Distributed Wind Research Program Workshop Report
Distributed Wind ResearchProgram Workshop ReportWorkshop dates: August 26 and 27 and September 24, 2020February 2021
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Distributed Wind Research Program Workshop ReportAcknowledgmentsThis report was prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency andRenewable Energy, Wind Energy Technologies Office (WETO). The authors wish to thank Bret Barker,Patrick Gilman, and Liz Hartman of WETO and for their help in producing this report.Report authors are Juliet Homer and Alice Orrell (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory); Jim Reilly,Heidi Tinnesand, Ben Sigrin, Ian Baring-Gould, and Tyler Stehly (National Renewable EnergyLaboratory), and Brian Naughton (Sandia National Laboratories).The cover photo is courtesy of Roger Dixon, Skylands Renewable Energy, LLC.iii
Distributed Wind Research Program Workshop ReportList of AcronymsDERdistributed energy resourceDOEU.S. Department of EnergyEVelectric vehicleLCOElevelized cost of energyMIRACLMicrogrids, Infrastructure Resilience, and Advanced Controls LaunchpadNRECANational Rural Electric Cooperative AssociationNRELU.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy LaboratoryO&Moperations and maintenanceRADWINDRural Area Distributed Wind Integration Network DevelopmentWETOU.S. Department of Energy’s Wind Energy Technologies Officeiv
Distributed Wind Research Program Workshop ReportTable of Contents1.0 Introduction .12.0 Key Workshop Findings .23.0 Current Technology Research and Development Collaboration and CoordinationOpportunities.43.1 Controls and Modeling Tools.43.2 Cost and Valuation.43.3 Turbine Technology .54.0 Potential Modes of Collaboration and Coordination.54.1 Information Sharing and Forums .54.2 Broaden Network .64.3 Project-to-Project.65.0 Future Technology Research and Development Opportunities.65.1 Distributed Wind-Hybrid Power Plants .65.2 Tailored Solutions .75.3 Cost, Financing, and Valuation.85.4 Validation and Field Demonstration .85.5 Certification and Manufacturing .95.6 Miscellaneous .96.0 Conclusion .9Appendix A - Workshop Participants. A-1Appendix B - Workshop Agenda . B-1Appendix C - Project Profiles . C-1List of TablesTable 1. Workshop Participant Organizations .1v
Distributed Wind Research Program Workshop Report1.0 IntroductionThe U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Wind Energy Technologies Office (WETO) Distributed WindResearch Program seeks to enable wind technology as an affordable, accessible, and compatibledistributed energy resource (DER) option for individuals, businesses, and communities.WETO’s Distributed Wind Research Program includes national laboratory projects and partnershipswith industry and academia. WETO organized the Distributed Wind Research Program Workshop tobring together laboratory and industry project stakeholders to achieve the following objectives:1. Educate – Create a shared high-level understanding for the breadth of WETO’s distributed windresearch2. Collaborate – Facilitate coordination and collaboration between funding recipients to leverageresources3. Innovate – Understand future research challenges and opportunities.This workshop convened over 80 participants from the organizations listed in Table 1. Workshopparticipants were asked for their individual feedback based on their own expertise and experience.The findings presented below do not represent consensus findings on the part of participants butrather recurring themes from individual feedback provided during the workshop as summarized bythe authors.Table 1. Workshop Participant OrganizationsParticipant TypeU.S. GovernmentU.S. DOE NationalLaboratoriesInstitutions andAssociationsDistributed WindIndustryParticipantsU.S. Department of Energy Wind Energy Technologies OfficeU.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Energy for America ProgramArgonne National LaboratoryIdaho National LaboratoryLos Alamos National LaboratoryNational Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)Pacific Northwest National LaboratorySandia National LaboratoriesElectric Power Research InstituteInternational Code Council-Small Wind Certification CouncilIowa State UniversityNational Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA)Solar Energy Trade Shows, LLCBergey WindPowerPrimus Wind PowerBuffalo Renewables Inc.QED Wind PowerCarter Wind TurbinesSonsight WindDucted Wind TurbinesWestergaard SolutionsEocycle Technologies Inc.WinduranceHoss ConsultingWind ConsultingIntergridWindward EngineeringPecos Wind PowerXFlow EnergyThis report summarizes key workshop findings, current technology research and developmentcollaboration and coordination opportunities, potential modes of collaboration and coordination, andfuture technology research and development opportunities. In addition, Appendix A provides acomplete participant list, Appendix B includes the workshop agenda, and Appendix C containsproject profile descriptions of each major project in WETO’s Distributed Wind Research Program.1
Distributed Wind Research Program Workshop Report2.0 Key Workshop FindingsThe WETO Distributed Wind Research Program spans a variety of research topics. Current researchareas of particular interest include advanced controls and power system modeling tools, costs andvaluation of distributed wind, distributed wind performance estimation and forecasting, and windturbine technology optimization for DER applications. Workshop participants identified the followingkey collaboration and coordination opportunities for current research that would yield significantbenefits: Modernize power system modeling tools to improve distributed wind’s representation andvaluation in tools and improve modeling of wind applications in distribution system simulations,particularly the growing markets of distributed wind hybrids and microgrids. Understand, model, and work to reduce distributed wind costs—particularly balance-of-stationcosts—but also characterize and understand the value of distributed wind beyond levelized costof energy (LCOE). Collaborate on common platforms for power electronics to enable plug-and-play integration withthe grid and other DERs.Specific modes of collaboration identified focused on information sharing and establishingcollaboration forums, broadening the research network beyond typical distributed wind industrystakeholders, and direct project-to-project connections. Key modes of collaboration include thefollowing: Share information, from data sets to lessons learned, through a centralized platform, alistserv discussion group, and forums and targeted meetings. Workshop participantsacknowledged that non-business-sensitive collaboration and data sharing may have broadbenefit to the industry. Engage representatives of other DER industries, particularly storage, solar PV, microgrid, andelectric vehicles (EVs). To the extent EVs can be used for energy storage and be charged anddischarged based on a utility signal, they can be considered DERs. As distributed wind-hybridinstallations and multi-DER microgrids become more common, workshop participantsstressed the importance of networking and coordinating research efforts with other DERindustries.In addition to collaboration opportunities and modes of collaborations for current researchendeavors, workshop participants discussed future technology research and developmentopportunities. The key research categories participants identified include wind hybrids; developingtailored solutions for customers; cost, financing, and valuation; validation and field demonstration;and certification and manufacturing. Within those categories, specific future research opportunitiesidentified include the following: Standardize power conversion, controls, and communication equipment for wind hybrids andexplore development of standardized hybrid microgrids. Create tailored products and business models to support emerging markets and specificcustomer types to help grow the distributed wind market. Emerging markets identified includeenergy-intensive facilities such as data centers, grow houses, and cryptocurrency farms, andwind-to-fuel applications. Develop a clear articulation of why wind matters and how it fits in decarbonization strategies.2
Distributed Wind Research Program Workshop Report Identify approaches to lower the cost of turbine model certification and address the challengethat, in some cases, certification inhibits innovation because technologies cannot be changedafter certification costs are paid, without recertifying.Workshop participants identified these research and collaboration opportunities as being crucial tosupport distributed wind market growth as the distributed wind and DER industries collaborate andinnovate to respond to changing and evolving electric grid systems.3
Distributed Wind Research Program Workshop Report3.0 Current Technology Research and DevelopmentCollaboration and Coordination OpportunitiesWorkshop participants identified collaboration and coordination opportunities within the currentDistributed Wind Research Program. Ideas are grouped below into common themes.3.1 Controls and Modeling ToolsAdvanced controls for distributed wind can improve grid operations and enable distributed windtechnologies to provide grid services. Power system modeling informs technical and economic powersystem planning. Including advanced control capabilities in power system modeling increases theability of researchers and developers to identify appropriate beneficial applications and locations ofdistributed wind. Workshop participants identified the following opportunities to collaborate andcoordinate on research and development of controls and modeling tools: Modernize power system modeling tools to improve distributed wind’s representation andvaluation. For example, distributed wind models developed for GridLAB-D can be shared withOpenDSS model developers. Improve modeling of wind hybrids, microgrids, and other wind applications in distribution systemsimulations. Share data, code, and modeling approaches. Design advanced system controllers and power electronics that allow wind to provide valuedgrid support (i.e., synthetic inertia, rotor inertia, and reactive power support) and plug-and-playintegration. Incorporate resource-forecasting tools into power system simulation modeling, valuation andcost modeling, and project development tools used by utilities and developers to reduceuncertainty.3.2 Cost and ValuationDistributed wind cost data are important for many aspects of distributed wind research anddevelopment. Valuation is the process of determining the relative worth, utility, or importance ofdistributed wind in different applications. Valuation includes cost, because cost can be a valuejudgment, but can also include nonmonetary components. Workshop participants identified thefollowing cost and valuation collaboration and coordination opportunities: Understand, model, and work to reduce balance-of-station costs (e.g., permitting, labor, sitepreparation, foundation construction, electric infrastructure, and tower installation). Share hardware costs, balance-of-station costs, operation and maintenance costs, powercurves, and other techno-economic attributes for cost modeling, analysis, and developmentpurposes. Develop a process for characterizing the temporal alignment of resource availability, turbineperformance, and customer and system load at a location, and this relationship’s impact onwind valuation. Characterize and understand the value of distributed wind beyond LCOE, including the value ofresilience and community development. Understand how uncertainty and risk factors can affectthat value. Share valuation tools and results between projects.4
Distributed Wind Research Program Workshop Report3.3 Turbine TechnologyWorkshop participants identified the following collaboration and coordination opportunitiesconcerning distributed wind technology: Collaborate on turbine component innovation (e.g., towers, foundations, blades, and generators)and common platforms for power electronics. Explore turbine manufacturer coordination for establishing common parts suppliers forcomponents such as towers and blades, and even specific parts, such as rare earth magnets, soeach distributed wind turbine manufacturer does not have to create its own supplier network. Recommend improvements to the certification process, especially concerning integrationrequirements and certification of inverters.4.0 Potential Modes of Collaboration and CoordinationAfter identifying collaboration and coordination opportunities, workshop participants brainstormedmodes of collaboration. The following ideas, grouped by similarity, were suggested as specific waysto collaborate, both within WETO’s Distributed Wind Research Program and with outside researchersand potential collaborators.4.1 Information Sharing and ForumsWorkshop participants suggested the following ways to share information and expand collaborationand coordination: Establish an extensive distributed wind data and information sharing platform where data,project information, case studies, and modeling tools are collected and made available toresearchers, developers, utilities, and government entities.–Make data sets available, including cost, deployment, and operations and maintenance(O&M) data.–Share case studies (both successes and lessons learned) and information on existingdistributed wind installations, including distributed wind in hybrid and microgridapplications. Develop a plan for scheduled and structured sharing of work products and project deliverablesfor current and future projects. Develop and share individual project or initiative websites (e.g., NRECA’s Rural Area DistributedWind Integration Network Development [RADWIND] and NREL’s Microgrids, InfrastructureResilience, and Advanced Controls Launchpad [MIRACL]). Share innovative business model approaches, including those for rural customers. Establish a listserv discussion group or online resource center, such as a Slack channel or aLinkedIn group, for coordination. Establish a discussion group to address opportunities to increase diversity, equity, and inclusionin distributed wind efforts. Establish a manufacturers’ lessons-learned forum; include companies no longer in business. Organize presentations from project developers and owners to facilitate an honest assessmentof what worked and what didn’t.5
Distributed Wind Research Program Workshop Report Develop an online permitting and zoning resource center. Organize follow-up workshops or Zoom meetings; propose cross-project, joint panel sessions atconferences, such as those of the American Clean Power Association, the Institute of Electricaland Electronics Engineers Power & Energy Society, and the Energy Systems Integration Group.4.2 Broaden NetworkAs distributed wind-hybrid installations and multi-DER microgrids become more common, workshopparticipants identified the following suggestions to coordinate across those technologies: Identify storage and solar industry representatives and associations and engage them in theconversation. Initiate conversations with representatives and groups focused on other DERs, such as flexibleloads, microgrids, and EVs. EVs qualify as DERs when used for energy storage that can becharged from and discharged to the distribution grid. Wind-powered EV charging—at homes,businesses, and along interstates—was also identified as an emerging market opportunity. Initiate conversations with representatives and groups working on wind-to-fuel applications,such as wind generated hydrogen gas for fuel cells.4.3 Project-to-ProjectWorkshop participants recommended the following project-to-project and manufacturer-tomanufacturer coordination efforts: Establish cross-project working groups around research areas of common interest, such asvaluation or resilience metrics. Organize targeted cross-project coordination. For example, the distributed wind performanceestimation and forecasting research of the Tools Assessing Performance project could beextended to an international data set. The international data se
distributed wind. Workshop participants identified the following opportunities to collaborate and coordinate on research and development of controls and modeling tools: Modernize power system modeling tools to improve distributed wind’s representation and valuation. For example, distributed wind models developed for GridLAB-D can be shared .
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