TYPES OF SENTENCES
L:.-TYPES OF SENTENCESITo write academic texts, you needto master certain skills.In this chapter, you will learn to: Recognize independent anddependent clauses Analyze different types ofsentences Use coordinators, conjunctiveadverbs, and semicolons tocreate compound sentences Use adverb clauses to createcomplex sentences Combine different types ofclauses to create compoundcomplex sentenceso,'! . Write a paragraph that uses avariety of sentence typesNew medical research is he/ping scientists identifijthe causes and cures of some allergies.,.".:. -----.
INTRODUCTIONIn the first two parts of this book, you learn ed to organize, w rite, revise, and editparagraphs and essays. In this third part, you w ill focus on better understandingsentence structure and on improving your skills in crafting sentences. When you knowhow to vary the kinds of sentences you w rite, you can express your thoughts in theclearest and most interesting way possible. In this chapter, you will learn to use clausesto develop varied types of well-structured sentences.Clauses are the building blocks of sentences. A clause is a group of words that containsa subject and a verb .CLAUSESNOT CLAUSESSUBJECT VERBecology is a science SUBJECTto protect the environmentVERBbecause pollution causes cancerafter surviving a long illnessAt the end of the chapter, you will write a paragraph using various types ofwell-structured sentences.ANALYZING THE MODELYou are going to read two drafts of a writing model about an allergy. As you read,try to identify the improvements that the au thor made between the iirst draft and thesecond draft.Work with a partner or in a small group. Read the models. Then answer the questions."Writing Model.6' . , . "' ' ''-' '''''-':'. '.;,.1",:,, 2'1 , ",;'I,.:., "'::' \"3II,4';, 'I,5 ''II6A'.Dangerous Allergies (First Draft)1 Most people do not think of peanuts when they think of poisons . 2 Serious peanut allergiesare putting an increasing number of individuals at risk for death. 3 Between 1997 and 2008, thepeanut allergy rate among children in the United States nearly tripled. 4 The problem is causinggreat concern. 5 There are no signs that the allergy rate will decrease. 6 No one knows for certainw hy this increase is happening. 7 There are several theories. 8 Some believe that children arebecoming more sensitive to allergens. 9 Cleaning products and antibiotic medicines have madeour environment too sanitary. 10 This level of Cleanliness, some say, leads to underdevelopedimmune systems. 11 Another group of theorists believes that the problem lies in the way peanutsare prepared. 12 This argument blames the roasting process for making peanuts more allergenic.13 Severe allergies have risen at such an alarming rate. 14 It is likely that research into the causesof these allergies will grow. 15 Science may soon be able to explain why more and more childrenare threatened by such a simple food.Types of Sentences"J171
, , ,II1 'IIIII,2III,I,, , 5.Dangerous Allergies (Second Draft)1 Most people do not think of peanuts when they think of poisons, but serious peanutallergies are putting a growing number of individuals at risk for death, 2 Between 1997 and 2008,the peanut allergy rate among children in the United States nearly tripled, 3 The problem is causinggreat concern, for there are no signs that the allergy rate will decrease, 4 Although no one knowsfor certain why this increase is happening, several theories have been proposed, 5 Some believethat children are becoming more sensitive to allergens because cleaning products and antibioticmedicines have made our environment too sanitary, 6 This level of clean liness, some say, leads tounderdeveloped immune systems, 7 On the other hand, another group of theorists believes thatthe problem lies in the way peanuts are prepared, 8 This argument blames the roasting process formaking peanuts more allergenic, 9 Because severe allergies have risen at such an alarming rate,it is likely that research into the causes of these allergies will grow, 10 Thus, science may soon beable to explain why more and more children are threatened by such a simple food,I-Questions about the Model1, What differences do you notice between sentences 1-7 of the first draft andsentences 1--4 of the second draft? Underline sentences 1- 7 of the first draft.Underline sentences 1--4 of the second draft.2. When the author combined sentences, w hat words were added in sentences1--4 of the second draft? Circle the added words,3. Why do y ou think the author made these r evisions?4. What is the total number of sentences i n the first draft? How m any sentencesare in the second draft?5. What other r evisions do y ou n o tice in the second draft?6. Which draft i s easier to read? Why?172,\;"-CHAPTER", ·,.-c:.:.t:::' 1.:-':':'::' ''-''"",'''.: 9;:'"""'-". -- "' .- . , - . -" . &--Y. - --., --
INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT CLAUSESThere are two kinds of clauses: independent and dependent. Academic w riterscombine these kinds of clauses to write a variety of sentence types.INDEPENDENT CLAUSESAn independent clause contains a subj ect and a verb, and often a complement. Itexpresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.SUBJECTVERBThe sunrose.Waterevaporates(COMPLEMENT)rapidly in warm climate zones.DEPENDENT CLAUSESA dependent clause is formed with a subordi nator, such as when, if, that, or who. Italso has a subject, a verb, and sometimes a complement. A dependent clause does notexpress a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. Using a d ependentclause as a complete sentence is an error, referred to as a sentence fragment.SUBORDINATORSUBJECTVERB. whenthe sunrose . . . becausewaterevaporates. . w homthe voterselected . . . ifthe droughtcontinues(COMPLEMENT)rapidly in warm climate zones . . .for another yea r .A few of the most common s ubordinators gheven thoughthoughwheneverwhileas, jus t ashowunlesswherewhoas ififuntilwhereverwhomas soon assincewhatwhetherwhosebecauseso that eAppendix B, pages 292- 294, for a complete list of subordilliltors.Types of Sentences173
P CTICE1Identifying Independent and Dependent ClausesRead and label each sentence Indep. (independent clause) or Oep. (dependent)Add periods to the independent clauses. (Hint: An independent clause by itselfis a complete sentence, but a dependent clause is not.)l '1 dep. 1. Globalization means more travel for businessmen and women."De p. 2. As business executives fly around the globe to sell their companies'products and services3. Jet lag affects most long-distance travelers4. Which is simply the urge to sleep at inappropriate times5. During long journeys through several time zones, the body's innerclock is disrupted6. For some reason, travel from west to east causes greater jet lag thantravel from east to west7. Also, changes in work schedules can disrupt the body 's inner clock8. When hospital nurses change from a day shift to a night shift,for example9. Although there is no sure way to prevent jet lag10. There are some ways to minimize itKINDS OF SENTENCESA sentence is a group of words that you u se to communicate your ideas. Everysen tence is formed from one or more clauses and expresses a complete thought.The four basic kinds of sentences in English are simple, compound, complex, andcompound-compl ex. The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of clauses used toform it.SIMPLE SENTENCESA simple sentence is one independent clause.svFreshwater boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level.svvFreshwater boils at 100 degrees Celsius and freezes at 0 degrees Celsius.ssr-v .---- v-,Freshwater and saltwater do not boil and do not freeze at the same temperatures.Notice that the second sentence has two verbs, boils and freezes . This is called acompound verb. The third sentence has both a compound subject and a compoundverb. All three examples are simple sentences because they have only one clause.174CHAPTER 9
lRVITOUTIAlthough simple sentences have only one independent clause, they can stillvary greatly. Write sentences following these instructions.1. Write two simple sentences with one subject and one verb .2. Write two simple sentences with one subject and two verbs.3. Write two simple sentences with two subjects and one verb.4. Write two simp le sentences with two subj ects and two verbs.COMPOUND SENTENCESI.'\ compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together. There are::-u:ee w ays to join the clauses: With a coordinatorSaltwater boils at a higher temperature than fresh water, so food cooksfaster in saltwater. With a conjunctive adverbSaltwater boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; therefore, foodcooks faster in saltwater. With a semicolonSaltwater boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; food cooksfaste r in saltwater.O-:-.ldy each type of compound sentence in more d etail on the following pages.Types of Sentences175
Compound Sentences with CoordinatorsEA compound sentence can be formed as follows:IINDEPENDENT CLAUSECO RnA INDEPENDENT CLAUSE - - ,Saltwater boils at a lower temperature than freshwater, so food cooks faster in saltwater.There are seven coordinators, which are also called coordinating conjunctions. You canremember them by the phrase FAN BOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So). The examplesin the chart illustrate the meanings of the seven FAN BOYS coordinators. (Punctuationnote: Use a comma after the first independent clause.)COORDINATORS (COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS)CoordinatorMeaning I UseExamplesforTo add a reasonJapanese people live longer thanmany other nationalities, for they eathealthful diets.andTo add a similar, equal ideaThey eat a lot of fish and vegetables, andthey eat lightly.norTo add a negative, equal ideaThey do not eat a lot of red meat, nor dothey eat many dairy products.butTo add an opposite ideaDiet is one factor in how long peoplelive, but it is not the only factor.orTo add an alternative possibilityHowever, people should limit the amountof animal fat in their d iets, or they riskgetting heart disease.yetTo add an unexpected orsurprising continuationCigarette smoking is a factor in longevity,yet some smokers live long li ves.soTo add an expected resultDoctors say that stress is anotherlongevity factor, so try to avoid stress ifyou wish to live a longer life.Notes Nor m eans "and not." It joins two negative independent clauses. Notice thatquestion word order is used after nor . But and yet have similar m eanings: They both signal that an opposite id eais coming. But is preferred when the two clauses are direct opposites. Whenthe second clause is an unexp ected or surprising continuation because ofinformation given in the first clause, yet is preferred. (But is acceptable forboth meanings; yet for only one m eaning.) Compare these examples:I want to study art, but my parents want me to study engineering.(direct opposite)I am very bad at math, yet my parents want me to study engineering.(surprising continuation after "I am very bad at math")176CHAPTER 9
Choosing But vs. YetWhich coordinator would you use to connect the two clauses in thesesentences? Write either but or yet on the line.1. a. Too much sun damages the skin,use sunscreen.many people still do notb. Too much sun damages the skin,health problems.too little sun also causes2. a. The company's sales increased last year,its profits declined.b. The company moved its marketing division to Phoenix,operations division stayed in Boston.the3. a. Population growth h as slowed in most developing countries,not slowed enough to avoid serious problems.it hasb. The fertility rate in India has decreased from 6 to 2.58 births per female,India's population is expanding at the rate of 17.5 million per year.m "m"Forming Compound Sentences with CoordinatorsForm compound sentences by adding another independent clause. Be sure towrite a complete clause containing a subject and a verb. Circle the coordinatorand add punctuation as needed.1. The college campus is located in the center of the city ,@ it i, ve ry ea,v to thereby pvbJic traf»po rt atiof).2. According to the Big Bang Theory, the universe began expanding about13.7 billion years ago and3. Does the universe have an outer edge or4. Scientists predict that intelligent life exists somewhere in the universe but5. Mars probes have photographed rocks with water markings on them yet(con tinued on next page)Types of Sen'er·09S177
6. We may not be able to communicate with other life forms for7. Instead of taking the psychology final exam, we can write a ten-page researchpaperor8. I want to write a research paper yet9. Three weeks be fore the end of the term, I had not started my p aper nor10. J needed help choosing a topic so ) For each pair of sentences, form a compound sentence by joining the twoindependent clauses with a coordinator that best fits the meaning. Use eachFAN BOYS coordinator once. Write your new sentences on a separate sheet ofpaper and punctuate them correctly.1. Nuclear accidents can happen. Nuclear power plants must have strict safety control;N u c lear acc id e nt, ca n haP.Eeni,0nuclear pOVier plant, ".,""t haVe ,trict, afety c ontrol,.2. The accidents at nuclear power plants in the United Sta tes and the former SovietUnion in the 1980s created fears about the safety of this energy source. Thed isaster at Fukushima in Japan in 2011 reinforced them.3. Solar heating systems are economical to operate. The cost of installation is very higl-.4. Energy needs are not going to decrease. Energy sources are not going to increase.(Note: Use nor and question lVord order in the second clause, deleting the word no t).5. Burning fossil fuels causes serious damage to our planet. We need to developother sources of energy.6. Ecologists know that burning fossil fuels causes holes in the ozone layer. Peoplecontin ue to do it.7. Developed nations especially will continue this harmful practice. They requiremore energy to fuel cars, air-conditioning, and other modern luxuries.8. All nations of the w orld must take action. Our children and grandchildren w illsuffer the consequences.TRY IT OUTI178On a separate sheet of paper, write seven compound sentences of your own,using each FAN BOYS coordinator once.CHAPTER 9. , . "". , . .'. . . ""'"""'I\i, i " . ,- . . . ' ''''' .,.,
Compound Sentences with Conjunctive Adverbs'\ second way to form a compound sentence is like this:iiINDEPENDENT CLAUSEfOORDINATOriINDEPENDENT CLAUSE ----,Saltwater boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; therefore, food cooks faster in saltwater.Punctuation note: Put a semicolon before and a comma after the conjunctive adverb.Several transition signals, such as 011 the other hand, as a result, and for example, act like onjunctive adverbs; they can also connect independent clauses with a semicolon anda comma. The chart lists common conjunctive adverbs and a few transition signals that an be used in this way.CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBSConjunctiveAdverbMeaning / UseExamplesalsobesidesfurthermorein additionmoreoverTo add a similar, equalideaCommunity colleges offer preparationfor many jobs; moreover, they preparestudents to transfer to a four-year college oruni versity.as wellCommunity colleges offer preparation formany jobs; they prepare students to transferto a four-year college or university as well.tooCommunity colleges offer preparation formany jobs; they prepare students to transferto a four-year college or university, too.howeverneverthelessnonethelessstillTo add an unexpected orsurprising continuationThe cost of attending a community collegeis low; still, many students need financialaid.on the other handin contrastTo add a complete contrastTuition at a community college is low; onthe other hand, tuition at private schools ishigh .otherwiseTo give an alternativepossibility, often negativeStudents must take final exams; otherwise,they will receive a grade of Incompl ete.accordinglyas a resultconsequentlyhencethereforethusTo add an expected resultNative and nonnative English speakershave different needs; thus, most schoolsprovide separate English classes for eachgrou p.for examplefor instanceTo add an exampleMost colleges now have a writingrequirement for graduation; for instance,students at my college must pass a writingtest before they register for their finalsemester.Types ofSentences 179
PRACTICE 4Forming Compound Sentences with Conjunctive AdverbsForm compound sentences by adding a second independent clause. Circle theconjunctive adverb and add punctuation. Some of these sentences are fromPractice 3A on pages 177-178.1. The college campus is located in the center of the Cityj it i very ea yto get there by public tran portation2. According to the Big Bang Theory, the universe began expanding about 13.7billion years ago moreover3. Students must pay their tuition and fees before they register for classes otherwise4. Scientists predict that intelligent life exists somewhere in the universe however5. Mars probes have photographed rocks with water markings on them nevertheles 6. My roommate scored high on the English placement test as a result7. Tuition and fees increase every year for example8. The class thought the teacher would give a test last Friday insteadTRYITOUTI180On a separate sheet of paper, write five compound sentences, using each ofthese conjunctive adverbs once: in addition, nevertheless, on the other hand,therefore, and for instance.CHAPTER 9--------.; 3 "I
Compound Sentences with SemicolonsA third way to form a compound sentence is to connect the two independent clauseswith a semicolon alone.iINDEPENDENT CLAUSE\Poland was the first Eastern European country to turn away from communism;rlNDEPENDENT CLAUSEIothers soon followed.This kind of compound sentence is possible only when the two independent clausesare closely related in meaning. If they are not closely related, they should be written astwo simple sentences, each ending w ith a period.PRACTICE 5Forming Compound Sentences with SemicolonsPlace a semicolon between the two independent clauses in thecompound sentences.1. The practice of yoga strengthens the body and promotes flexibility it alsostrengthens the mind and refreshes the soul.2. Motherhood causes some women to quit their jobs others continue workingdespite having young children to care for.3. Three hundred guests attended his wedding two attended his ftmeral.TRY IT OUT!On a separate sheet of paper, write three compound sentences of your own,using a semicolon to join the independent clauses.PRACTICE 6Editing to Form Compound SentencesOn a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the paragraphs, creating compoundsentences wherever possible . Try to use each of the three methods of forminga compound sentence at least once. There are many possible ways tocombine sentences.,,Robots-t.A robot is a mechanical device that can perform boring, dangerous,and difficult tasks. 2 First of all, robots can perform repetitive tasks withoutbecoming tired or bored. 3 They are used in automobile factories to weld andpaint. 4 Robots can also function in hostile environments. 5 They are useful forexploring the ocean bottom as well as deep outer space. 6 Finally, robots canperform tasks requiring pinpoint accuracy. 7 In the operating room, roboticequipment can assist the surgeon. 8 For instance, a robot can kill a brain tumor.9 It can operate on a fetus with great precision.10 The field of artificial intelligence is giving robots a limited ability tothink and to make decisions. 11 However, robots cannot think conceptually.12 Robots cannot function independently. 13 Humans have to program them.14 They are useless. 15 Therefore, humans should not worry that.robots willtake over the world-at least not yet. (Note: Use otl1er vise to combine sentences13 and 14.)1-.'" - . ,' . - ,.,-- . .".-.,.".,. '" ';"
Questions about the Model 1, What differences do you notice between sentences 1-7 of the first draft and . Write sentences following these instructions. 1. Write two simple sentences with one subject and one verb. 2. Write two simple sentences with one subject and two verbs.
breach of contract court decisions according to type. Such court decisions have five basic sentence types: sentences on contract law, sentences on contract holding, sentences on contract issues, sentences on contract reasoning, and sentences on contract facts. Classifying sentences is an important first step of our long-term
Combining Sentences: Compound Sentences 10 At Home: Write two related sentences about a sport you enjoy and then use and, or, or but to join them. McGraw-Hill Language Arts Grade 4, Unit 1, Sentences, 4 pages 8–9 A. Read each pair of sentences. Circle the conjunction you would use to join the sentences. 1. After school I biked to Mike’s house.
84. Sentences with au and aw words 85. a as in ma and car 86. Sentences Lessons for First Reader 8 87. Long e as ee 88. Sentences 89. Long e as ea 90. Sentences 91. Long e as ee 92. Long e as ie; sentences 93. Long e as y 94. Sentences 95. ies in verbs and plural nouns 96. Review of long e words 97. Sentences 98. Long i as I, y, ie, uy .
This PowerPoint is the property of Humber College’s Writing Centre and cannot be reproduced without the consent of the Writing Centre - 2015 . Types of Sentences We are going to discuss three types of sentence structure. What are they? SIMPLE SENTENCES COMPOUND SENTENCES . COMPLEX SENTENCES . Simple Sentences Simple sentences .
Year 1 –Spring Block 3 –Capital Letters 2 –Capital Letters to Start Sentences 2 Notes and Guidance The steps from Autumn Block 2 covered identifying and punctuating sentences. This is a consolidation step which revisits the use of capital letters to start sentences. Children should be given sentences and practise writing them out with capital letters and full
Inanimate Subject Sentences in English and Their Translation Strategies Jiaosheng Qiu Taishan University, China Abstract—This paper first clarifies the concept of inanimate subject sentences in English, and points out that inanimate subject sentences refer to sentences that us
15-20 words on average is effective for most technical writing. Long sentences are confusing, short sentences are sluggish and choppy, a series of sentences with the same length is monotonous. Long sentences can be broken down to lists. 07.03.2013 8
ANSI A300 defines as a tree risk assess-ment: “A systematic process used to identify, analyze, and evaluate risk.” “Mitigation” is a term that I see com-monly used inappropriately. In the Standard, it is very clearly defined as the process of diminishing risk. We do not eliminate risk in trees when we perform some form of mitigation practice. We are minimizing the risk to some .
