CHIN, DEBORAH. Personality Traits Of Selected Female .
CHIN, DEBORAH.Personality Traits of Selected Female United StatesVolleyball Association Players.(1971) Directed by: Dr. GailHennis.Pp. 61The primary purpose of this study was to determine whetherthere were differences in selected personality traits betweenfemale U. S. V. B. A. players, as measured by the Cattell SixteenPersonality Factor Questionnaire, and the general population; todetermine if there were any differences in selected personalitytraits of female U. S. V. B. A. players who were categorized primarily as hitters or setters.Sixty-eight female U. S. V. B. A. players agreed toparticipate in this study.The subjects represented a selectedsample of teams from the following states:California, Connecticut,Florida, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.jects were placed in one of two groups:The sub-hitters or setters.Forty-five subjects indicated that they were hitters and twenty subjectsindicated that they were setters.selves as both hitters and setters.Three subjects classified themFor the purpose of this studythese subjects could not be categorized, therefore, they weredropped from the study.A t-test was used in the statistical treatment of the rawdata, to test the null hypothesis of no significant differences inselected personality traits, as measured by the Cattell SixteenPersonality Factor Questionnaire, between the general populationand selected female U. S. V. B. A. players.The selected volley-ball sample was found to be significantly more intelligent, happygo-lucky, and suspicious than the general population.The general
population was found to be significantly more outgoing, conscientious, tender-minded, shrewd, apprehensive and self-sufficientthan the selected volleyball sample.A simple one-way analysis of variance was used to test thesecond null hypothesis of no differences in selected personalitytraits between volleyball players who were categorized primarilyas hitters or setters.Hitters were found to be significantlymore venturesome than setters while setters were found to besignificantly more intelligent than hitters.
PERSONALITY TRAITS OF SELECTED FEMALE//UNITED STATES VOLLEYBALLASSOCIATION PLAYERSbyDeborah ChinA Thesis Submitted tothe Faculty of the Graduate School atThe University of North Carolina at Greensboroin Partial Fulfillmentof the Requirements for the DegreeMaster of Science in Physical EducationGreensboroAugust, 1971Approved byThesis Adviser
APPROVAL PAGEThis thesis has been approved by the following committeeof the Faculty of the Graduate School at The University of NorthCarolina at Greensboro.ThesisAdviserOral ExaminationCommittee MembersLM cc X' /e,/?7/Date of Examinationn
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe author wishes to express sincere appreciation toDr. Gail Hennis for her assistance and guidance in the completion of this study.To Miss Donna Lopiano, Mrs. Miki McFadden, and MissPeggy Jarnigan a special thanks for assisting in the gathering of subjects and the administration of the personalityquestionnaires.Lastly, the author wishes to express sincere gratitude to all the U.S.V.B.A. players who volunteered to serveas subjects for this study.iii
TABLE OF CONTENTSPageLIST OF TABLESviChapterI.II.III.IV.INTRODUCTION1STATEMENT OF PROBLEM3Purpose of Study3Null Hypotheses3Definition of Terms3Limitations of the Study4REVIEW OF LITERATURE6Early Personality Studies6Protective Techniques .8Omnibus Personality Inventory9Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory .9California Psychological Inventory12Edwards Personal Preference Schedule13Cattell Sixteen Personality FactorQuestionnaire14Summary16METHOD OF PROCEDURE19Introduction19Subjects19396202
PageV.VI.The Instrument20Administration24Treatment of Data25ANALYSIS OF ion38Summary44SUMMARY AND PPENDIX APersonal Data Sheet Used53APPENDIX BAdministrative Instructions55APPENDIX CRaw Data58
LIST OF TABLESTableI.II.III.Page16 PF Validity Coefficients of IndividualScales2216 PF Consistency Coefficients:22Reliability. .t-Test Results for Comparison of PersonalityFactors Between General Population andU. S. V. B. A. Volleyball Players30Simple One-Way Analysis of VarianceHitters and Setters33Mean Scores and Standard Deviationsfor Hitters-Setters on Cattell's16 Personality Factors36VI.Raw Scores - Hitters59VII.Raw Scores - Setters61IV.V.vi
CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONSThe discipline of sports psychology is a growing fieldin today's society.Researchers of sport psychology are seek-ing a better understanding of human behavior and its relationship to physical activity.Specific attempts have been madeby such contemporary leaders in the field as Bruce Ogilvie, ThomasA. Tutko, Bryant Cratty and Miroslav Vanek (13, 15) to seek thedeterminants of success and to attempt to understand behavioralcontrol as it relates to athletic performance.The study of personality has been one means of attainingvaluable insight into the behavior of participants of physicalactivity.Rushall has suggested that through the utilization ofvarious personality assessment instruments and techniques, thecoach and athlete can be afforded valuable information.He hassuggested the following possibilities as uses of personalityinformation:1.It may provide a provision for a better understanding of an individual's behavioral tendencies. Thisinformation can be used to predict behaviors and toeliminate situations that will produce undesirablebehaviors.2.Coach-player interactions can be better affected byproducing situations which will eliminate undesirable consequences.3.Player manipulation may be improved to the extent oftrying to maximize training and competitive performance. This would lead to a rise in efficiency ofthe training system or program.
4.If a relationship between personality and physicalperformance exists, one could differentiate, forselective purposes, between players of equal skill.5.Repeated testing of players gives an indication ofchange in the behavior of athletes. The coach canthen readjust player control procedures to thesechanges.6.Knowledge of individual motivation and dispositionto act can bring individuality into one's programwhich will help develop each individual player'spotential for performance. (41:np)Through the study of personality, the uniqueness of the individualis revealed.Success or failure of that individual as a highlyskilled athlete may depend upon his unique behavioral patterns,his attitude toward self-realization, self-understanding, selfcontrol, and competition.
CHAPTER IIISTATEMENT OF PROBLEMPurpose of StudyThe primary purpose of this study was to investigatethe differences in selected personality traits between femaleUnited States Volleyball Association players, as measured bythe Cattrell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, and thegeneral population.The secondary purpose was to determine if there wereany distinct differences in selected personality traits ofthe female United States Volleyball Association players includedin this study, who were categorized primarily as hitters orsetters.Null HypothesesThere is no significant differences in selected personality traits, as measured by the Cattrell Sixteen PersonalityFactor Questionnaire, between the following groups:1.The general population and female United StatesVolleyball Association players.2.Volleyball players categorized primarily as hittersor setters.Definition of TermsFor the purpose of this study the following terms weredefined:
Personality.Personality designates the patterns ofbehavior and predispositions that determine how a person willthink, feel, and act. (ll:xxiii)United States Volleyball Association.The U.S.V.B.A. wasorganized in 1928 for the basic purpose of promoting the sport.The Association has jurisdiction over formal open volleyballcompetition in the U. S., conducts annual national championships, and is the sport's governing group designated by theInternational Volleyball Federation. (23:72)United States Volleyball Association Player.This is avolleyball player who is a member of the United States Volleyball Association, holds an Amateur Athletic Union card and competes in tournaments conducted by the United States VolleyballAssociation.Setter.A setter is a volleyball player whose responsibilityis to receive the pass and then place the ball in the air close tothe net to the advantage of the spiker.Hitter.A hitter is a volleyball player who places theball into the opponent's court with such force that it is difficultor impossible to return.Limitations of the StudyAge, skill level, and experience are three variables thathave not been considered in assessing the personality profilesof volleyball players.These variables are assumed to be anintegral part of the individual personality.
The Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, asall paper-pencil tests of its type, measures only primary personality traits.Individual results reflect a large but selectednumber of traits; they do not indicate an individual's totalpersonality.Therefore, this study is limited to the primarypersonality traits measured by the Cattell Sixteen PersonalityFactor Questionnaire.The tests were administered by the coaches of the teamsbeing studied.Standardized administrative instructionsaccompanied each test booklet; however, it is not known whetheruniformity in test taking and administrative procedures resulted.It also may be assumed that the subjects, due to their differentgeographical locations, may not have taken the Cattell SixteenPersonality Factor Questionnaire under similar conditions ofplace, time, and social setting.The study is further limited by the sample which is aselected purposeful sample of female United States VolleyballAssociation players.The author subjectively selected subjectswho appeared to be highly skilled volleyball players.players were chosen from a limited geographical area.These
CHAPTER IIIREVIEW OF LITERATUREA growing interest in sports psychology has augmentedthe amount of research relating human behavior to physicalactivity.Considerable evidence has already indicated arelationship between personality variables and athletic achievement.Literature relating to personality and athletic achieve-ment was reviewed and organized as follows:early personalitystudies of participants in physical activity; recent studiescategorized according to instrument used: protective technique,Omnibus Personality Inventory, Minnesota Multiphasic PersonalityInventory, California Psychological Inventory, Edwards PersonalPreference Schedule, and Cattell Sixteen Personality FactorQuestionnaire.Early Personality StudiesIn 1942 Sperling (34:539-45) in dealing with college malesfound statistically reliable differences in personality patternsof varsity and intramural groups as distinguished from those ofthe non-athlete group.Though slight, significant differenceswere found to exist between varsity team sports participants andvarsity individual sports participants.No significant person-ality trait difference between varsity and intramural groups wasfound.Sperling selected Smith's Human Behavior Inventory,
Guilford's Introversion-Extroversion Scale, Allport's AscendenceSubmission Reaction Scale, two scales of Harper's Social Studyand Allport's and Vernon's Study of Values as his personalityassessment tools.Thune (35:296-306) in 1949, compared personality traits ofYMCA weightlifters to non-weightlifters.Results showed thatthere was group differentiation between weightlifters and nonweightlif ters.The weightlifters appeared to be more shy, lessself-confident, and more desirous of being healthy and dominant.Thune used Nelson's Questionnaire, Henry's Interest and AttitudeInventory and several standard personality inventories for hismeasuring instruments.In 1951 Flannagan (19:312-323) used the masculinity scalefrom the Guilford-Martin Inventory, Allport's Ascendence-Submission Scale, Guilford's Introversion-Extroversion Scale and theemotional stability section of Smith's Human Behavior Inventoryto assess personality traits of college males grouped into sixdifferent physical activities.An investigation of differencesbetween activity groups (fencing, badminton, basketball, volleyball, boxing, and swimming) was conducted.cant differences were found.Statistically signifi-Fencers were more ascendent thanbasketball players, volleyball players and boxers.fessed to be more feminine than basketball players.Fencers proBadmintonplayers were more extroverted than volleyball players and volleyball players were shown to be less stable than basketball players.Flannagan's study appeared to demonstrate that personality is a
factor in making activity selections because the subjects werefree to select the activity of their choice.Projective TechniquesIn the area of personality assessment, projective testshave been found to be more valid than subjective tests orobjective paper-pencil tests but more difficult to evaluate.Theevaluation often requires the service of a psychologist or psychiatrist. (3:564)Johnson, Hutton and Johnson (22:484-485) assessed thepersonality traits of champion athletes as measured by two projective tests.Twelve National champions or Ail-Americans intheir respective sports were given the Rorschach Ink Blot Testand the House-Tree-Person Test.It was reported that championathletes scored significantly higher in the areas of extremeaggression, uncontrolled emotions, high generalized anxiety,high intellectual aspiration and exceptional feelings of selfassurance as compared to the non-champion subjects examined.Johnson and Hutton (21:49-53) again used the House-TreePerson test to evaluate personality traits of eight collegiatewrestlers before the wrestling season, 4-5 hours before the firstintercollegiate match and again the morning after the competition.Test interpretation revealed several group tendencies from condition to condition; outstanding among which were:decrementof functioning intelligence, increased aggressive feelings andincreased neurotic signs in the before match condition; return to
approximately the status of condition I except for considerablyless aggressive feelings in condition III.Omnibus Personality InventoryLakie (26:566-573) utilized five scales from the OmnibusPersonality Inventory to form an attitude inventory for assessing personality characteristics of certain groups of intercollegiate athletes.Two hundred and thirty male athletes froma state university, private university, and two state collegeswere tested.For additional comparative purposes, the athleteswere then grouped according to their sport (basketball, N 37;football, N 67; tennis-golf, N 38; track, N 55; andwrestling, N 33).Scores on the personality scales differ-entiated among sports groups within the state university andprivate university but not within the state college; betweenathletes attending the private university and those attendingeach of the other three schools.No significant differenceswere found when all 230 athletes were categorized according tosport group.Minnesota Multiphasic Personality InventoryThe Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is apersonality assessment instrument used to measure a person'stendency to fit into psychiatric categories; a fact that showswidespread faith in the continuity of the normal and abnormal.(2:435)The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is not
10designed for general survey of personality traits, but rather traitassessment of abnormal individuals.La Place (27:313-319) used the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory to examine personality and its relationship tosuccess in professional baseball.Forty-nine (successful) majorleague players and sixty-four (unsuccessful) minor league playerswere tested.Results showed that major league players were betterable than minor league players to:(a) apply their strong "drive"towards a definite objective by exercising self-discipline,(b) adjust to occupations, as professional baseball, requiringsocial contact or the ability to get along well with others, and(c) exercise initiative.From his results, La Place concludedthat certain specific personality traits were associated withsuccess in professional baseball.In using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory,Booth (17:127-138) compared personality traits of college studentscategorized into specific groups:(a) freshmen and upperclassathletes and non-athletes, (b) freshmen and varsity athleteswho participated in only team, individual, or a team and individual sport, and (c) athletes who were rated as poor or goodcompetitors.It appeared that athletes differed significantly fromnon-athletes with non-athletes scoring significantly higher onboth the interest and anxiety scales than athletes.Otherresults indicated that varsity athletes and upperclass nonathletes scored higher than freshmen athletes and non-athletes
11on the dominance scale while both poor and good varsity competitors scored significantly higher than freshmen poor competitorson the same dominance scale.Upperclass non-athletes scoredsignificantly higher on the social responsibility variable thanfreshmen athletes and non-athletes and varsity athletes.Varsityindividual sports participants were marked by more anxiety andfear than athletes who participated in both team and individualvarsity sports.Varsity athletes in only individual sportsscored higher on the depression scale than those who participatedonly in team sports.Differences in personality as measured bythe Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were indicatedbetween athletes and non-athletes and between participants inindividual sports, in team sports and in team-individual sports.Slusher (33:539-545) used the Minnesota MultiphasicPersonality Inventory and the Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Testto study the personality and intelligence characteristics ofhigh school athletes and non-athletes (males).Generalizationswere made from a series of t-tests comparing the athletic groupand the normative group on each of the ten components of theMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.The athletic groupscored significantly lower on the femininity and intelligencescale than the non-athletic group.Except for the swimmers, allathletes scored higher on the hypochondriasis scale.There wasno differentiation between athletes and non-athletes on thehypomania scale.Wrestlers showed a dominate neurotic profile;higher psychasthenia scale than non-athletes.Basketball players
12showed the most marked deviation with an over concern with physicalsymptoms and relative lack of repression.Slusher's results aregeneralizations derived from comparisons between the athleticgroup and a normative group on each of the ten components of theMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.No profile analysiswas made of a specific athletic group.California Psychological InventoryThe scales of the California Psychological Inventory arebased largely on the scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, however, they are applicable to normal individuals.Schendel (30:52-67) evaluated the psychological differences between athletes and non-participants in athletics atthree educational levels.Statistically significant differenceswere found on eight scales of the California PsychologicalInventory for ninth grade subjects between athletes and nonparticipants.For twelfth grade subjects, differences were foundon four scales while differences for college subjects were foundon nine scales of the California Psychological Inventory.Collegenon-participants in athletics generally possessed desirablepersonal-social psychological characteristics to a greater extentthan college athletes.The California Psychological Inventory was used by Bergerand Littlefield (16:663-665) to compare football athletes withnon-athletes on specific personality variables.No significantdifferences were found among outstanding football athletes,
13non-athletes and non-outstanding athletes after controlling forscholastic aptitude as measured by the Scholastic Aptitude Test.The results suggest that participation in varsity football maynot develop more favorable characteristics of social interactionand social living than non-participation.Edwards Personal Preference ScheduleSinger (32:582-588) used the Edwards Personal PreferenceSchedule to examine personality differences between and withincollege baseball players and college tennis players.Nosignificant differences in personality profiles were observedbetween the baseball and tennis groups or between the twentyhighest skilled and the twenty lowest skilled baseball players.Singer's results suggest that there is no relationship betweenthe personality profiles of individuals and their participationin selected activities.The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule has also beenused to assess the personality variables of highly competitiveindividuals.Johnsgard and Ogilvie (20:87-95) found that com-petitive racing drivers exhibited specific personality traits.They were found to be highly stable individuals, low in anxietyand extremely independent.The nature of their competition mayaccount for the reflection of specific traits such as selfassurance, self-sufficiency, and self-discipline in their personality profiles.Neal (38) used the Edwards Personal Preference Scheduleto compare the personality traits of champion women athletes
14who participated in the 1959 Pan American games to a normativegroup.Results showed that United States women athletes werehighly aggressive, independent, and more reserved than the normative group.It seems that on the basis of this study that out-standing women athletes do possess certain personality traitsthat tend to contribute to their athletic success.The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule was also usedby Owens (39) to determine whether there were similar personalitypatterns among women amateur golfers.Results showed that thereseems to be similar personality patterns among the amateur golferson the achievement, autonomy, defense, intraception, endurance,aggression, and change variables.There were no significantdifferences among the amateur golfers when grouped on a handicapbasis.Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor QuestionnaireThe Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire isconsidered the most reliable instrument available today in thefield of personality assessment.It has been used most fre-quently in the personality assessment studies of male and femaleathletes, coaches, and physical educators. (28:781-782)Peterson (29:686-690) used the Cattell Sixteen PersonalityFactor Questionnaire to compare the personality traits of womenparticipants in team sports to women participants in individualsports.Subjects were selected from a group of 156 A. A. U.women athletes and the 1964 Olympic Team.Results concluded that
15women athletes who competed in individual sports rated higher onthe personality factors of dominance, adventurousness, sensitivity,introversion, radicalism, and self-sufficiency, and lower on thefactor of sophistication when compared to women athletes whocompeted in team sports.Kroll (24:49-57) utilized the Cattell Sixteen PersonalityFactor Questionnaire and the L scale of the Minnesota MultiphasicPersonality Inventory to assess the personality profiles ofcollegiate wrestlers at different levels of demonstrated achievement in wrestling.He found no significant difference in thepersonality profiles of the champion wrestlers as compared withexcellent collegiate wrestlers or the average and below averagecollegiate wrestlers.Kroll and Carlson (25:405-411) also con-cluded on the basis of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnairethat there were no significant differences among personality profile components of karate participants at various levels ofproficiency.Lopiano (37) administered the Cattell Sixteen PersonalityFactor Questionnaire to high school girls to investigate therelationship between personality traits and playing position inhigh school six-player basketball.She found forwards and guardsto be more polished, experienced, worldly, and shrewd than rovers.As measured by the Cattell Sixteen Personality FactorQuestionnaire, Reilly (40) found no significant differencesbetween women field hockey players who played an entire season
16without sustaining an injury and women players who played an entireseason and sustained at least one or more injuries.Both groups,however, were found to be slightly more reserved, tough-minded,trusting, forthright, and self-assured than the general population.Williams, Hoepner, Moody, and Ogilvie (36:446-453) usedthe Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and theEdwards Personal Preference Schedule to determine if there weredistinct personality traits characteristic of champion levelfemale fencers and if there was any correlation between personality traits and level of achievement in the 1968 NationalChampionship.Interpretation of the results revealed a definitefencer's personality when compared to national norms.The com-petitive fencer was described as a very reserved, self-sufficient,autonomous individual with a below average desire for affiliationand nurturance.She has a strong need to be the very best andis an intelligent, creative, experimenting, and imaginative person.She tends to be assertive and aggressive.Only one person-ality factor differentiated levels of achievement.The top levelcompetitor was significantly more dominating than the low levelcompetitor.From the results of this study, the authors havesuggested that a "Sportswomen's" personality may exist in highlevels of competition.SummaryThe literature has been reviewed with respect to therelationship between personality structure as measured by reliable
17standardized personality measures and athletic participation andnon-participation, participation in selected physical activitiesand participation of athletes at various levels of achievementwith an emphasis on the highly skilled participant.Sufficientevidence emerged to permit the conclusion that certain generalsports personalities do exist.Certain combinations of person-ality traits have been shown to be predictive of superior performance in various athletic endeavors as well as in certainskills within the experimental laboratory. (8:20)The findings seem to suggest several generalizations.First, the Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaireappeared to be the most frequently used personality assessmentinstrument for both male and female athletes.Evidence alsoindicated that personality differences existed between sportparticipants and non-sport participants, and individual sportparticipants and team sport participants.The studies reviewedseem to indicate that individual sport participants were moreextroverted, resourceful, aggressive, and sensitive than teamsport participants who were more sociable, thoughtful, andintroverted.It also seems justifiable to say that outstanding athletesdo possess certain personality traits that distinguish them fromthe general population.Reviewed studies indicated that selectedchampion athletes were more aggressive, independent, and reservedthan the general population.Other studies have shown that therewere highly successful selected athletic groups that exhibited
18distinguishing personality variables from a normative population.Some of these personality variables included tough-mindedness,more reserved, trusting, forthright, and self-assurance.Suchevidence suggests that a "Sportswomen's" personality may existin high levels of competition.In application of these generalizations, one should keepin mind several important facts.A variety of selected person-ality assessment instruments have been used to examine personality variables of participants and non-participants in variousphysical activities.In order to validate the findings ofdifferent studies, the same tool should be used with varyingsubject populations.Most studies have dealt with male subjects.Few studies have concerned themselves with the highly skilledfemale athlete.Also, one must consider whether or not indivi-duals select sports because of their personality or do they changebecause of participation in these sports.factors are operating. (31:169-171)Possibly, both of these
19CHAPTER IVMETHOD OF PROCEDUREIntroductionThis chapter describes the procedures followed in determining whether there were differences in selected personalitytraits between female United States Volleyball Associationplayers, as measured by the Cattell Sixteen Personality FactorQuestionnaire, and the general population; and secondly, to determine if there were any differences in selected personality traitsof female United States Volleyball Association players who werecategorized primarily as hittersor setters.SubjectsSixty-eight female subjects were administered the CattellSixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire.The subjects were allregistered members of the United States Volleyball Association(hereafter referred to as U. S. V. B. A.) and were participatingin U. S. V. B. A. regional competition during the 1970-71 season.The average practice time per subject was two days a week, threehours per day.There were no requirements with respect to ageor years of playing experience.The teams were selected on the basis of availability offemale U. S. V. B. A. teams for testing purposes.The subjectsrepresented a selected sample of teams from the following states:
20California, Connecticut, Florida, Maryland, New Jersey, New York,and Pennsylvania.The author was able to personally contactteams from Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, andPennsylvania.Through personal friends in California and Florida,teams from these states were also contacted for testing purposes.The subjects were placed in one of two groups:or setters.hittersA hitter was defined as a volleyball player whoseprimary objective was
Omnibus Personality Inventory, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, California Psychological Inventory, Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, and Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Early Personality Studies I
Chin languages are generally classified under the Kuki-Chin-Naga branch of Tibeto- Burman (Shafer 1966, Benedict 1972, Bradley 1997), and are traditionally subgrouped as Southern Chin, Central Chin, Northern Chin
Personality traits The module of Big-Five personality traits is built on a model which described the nature of individual differences as the human in five directions (McCrae& John, 1992). These five directions of Personality traits are gathered, summarize
personality traits and motivation in a learning process. In this research, ’Big Five’ was used as a personality model. The results showed that there is correlation between personality traits and motivation, but not all personality traits affect motivation in the same way and with the
to other personality disorders such as antisocial personality disorder. Ogloff (2005) distinguishes psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder due to the emphasis on affective and personality rather than mostly behavioral elements of antisocial personality disorder. Besides antisocial personality disorder, there are other DSM-IV personality
Deborah’s name in Hebrew means ‘honeybee.’ In fact a lady that comes to our church is named Deborah, and she came up to me, and she said, ‘I am a Deborah.’ And I told her, ‘From now on you shall be called honeybee.’ Deborah means ‘honeybee.’ And Deborah is one of the femal
The Big Five personality traits are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. These five factors are assumed to represent the basic structure behind all personality traits. They were defined and described by several different researchers during multiple periods of research. The Five Traits The traits are:
The study investigated the correlations between personality traits, flow-experience and several aspects of practice characteristics. Personality was represented by the three personality dimensions extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism, assessed by Eysenck's Personality Profiler as well as the trait form of the Positive and Negative
Artificial Intelligence has identifiable roots in a number of older disciplines, particularly: Philosophy Logic/Mathematics Computation Psychology/Cognitive Science Biology/Neuroscience Evolution There is inevitably much overlap, e.g. between philosophy and logic, or between mathematics and computation. By looking at each of these in turn, we can gain a better understanding of their role in AI .
