Essentials Of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition
Heartʼs Place in the CirculationEssentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th EditionMartini / Bartholomew12Heart Pumps Blood into Two Circuitsin Sequence1. Pulmonary circuitThe CardiovascularSystem: The Heart To and from the lungs2. Systemic circuit To and from the rest of the bodyPowerPoint Lecture Outlinesprepared by Alan Magid, Duke UniversitySlides 1 to 65Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsHeartʼs Place in the CirculationHeartʼs Place in the CirculationThree Kinds of Blood VesselsTwo Sets of Pumping Chambers in Heart1. Arteries Carry blood away from heart and carry it tothe capillaries2. Capillaries Connect arteries and veins Exchange area between blood and cells3. Veins Receive blood from capillaries and carry itback to the heart1. Right atrium Receives systemic blood2. Right ventricle Pumps blood to lungs (pulmonary)3. Left atrium Receives blood from lungs4. Left ventricle Pumps blood to organ systems (systemic)Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsHeartʼs Place in the CirculationThe Anatomy of the HeartOverview of theCardiovascularSystemPericardial Cavity Surrounds the heart Lined by pericardium Two layers1. Visceral pericardium (epicardium) Covers heart surface2. Parietal pericardium Lines pericardial sac thatsurrounds heartFigure 12-1Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings1
The Anatomy of the HeartThe Anatomy of the HeartThe Location of the Heart in the Thoracic CavitySurface Features of the Heart1. Auricle —Outer portion of atrium2.Coronary sulcus —Deep groove thatmarks boundary of atria and ventricles Anterior & Posterior interventricular sulcus Mark boundary between left and rightventricles Sulci contain major cardiac blood vessels Filled with protective fatFigure 12-2The Anatomy of the HeartThe SurfaceAnatomyof the HeartFigure 12-3(a)1 of 2The Anatomy of the HeartThe SurfaceAnatomyof the HeartCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe Anatomy of the HeartThe SurfaceAnatomyof the HeartFigure 12-3(a)2 of 2The Anatomy of the HeartThe Heart Wall1. Epicardium (visceral pericardium) Outermost layer Serous membrane2. Myocardium Middle layer Thick muscle layer3. Endocardium Inner lining of pumping chambersFigure 12-3(b)Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings2
The Anatomy of the HeartThe Anatomy of the HeartThe Heart Walland CardiacMuscle TissueThe Heart Wall and Cardiac Muscle TissueFigure 12-4Figure 12-4(a)The Anatomy of the HeartThe Anatomy of the HeartThe Heart Wall and Cardiac Muscle TissueThe Heart Walland CardiacMuscle TissueFigure 12-4(b)Figure 12-4(c)The Anatomy of the HeartThe Anatomy of the HeartThe Heart Walland CardiacMuscle TissueCardiac Muscle Cells Shorter than skeletal muscle fibersHave single nucleusHave striations (sarcomere organization)Depend on aerobic metabolismConnected by intercalated discs Make sure all cardiac muscle cells worktogether so the heart beats as one unitFigure 12-4(d)Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings3
The Anatomy of the HeartAnatomy of the HeartInternal Anatomy and Organization1. Interatrial septum Separates atria2. Interventricular septum Separates ventricles3. Atrioventricular valves (AV valves) Located between atrium and ventricle Ensure one-way flow from atrium toventricleCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe Anatomy of the HeartThe Anatomy of the HeartBlood Flow in the HeartBlood Flow in the Heart (contʼd)3. Right ventricle pumps blood throughpulmonary semilunar valve to pulmonaryarteries1. Superior and inferior venae cavae Large veins carry systemic blood to rightatrium2. Right atrium sends blood to right ventricle Flows through right AV valve Bounded by three cusps (tricuspid valve) Cusps anchored to heart walls bychordae tendinae Flows to lungs through right, left pulmonaryarteries where it picks up oxygen4. Pulmonary veins carry blood to left atrium5. Left atrium sends blood to left ventricle Enters through left AV valve (bicuspid ormitral)6. Left ventricle pumps blood to aorta Through aortic semilunar valve to systemsCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe Anatomy of the HeartThe Anatomy of the HeartThe Sectional Anatomy of the HeartFunctional Anatomy of the Heart1. Left ventricular myocardium muchthicker than right Why?2. Valves ensure one-way flow of blood Prevent backward flow (regurgitation)Figure 12-5Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings4
The Anatomy of the HeartThe Anatomy of the HeartThe Valves of the HeartThe Valves of the HeartFigure 12-6(a)PLAYThe Heart: AnatomyThe Anatomy of the HeartThe Anatomy of the HeartKey NoteThe heart has four chambers, the rightatrium and ventricle with the pulmonarycircuit and left atrium and ventricle with thesystemic circuit. The left ventricleʼs greaterworkload makes it more massive than theright, but the two pump equal amounts ofblood. AV valves prevent backflow from theventricles into the atria, and semilunarvalves prevent backflow from the outflowvessels into the ventricles.The Blood Supply TO the Heart The myocardium needs lots of oxygen andnutrients Coronary arteries (right, left) branch fromaorta base and supply blood to the heartmuscle itself If a coronary artery becomes blocked, amyocardial infarction (heart attack) occurs Blockage usually occurs because of buildup of fat in coronary arteriesCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsAnatomy of the HeartThe Anatomy of the HeartA blocked coronary artery can be repairedby having coronary bypass surgeryFigure 12-6(b)The Coronary CirculationFigure 12-7(a)5
The Anatomy of the HeartThe HeartbeatThe Coronary CirculationHeartbeat Needs two Types of CardiacCells1. Contractile cells Provide the pumping action2. Cells of the conducting system Generate and spread the action potential(electrical impulse)Figure 12-7(b)The HeartbeatCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings1 Rapid Cardiac action potential has longplateau phase Cardiac muscle has long, slow twitch Cardiac muscle has long refractoryperiod Canʼt be tetanized3 Repolarization2 The PlateauDepolarizationDifferences between Cardiac andSkeletal Muscle CellsCause: Na entryDuration: 3-5 msecEnds with: Closure ofvoltage-regulatedsodium channelsCause: Ca2 entryDuration: 175 msecEnds with: Closure ofcalcium channelsCause: K lossDuration: 75 msecEnds with: Closure ofpotassium channels 3020mV13StimulusRefractory period–900Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings300Figure 12-8(a)1 of 5Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings1 Rapid1 RapidDepolarization2 The PlateauDepolarizationCause: Na entryDuration: 3-5 msecEnds with: Closure ofvoltage-regulatedsodium channelsCause: Na entryDuration: 3-5 msecEnds with: Closure ofvoltage-regulatedsodium channels 30Cause: Ca2 entryDuration: 175 msecEnds with: Closure ofcalcium channels 300mV100200Time (msec)20mV1Stimulus1Stimulus–90–900100200Time (msec)Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings3000Figure 12-8(a)2 of 5100200Time (msec)Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings300Figure 12-8(a)3 of 56
1 Rapid3 Repolarization2 The PlateauDepolarizationCause: Na entryDuration: 3-5 msecEnds with: Closure ofvoltage-regulatedsodium channelsCause: Ca2 entryDuration: 175 msecEnds with: Closure ofcalcium channelsCause: K lossDuration: 75 msecEnds with: Closure ofpotassium channels1 Rapid 30Cause: Ca2 entryDuration: 175 msecEnds with: Closure ofcalcium channelsCause: K lossDuration: 75 msecEnds with: Closure ofpotassium channels 3020mV3 Repolarization2 The PlateauDepolarizationCause: Na entryDuration: 3-5 msecEnds with: Closure ofvoltage-regulatedsodium channels13Stimulus20mV13StimulusRefractory period–90–900100200Time (msec)300Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings0Figure 12-8(a)4 of 5The HeartbeatAction Potentials andMuscle CellContraction in Skeletaland Cardiac Muscle100200Time (msec)300Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 12-8(a)5 of 5The HeartbeatThe Conducting System Initiates and spreads electrical impulsesin heart Two types of cells1. Pacemaker cells (aka “nodes”)Reach threshold firstSet heart rate2. Conducting cells Distributes stimuli to myocardiumFigure 12-8(b)Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe HeartbeatThe Conducting System (contʼd) Steps in the Conduction System:1.Starts in ATRIA. Pacemaker cellsestablish heart rate pacemaker is also called sinoatrial(SA) node2. Impulse spreads from SA node acrossatria3. To atrioventricular (AV) node4. To AV bundle and bundle branches Via Purkinje fibers to VENTRICLESCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe HeartbeatThe ConductingSystem of theHeartPLAYThe Heart:Conduction SystemFigure 12-9(a)7
SA node activity and atrialactivation begin.SA node activity and atrialactivation begin.SA nodeTime 0SA nodeTime 0Stimulus spreads across the atrialsurfaces and reaches the AV node.AV nodeElapsed time 50 msecThere is a 100-msec delay at the AVnode. Atrial contraction begins.AV bundleElapsed time 150 msecBundle branchesThe impulse travels along the interventricularseptum within the AV bundle and the bundlebranches to the Purkinje fibers.Elapsed time 175 msecThe impulse is distributed by Purkinje fibersand relayed throughout the ventricularmyocardium. Atrial contraction is completed,and ventricular contraction begins.Purkinje fibersElapsed time 225 msecFigure 12-9(b)1 of 6Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSA node activity and atrialactivation begin.SA node activity and atrialactivation begin.SA nodeTime 0Figure 12-9(b)2 of 6Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSA nodeTime 0Stimulus spreads across the atrialsurfaces and reaches the AV node.Stimulus spreads across the atrialsurfaces and reaches the AV node.AV nodeElapsed time 50 msecAV nodeElapsed time 50 msecThere is a 100-msec delay at the AVnode. Atrial contraction begins.AV bundleElapsed time 150 msecFigure 12-9(b)3 of 6Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSA node activity and atrialactivation begin.Figure 12-9(b)4 of 6Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSA node activity and atrialactivation begin.SA nodeTime 0SA nodeTime 0Stimulus spreads across the atrialsurfaces and reaches the AV node.Stimulus spreads across the atrialsurfaces and reaches the AV node.AV nodeElapsed time 50 msecAV nodeElapsed time 50 msecThere is a 100-msec delay at the AVnode. Atrial contraction begins.AV bundleElapsed time 150 msecBundle branchesThere is a 100-msec delay at the AVnode. Atrial contraction begins.AV bundleBundle branchesElapsed time 150 msecBundle branchesThe impulse travels along the interventricularseptum within the AV bundle and the bundlebranches to the Purkinje fibers.The impulse travels along the interventricularseptum within the AV bundle and the bundlebranches to the Purkinje fibers.Elapsed time 175 msecElapsed time 175 msecThe impulse is distributed by Purkinje fibersand relayed throughout the ventricularmyocardium. Atrial contraction is completed,and ventricular contraction begins.Elapsed time 225 msecCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 12-9(b)5 of 6Purkinje fibersCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 12-9(b)6 of 68
The HeartbeatThe HeartbeatThe Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)An Electrocardiogram A recording of the electrical activity ofthe heart Three main components1. P wave Atrial depolarization (atria contract)2.QRS complex Ventricular depolarization (ventriclescontract)3.T wave Ventricular repolarization (ventriclesrest)Figure 12-10Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe HeartbeatThe HeartbeatKey NoteThe heart rate is established by the SAnode, as modified by autonomic activity,hormones, ions, etc. From there, thestimulus is conducted through the atriumto the AV node, the AV bundle, thebundle branches, and Purkinje fibers tothe ventricular myocardium. The ECGshows the electrical events associatedwith the heartbeat.Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings(f) Ventricular diastole—late:All chambers are relaxed.Ventricles fill passively.0800 msecmsec100msecCardiaccycle(e) Ventricular diastole—early:As ventricles relax, pressurein ventricles drops; bloodflows back against cusps ofsemilunar valves and forcesthem closed. Blood flowsinto the relaxed atria.370msecCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Two phases in cardiac cycle1. Systole Contraction phase Both ventricles simultaneously2. Diastole Relaxation phaseCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings(a) Atriole systole begins:Atrial contraction forcesa small amount of additionalblood into relaxed ventricles.STARTThe Cardiac Cycle(a) Atriole systole begins:Atrial contraction forcesa small amount of additionalblood into relaxed ventricles.START(b) Atriole systole endsatrial diastole begins(c) Ventricular systole—first phase: Ventricularcontraction pushes AVvalves closed but doesnot create enough pressureto open semilunar valves.0msec100msecCardiaccycle(d) Ventricular systole—second phase: As ventricularpressure rises and exceedspressure in the arteries, thesemilunar valves open andblood is ejected.Figure 12-111 of 6Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 12-112 of 69
(a) Atriole systole begins:Atrial contraction forcesa small amount of additionalblood into relaxed ventricles.START0msec100msec(b) Atriole systole endsatrial diastole begins0msec(c) Ventricular systole—first phase: Ventricularcontraction pushes AVvalves closed but doesnot create enough pressureto open semilunar valves.Cardiaccycle(a) Atriole systole begins:Atrial contraction forcesa small amount of additionalblood into relaxed ventricles.START100msec(c) Ventricular systole—first phase: Ventricularcontraction pushes AVvalves closed but doesnot create enough pressureto open semilunar valves.Cardiaccycle370msecFigure 12-113 of 6Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings0msec100msecCardiaccycle(e) Ventricular diastole—early:As ventricles relax, pressurein ventricles drops; bloodflows back against cusps ofsemilunar valves and forcesthem closed. Blood flowsinto the relaxed atria.370msec(f) Ventricular diastole—late:All chambers are relaxed.Ventricles fill passively.(c) Ventricular systole—first phase: Ventricularcontraction pushes AVvalves closed but doesnot create enough pressureto open semilunar valves.(d) Ventricular systole—second phase: As ventricularpressure rises and exceedspressure in the arteries, thesemilunar valves open andblood is ejected.Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe HeartbeatHeart Sounds Generated by closing of valves Two main heart sounds1. First sound (lub) Closing of bicuspid & tricuspid2. Second sound (dub) Closing of aortic & pulmonaryvalvesFigure 12-115 of 6Figure 12-114 of 6(a) Atriole systole begins:Atrial contraction forcesa small amount of additionalblood into relaxed ventricles.START(b) Atriole systole endsatrial diastole begins(d) Ventricular systole—second phase: As ventricularpressure rises and exceedspressure in the arteries, thesemilunar valves open andblood is ejected.Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings(a) Atriole systole begins:Atrial contraction forcesa small amount of additionalblood into relaxed ventricles.START(b) Atriole systole endsatrial diastole begins0800 msecmsec100msecCardiaccycle(e) Ventricular diastole—early:As ventricles relax, pressurein ventricles drops; bloodflows back against cusps ofsemilunar valves and forcesthem closed. Blood flowsinto the relaxed atria.370msec(b) Atriole systole endsatrial diastole begins(c) Ventricular systole—first phase: Ventricularcontraction pushes AVvalves closed but doesnot create enough pressureto open semilunar valves.(d) Ventricular systole—second phase: As ventricularpressure rises and exceedspressure in the arteries, thesemilunar valves open andblood is ejected.Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 12-116 of 6Heart DynamicsSome Essential Definitions Heart dynamics—Movements andforces generated during cardiaccontraction Stroke volume—Amount of bloodpumped in a single beat Cardiac output—Amount of bloodpumped each minute Indicate start/stop of systole Heard with stethoscopeCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings10
Heart DynamicsFactors Controlling Cardiac Output Blood volume reflexes Autonomic innervation Heart rate effects Stroke volume effects HormonesHeart DynamicsBlood Volume Reflexes Stimulated by changes in venous return VR is amount of blood entering heart Atrial reflex Speeds up heart rate Triggered by stretching wall of right atrium Frank-Starling principle Increases ventricular output Triggered by stretching wall of ventriclesCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsHeart DynamicsHeart DynamicsAutonomic Control of the Heart Parasympathetic innervation Releases acetylcholine (ACh) Lowers heart rate and stroke volumeAutonomicInnervation of theHeart Sympathetic innervation Releases norepinephrine (NE) Raises heart rate and stroke volumeFigure 12-12Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsHeart DynamicsHormone Effects on Cardiac Output Adrenal medulla hormones Epinephrine, norepinephrine released Heart rate and stroke volume increased Other hormones that increase output Thyroid hormones GlucagonCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsHeart DynamicsCNS Control of the Heart Basic control in medulla oblongata Cardioacceleratory center Activation of sympathetic neurons Cardioinhibitory center Governing of parasympathetic neurons Other inputs Higher centers Blood pressure sensors Oxygen, carbon dioxide sensorsCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings11
Heart DynamicsKey NoteCardiac output is the amount of bloodpumped by the left ventricle each minute.It is adjusted moment-to-moment by theANS, and by circulating hormones,changes in blood volume and in venousreturn. A healthy person can increasecardiac output by three-fold to five-fold.Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings12
The Anatomy of the Heart The Valves of the Heart Figure 12-6(a) The Anatomy of the Heart The Valves of the Heart PLAY The Heart: Anatomy Figure 12-6(b) The Anatomy of the Heart Key Note The heart has four chambers, the right atrium and ventricle with the pulmonary circuit
Anatomy & Physiology 2019: Correlations 2 Essentials of Human Anatomy, 10th Edition by Elaine N. Marieb Human Anatomy & Physiology, 9th Edition by Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition by Frederic H. Martini, Judi L. Nath, and Edwin F. Bartholomew Anatomy &
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition Martini / Bartholomew . The Anatomy of the Heart The Valves of the Heart PLAY The Heart: Anatomy Figure 12-6(b) The Anatomy of the Heart Key Note The heart has four ch
Martini’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 8e brings a legacy of superb illustration and text–art integration with a suite of new digital tools MARTINI / BARTHOLOMEW ESSENTIALS OF Anatomy & Physiology EIGHTH
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy: Anatomy is a branch of science in which deals with the internal organ structure is called Anatomy. The word “Anatomy” comes from the Greek word “ana” meaning “up” and “tome” meaning “a cutting”. Father of Anatomy is referred as “Andreas Vesalius”. Ph
Clinical Anatomy RK Zargar, Sushil Kumar 8. Human Embryology Daksha Dixit 9. Manipal Manual of Anatomy Sampath Madhyastha 10. Exam-Oriented Anatomy Shoukat N Kazi 11. Anatomy and Physiology of Eye AK Khurana, Indu Khurana 12. Surface and Radiological Anatomy A. Halim 13. MCQ in Human Anatomy DK Chopade 14. Exam-Oriented Anatomy for Dental .
8 Respiratory Physiology 9 Respiratory physiology I 10 Renal Physiology 11 Digestive Physiology (spring only) 12 Lab exam 2 ** ** For an accurate display of lab dates and exam dates please consult the Human Anatomy and Physiology II web site. Laboratory assessment will be as follows: Total 1. Introductory exercise 10 2.
Anatomy and physiology for sports massage The aim of this unit is to develop the knowledge and understanding of anatomy and physiology relevant to sports massage. You will explore the anatomy and physiology of each of the body systems and look at the physical, physiological, neurological and psychological effects of sports massage on these systems.
This lab manual was written in conjunction with Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology, 11th edition. I have provided correlations between the Lecture text and the Lab Manual, yet the lab manual can be used with any standard college anatomy and physiology text. Chapters in Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology, 11th edition, by VanPutte, et al.
