered according to the inorganic componentas declared by the Producer. In detail, we verified the presence ofsaline and Aluminum salts, but further presence of micro-, submicro- and nanosized, inorganic, foreign bodies (ranging from100nm to about ten microns) was identified in all cases, whosepresence was not declared in the leaflets delivered in the packageof the product (Table 2).Table 2: List of the vaccines according to their manufacturers with the chemical composition of the debris identified in each sample. The elements mostrepresented are reported.NCompanyNameAlluminumElements Identified1Allergopharma - GermanyAllergoidyesAlTetabulinno2Aventis Pasteur MSD Lyon FrancieTyphim Vi4Berna BiotechVivotif Berna6ChironAnatetallAl(OH)3noFeCrNi, ZrAl, FeCrNiZrAlSiAl(OH)3SBa, FeCu, SiAl, FeSi, CaMgSi, AlCaSi, Ti, Au, SCa,SiAlFeSnCuCrZn, CaAlSi357Baxter AGBerna BiotechChironInflexal VMorupar8GlaxoSmithKline- BelgiumMencevax ACWY10GlaxoSmithKline BiologicalsInfanrix GlaxoSmithKlineGlaxoSmithKline hKlineGlaxoSmithKlineGlaxoSmithKline BiologicalsNovartis Vaccines andDiagnosticsNovartis Vaccines andDiagnosticsNovartis Vaccines andDiagnosticsNovartis Vaccines andDiagnosticsnoBrKP, PbSi, FeCr, PbClSiTinoFeAl, ZrAlHf, SrAl, BiAlClnonoInfanrixAl(OH)3Infanrix hexaAl(OH)3 noSiMg, Fe, SiTiAl, SBa, ZnCuSnPbZn, Fe, CaSiAl, SiAl, NaPZn, ZnP, AlSiTiFeAl, SZnBaAl/Al, AlTi, AlSiW, FeCrNi, TiTi, TiW, AlSiTiWCr, SBa, W, SiAl, AlSiTiWCa, WFeCu, SiAl, SiMg, PbFe, Ti, WNiFeAl (precipitates)FeZn, FeSi, AlSiFe, SiAlTiFe, MgSi, Ti, Zr, BiAlCu, Fe, AlBi, Si, SiZn, AlCuFe, SiMg, SBa, AlCuBi,FeCrNi, SPZnCervarixAl(OH)3AlSi,FeAl, SiMg,CaSiAl, CaZn, FeAlSi, FeCr, CuSnPbDif-Tet-AllAl(OH)3Fe,SBa, SiSBa, AlZnCu, AlZnFeCrAnatetallMenjugate kitFocetriaAl(OH)3Al(OH)3noAl, FeCrNi, AlCr, AlFe, BaS, ZnAlSiAl,Ti,FeZn, Fe, Sb, SiAlFeTi, W, ZrFe, FeCrNiCu, FeCrNi, SiFeCrNi, Cr, SiAlFe, AlSiTiFe,AlSi, SiMgFe, Si, FeZnCitation: Gatti AM, Montanari S (2016) New Quality-Control Investigations on Vaccines: Micro- and Nanocontamination. Int J Vaccines Vaccin 4(1):00072. DOI: 10.15406/ijvv.2017.04.00072
Copyright: 2016 Gatti et al.New Quality-Control Investigations on Vaccines: Micro- and Nanocontamination222324NovartisAgrippal S1noCa, Fe, SBa, SBaZn, Cr, Si, Pb, Bi, e FeSiAlCr, SiAlSBaFe,CaAlSi, Zn, CeFeTiNi, FeCrNiNovartis vaccinesAgrippalnoCr, Ca, SiCaAl, ZrSi, SBa, CuZn, SCanoCaSiAl, SiAlFe, FeCrNi, Fe, Al, SBanoW, CaAlSi, Al, CaSiAlFe, FeS, FeCr, FeCrNi, Fe, , CaP,FeTiMn, Ba, SiMgAlFenoFeCrNi, WNovartis Vaccines andDiagnostics25Novartis Vaccines andDiagnostics S27Pfizer26282930313233Novartis Vaccines andDiagnosticsPfizer4041PfizerPfizerSanofi Pasteur MSD-FranceSanofi Pasteur MSDMeningitec - ctrlMeningitecMeningitecMeningitecVaxigripStamaril PasteurnonononoSiAlFe, SiAlTi, SiMgFe, W, Fe, Zr, Pb, Ca, Zn, FeCrNinoCaSiAl, AlSi, Fe, SiMgFe, SiMgAlFe, CrSiFeCr, CrSiCuFeAlPO4. 2H2OCaAlSi, AlSi, SiMgFe, Al,Fe, AlCuFe, FeSiAl, BiBaS, Ti,TiAlSinoSiMgFe, CaSiAl, AlSiFe, AlSi,FeCr, FeZn, FenoSanofi Pasteur MSDRepevaxAlPO4 .2H2OSanofi Pasteur MSDM-M-R vaxPronoSanofi Pasteur MSD S44Virbac S.A. - Carros - FranceRepevaxFeligen CRPCr (precipitates), Ca, AlSinonoVaxigripCr, SiW, SiCa, CaSi, Pb, FeCrNi, CrVaxigripSanofi PasteurFeCrnonoSanofi PasteurGardasilCaSiAl, FeSiTi,SiMgAlFe, SBaCaSiAl, CaSi, SiAlFeTi, FeCrNi, W, Fe, PbAlPO4. 2H2OSanifi Pasteur MSDSiAlK, Si, SiMgFe, CaSiAl, SBaZnnoGardasil4243Prevenar 13MeningitecSanofi Pasteur MSD39Prenevar 13Pfizer3638MenveoMeningitec - ctrlPfizerWyeth Pharmaceutical - UK37FluadPfizer3435Agrippal S1AlPO4.2H2OnoFe, FeCrNi, SiAlFe, AlSi, SiAlFeCrAlCuFe, PbBi, Pb, Bi, FeCa, CrFe, FeCrNi, CaSZn, CaSiAlTiFe, Ag, FeBi, Fe, AlSiFe, SiMg, SBa, CaTi, Br, AuCuZn, Ca, SiZn, SiAuAgCu, SiMgFe,FeCrNi.AlSiMgTiMnCrFe, SiFeCrNi, FeAlSi, SiFeCrNi, FeCrNi,FeNi, Fe, SCa, AlSiCa, CaAlSiFeV,SBa, Pt, PtAgBiFeCrCa,SiAlCitation: Gatti AM, Montanari S (2016) New Quality-Control Investigations on Vaccines: Micro- and Nanocontamination. Int J Vaccines Vaccin 4(1):00072. DOI: 10.15406/ijvv.2017.04.000725/13
New Quality-Control Investigations on Vaccines: Micro- and NanocontaminationCopyright: 2016 Gatti et al.6/13Figure 1a shows a layer of crystals of Sodium chloride (NaCl)embedding salts of Aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) in a drop ofGardasil (anti-HPV vaccine by Merck) as the EDS spectrum (Figure1b) shows. Saline is the fluid base to any vaccine preparationand Aluminum salts or Aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] are theadjuvants which are usually added.fluids, a nano-bio-interaction [6] occurs and a “protein corona”is formed [7-10]. The nano-bio-interaction generates a biggersized compound that is not biodegradable and can induce adverseeffects, since it is not recognized as self by the body.Figure 2a-2f shows the different typology of entities identifiedin the vaccines (Repevax, Prevenar and Gardasil); single particles,cluster of micro- and nanoparticles ( 100nm) and aggregateswith their EDS spectra (Figure 2d-2f). The images (Figure 2a &2d) show debris of Aluminum, Silicon, Magnesium and Titanium;of Iron, Chromium, Silicon and Calcium particles (Figure 2b & 2e)arranged in a cluster, and Aluminum -Copper debris (Figure 2c &2f) in an aggregate.The link between these two entities generates an unfoldingof the proteins that can induce an autoimmune effect once thoseproteins are injected into humans.Looking at the area outside these precipitates but inside theliquid drop, we identified other things: single particles, clusters ofparticles and aggregates (organic-inorganic composites) that aredue to an interaction of the inorganic particulate matter with theorganic part of the vaccine.As can be seen, the particles are surrounded and embedded ina biological substrate. In all the samples analyzed, we identifiedparticles containing: Lead (Typhym, Cervarix, Agrippal S1,Meningitec, Gardasil) or stainless steel (Mencevax, Infarix Hexa,Cervarix. Anatetall, Focetria, Agrippal S1, Menveo, Prevenar 13,Meningitec, Vaxigrip, Stamaril Pasteur, Repevax and MMRvaxPro).Figure 3a-3d show particles of Tungsten identified in drops ofPrevenar and Infarix (Aluminum, Tungsten, Calcium chloride).Figure 4a-4d present singular debris found in Repevax (Silicon,Gold, Silver) and Gardasil (Zirconium).Some metallic particles made of Tungsten or stainless steel werealso identified. Other particles containing Zirconium, Hafnium,Strontium and Alum
International Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination New Quality-Control Investigations on Vaccines: Micro- and Nanocontamination Submit Manuscript Int J Vaccines Vaccin 2016, 4(1): . 2International Clean Water Institute, USA 3Nanodiagnostics srl, Italy *Corresponding author: Dr. Antonietta Gatti, National
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