The Retreat Of The Grinnell Glacier: 1990-Present Introduction
Falk, Hepler, Lopez 1Megan Falk, Alex Hepler, Michelle LopezGSP 270/ GrahamGroup Project/ Final DraftDecember 8, 2014Word count: 1,148The Retreat of the Grinnell Glacier: 1990-PresentIntroductionGrinnell Glacier is located within Glacier National Park in the state of Montana (Figure1). It is a notable glacier that was named after a famous conservationist named George BirdGrinnell .The glacier has undergone heavy monitoring due to its significant retreating snowpack.Many scientists have theorized that the glacier is being affected by the greenhouse effect(National Park Services, 2014). The increased levels of carbon dioxide, which are affecting thesnowpack, are said to be from climate change. This theory is not singular to Grinnell Glacier;this phenomenon is being seen around the world. The glacier area was researched in this reportfrom 1990 to present day to determine its rate of retreat.Methods and Materials1A (Falk):The LandSat images used to configure the area of Grinnell Glacier for thisreport were retrieved from Earth Explorer (http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/), and projected inWorld Geodetic Systems 1984, Universal Transverse Mercator zone 12 North (WGS 84, UTMzone 12 North). Within the LandSat archives, satellites L8 OLI/TIRS (September 5, 2014), L7Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) SLC-on (September 20, 1999), and LI-5 MSS (September
Falk, Hepler, Lopez 23, 1990) (September 1, 1995) were used. The glacier boundaries were then digitized usingArcMap version 10.1 (Esri, Inc.). The area for each glacier was found by using the calculategeometry function within ArcMap.1B (Hepler): First a shapefile for Glacier County was selected and separated from theshapefile of all the counties in Montana. In addition, the Grinnell Glacier shapefile was alsoselected and separated from a shapefile of all the glaciers in Glacier National Park. Next I usedthe polygon to raster tool to change the park boundary from a shapefile into a raster. This rasterwas then used to clip this region out of the digital elevation model for the Northwestern states.These processes were repeated with the Montana State boundary to produce a custom DEM forthe state. This was done with the “extract by mask” tool. Hillshades were then created for both ofthese clipped DEM’s. Shapefiles previously digitized for the years in glacial retreat were thenplaced on top of one another in layers to show its recession. After carrying out all executions inEsri’s ArcMap the park boundary clipped DEM and its hillshade were loaded into ArcScene. Ithen floated the park boundary shapefile and hillshade on top of their custom DEM to show thepark in three dimensions. I then brought all the glacier files in and laid them on top of oneanother and floated them on top of the DEM. Last, I used the extrusion to raise the first glacierand exaggerated each additional layer to stack them in a way which the retreat could be seenspatially from viewpoints which were far, close, and directly above.
Falk, Hepler, Lopez 3Figure 1. Locater map of Glacier National Park in Glacier County, Montana.
Falk, Hepler, Lopez 4Figure 2. Locater map of the Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park.
Falk, Hepler, Lopez 5Figure 3. Map depicting Grinnell Glacier’s rate of retreat between the years1990-2014.
Falk, Hepler, Lopez 6Figure 4. Three Dimensional visualization of Glacier National Park and The Grinnell Glacier’sretreat between the years 1990-2014.
Falk, Hepler, Lopez 7Figure 5. Three dimensional visualization of Grinnell Glacier’s retreat between the years19902014 from an up close perspective.
Falk, Hepler, Lopez 8Figure 6. Three dimensional visualization of Grinnell Glacier’s retreat between the years 19902014 from an overhead perspective.ResultsThe rate of retreat was evident once the glacier shapefiles were laid on top of oneanother (Figure 3). This was further emphasized and visually evident in the 3D visualizations(Figures 5 and 6). Each individual area from the different years was calculated (Table 1). Theareas from the glacier in the present year and in 1990 were subtracted from one another. This
Falk, Hepler, Lopez 9value was divided by the total number of years, which was a total of 24 years. This was done tofind the rate of retreat in that time range. The rate of retreat was 12037.02 m2 per year.Time (Years)1990199519992014Area (square meters m²)874788.66723603.32714777.19585900.21Table 1. Total ice loss in square meters due to melt for The Grinnell Glacier between the years1990 and 2014.ConclusionVarious processes of GIS that were learned in class were applied in order to do thisresearch. Finding accurate datasets proved to be the biggest challenge. Once the datasets werefound and underwent the QAQC process, they were fit for use. The datasets were converted toshapefiles with the correct spatial reference, and digitized in ArcMap. They were then made into3D visualizations on ArcScene. The significant decrease in snowpack since 1990 was evident inthe maps that were produced (Figures 2-6). This study revealed that the glacier has beenretreating at a rate of 12037.02 m2 per year. Based on these calculations, the glacier is projectedto have 48.66 years left before its snowpack completely disappears around 2061. When thishappens, it will have significant impacts on the ecosystem in Glacier National Park.
Falk, Hepler, Lopez 10ContributionsThe project was a collaborative team effort with specific tasks assigned to each groupmember. The team was called The Glaciators and consisted of three members; Megan Falk, AlexHepler and Michelle Lopez. Megan Falk conducted a significant portion of the research andfound most of the datasets used in the project. She sorted through a large volume of LandSatimagery to gather suitable images with limited cloud cover and then digitized polygonsrepresentative of each glacier for the years 1990, 1995, 1999, and 2014. Alex Hepler locatedGlacier National Park boundaries along with State and County shapefiles. He then conducted amajority of the analysis and created all locater maps, Maps, and 3D visualizations of the park andglaciers (Figures 1-6). Michelle Lopez conducted background research on the history of theglacier and compiled all the information for the report. The first draft was reviewed by MeganFalk and revisions for the rough draft were all done by Michelle Lopez. After receiving thereport back from the instructor, Alex Hepler made all corrections to the text and map imageryand completed the all editing on this final draft.
Falk, Hepler, Lopez 11Works Cited"EarthExplorer." EarthExplorer. USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS)Center, 5 Apr. 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov .Glacier National Park GIS Program. Administrative Boundary for Glacier National Park,Montana. boundary2003.zip . Web,11/2014."History & Culture." National Park Service, Montana. U.S. Department Of Interior.11 Oct. 2014.Web. 20 Oct. 2014. http://www.nps.gov/glac/historyculture/index.htm .Montana State Library. Montana Counties from 2000 TIGER files. http://nris.mt.gov/nsdi/nris/shape/ab143.zip . Web, 11/2014.Montana State Library. Montana State Line from TIGER files. http://nris.mt.gov/nsdi/nris/e00/ab41.zip .Web, 11/2014.Provincial and territorial boundaries of Canada, 2001. Government of Canada with permissionfrom Natural Resources Canada. http://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id dcbcdf86939548af81efbd2d732336db .Web, 11/2014.US Geological Survey. \data\100k\100k dlg\work tracking\2005 09 21\glaciers100K DD.shp . Web, 11/2014.U.S. Geological Survey 2013. Digital elevation Model. 4b06e877c2c5397.Web,11/2014 .
Falk, Hepler, Lopez 121:1,000,000-Scale State Boundaries of the United States. National Atlas of the United States2007. http://nationalatlas.gov/atlasftp-1m.html . Web, 9/2014.
Grinnell Glacier is located within Glacier National Park in the state of Montana (Figure 1). It is a notable glacier that was named after a famous conservationist named George Bird Grinnell .The glacier has undergone heavy monitoring due to its significant retreating snowpack
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