Safety Manual 1 - COLLEGE OF ART & DESIGN
LSU ART & DESIGNDESIGN SHOPSAFETYMANUALLouisiana State University Design Shop Manual1
Table of ContentsDesign Shop Golden Rules . .3Accidents . 4General Rules . .5Personal Safety . .7General Terminology . .7Understanding Power Tools . .8Stationary Power Tools . 11Circular Saw .11Table Saw . .11Miter Saw . 12Radial Arm Saw . 12Sliding Compound Miter Saw . .13Band Saws .14Large Band Saw .1414” Band Saw . .15Scroll saw . 15Sanders . . .16Belt/Disk Sander .16Spindle Sander .17Down Draft Table .17Boring . .18Floor Drill Press . .19Hollow Chisel Mortiser . 19Shaping .20Jointer .20Thickness Planer .21Wood Lathe .21Wood Shaper .22Pneumatic Tools 23Brad nail gun .23Framing- nail gun .23Orbital Sanders .24Die grinders . 24Hand-held Power Tools .25Router 25Circular Hand Saw 26Hand Jig Saw . 27Reciprocating Saw . 27Dremel . .28Hand Drill . .28Belt sander .29Finishing Sanders .30Cordless Drill. .30Hand Tools . .31Hammers .33Chisel . .33Screwdrivers . .34Block Plane . 34Makeup and Layout .35Louisiana State University Design Shop Manual2
GOLDEN RULES1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.Check in with the shop personnel when you are entering theShop to work.The Design Shop is to be used for school projects only.The Shop is only to be used with proper supervision: shop manger,shop monitor, or class instructor must be present.You must complete the Shop Orientation and pass the orientationtest before using equipment.Make sure all guests [anyone not currently enrolled in the class]check in with the shop personnel and abide by all rules [includingwearing safety precautions] while in the Shop. Guests may not workwith the equipment.Eye protection: safety glasses, goggles, or face shields are required tobe worn at all times in the Shop.Proper ear protection should be worn at all times while working inthe Shop.Use of a dust mask is recommended to while working in the Shop.Wear Closed Toe Shoes Only! No flip-flops, sandals, high heels, etc.are to be worn while working in the Shop.Loose clothing, hair, jewelry, etc are not permitted in the shop.No Horseplay! Running, fooling around, etc may contribute to anaccident.Be Alert! Please consider the safety of all students while working inthe Shop.Report all accidents of any kind to Shop personnel.Do not operate any tool while under the influence of drugs, alcoholor any medication.Always clean your work area and check out before leaving the Shop.Louisiana State University Design Shop Manual3
AccidentsAny accident should be reported immediately and, if needed, first aid applied.First aid is the “immediate, temporary care given the victim of an accident ofsudden illness until the services of a physician can be obtained.”A recent consideration in first aid care is Blood borne pathogens.These include serious diseases such as the HIV virus that causes AIDS, and hepatitis Band C viruses.To protect yourself, Universal Precautions must be observed. Universal Precautionsmean treating all human blood/fluids as if it was infected, regardless of the personwho is injured. If a blood spill occurs, notify the Instructor or Shop Supervisorimmediately. Remember that serious accidents do not occur if workers are safetyconscious and follow recommended precautions. (See Diagram).Loud NoisesExposure to loud noises can cause hearing loss. The loss of hearing is cumulative,and happens gradually so you may not realize you are damaging your hearing whenyou use loud equipment. Use of proper fitting and authorized earplugs or earmuffsis strongly recommended when using loud equipment for an extended period.Louisiana State University Design Shop Manual4
General Rules1. SEEK INSTRUCTION AND ADVICE. Never use any type of tool for which youhave not received specific instruction on its proper and safe use by the shop supervisor,shop monitors, or class Instructor even if you have previous experience. You mustknow the tool’s application and limitations, as well as the specific hazards of itsoperation before using any tool. If you are unfamiliar with any tools, ask one of theappropriate shop personnel to assist you.2. KEEP WORK AREA CLEAN. Cluttered areas and benches invite accidents. Keepbook bags, extension cords and other material out of the walkways. Always be alert toother people in the area.3. DO NOT PERFORM SET-UP OR LAYOUT WITH THE MACHINERUNNING. Turn the machine on only when ready to perform operation.4. NEVER ADJUST THE MACHINE’S SETTINGS WITH THE TOOL RUNNING.5. FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE MACHINE BEFORE USING IT.Always know where the on/off switch is. If an emergency situation arises, turn off thepower first (if possible).6. ALWAYS CHECK MACHINE SETTINGS BEFORE USE. The previous user mayhave left the settings wrong or loose. Always reset the tool to its zero position whendone.7. PERFORM A DRY RUN WITH THE MACHINE OFF AFTER CHANGINGSETTINGS. Make sure that all adjustments are tight and locked, and that movement isfree.8. USE THE RIGHT TOOL. Don’t force a tool or attachment to do a job for which itwas not designed.9. SECURE THE WORK. Use clamps or a vise to hold the work when practical. It’ssafer than using your hand and frees both hands to operate the tool. The saw will likelythrow the wood violently than cut it unless it is firmly fixed against the table and fence.10. ALWAYS HOLD THE LONG SIDE OF THE CUT. Keep hands a safe distancefrom the blade.11. BOTH ENDS OF WOOD MUST BE SUPPORTED, EVEN AFTER THE CUT.The free end of a cut must not bind with the blade after the cut is made.12. DO NOT CUT SMALL PIECES ON CIRCULAR SAWS. Always keep hands atleast 6” away from circular blades. Clamp small pieces or fashion a jig or hold-down.Otherwise, use hand tools to make cuts on small pieces.13. DO NOT CUT IRREGULARLY SHAPED, WARPED, OR SPLIT WOOD. Thewood must sit flat against the saw’s table and fence.14. DO NOT CUT WOOD CONTAINING NAILS OR OTHER FOREIGNMATERIALS. Metal will dull blades, instantly cause sparks, and become dangerousprojectiles.15. USE CAUTION WHEN CUTTING THROUGH KNOTS. Knots will oftenfragment unpredictably, turning into dangerous projectiles.Louisiana State University Design Shop Manual5
16. DO NOT START MOTORS WITH THE BLADE TOUCHING THE WOOD.Allow the blade to reach full speed before beginning the cut.17. MAKE CUTS WITH SLOW STEADY FEED. Do not try to cut too quickly orabruptly. Always be prepared to stop the cut. Sudden movements invite a loss ofcontrol.18. KEEP HAND OUT OF THE CUT PATH AT ALL TIMES. Always be aware ofyour hands in relation to the blade. Always be aware of the cut path.19. Be Patient! Always let machine come to a complete stop before removing scraps.20. DO NOT OVERREACH. Keep proper footing and balance at all times. Do not reachover or across blades and moving parts. Do not reach under machines that are on.21. DO NOT USE DULL OR DAMAGED BLADES. Stop cutting and alert shoppersonnel if cutting is difficult.22. DISCONNECT TOOLS THAT APPEAR TO BE DAMAGED ORMALFUNCTIONING. Alert shop personnel. Never reconnect tools founddisconnected without the permission of shop personnel.23. REDUCE THE RISK OF UNINTENTIONAL STARTING. Make sure switch is in“OFF” position before plugging in power cord.24. NEVER LEAN ON TOOL. Serious injury could occur if the tool is tipped or if thecutting tool is accidentally contacted.25. DIRECTION OF FEED. Feed work into a blade or cutter against the direction ofrotation of the blade or cutter only.26. NEVER LEAVE TOOL RUNNING UNATTENDED. TURN POWER OFF.Don’t leave tool until it comes to a complete stop. Do not turn your back on runningtools.27. TOOLS MUST BE CHECKED OUT BY SHOP PERSONNEL FOR USE OUTSIDEOF SHOP. You must leave your Student ID.28. NO TREATED LUMBER ALLOWED IN THE SHOP.29. REMOVE ALL NAILS FROM SALVAGED WOOD BEFORE WORKING.There is a metal detector, which can be used to locate any nails in the wood.30. NO LEAD ALLOWED! DO NOT USE ANY MATERIALS CONTANING LEADBASED PAINTS. If you are unsure about the composition of the painted materials, itwill be assumed that the paint is lead based.31. KEEP AISLES AND WORK AREA CLEAN AND CLEAR.FlammablesStore all flammable material in the Flammable storage Cabinets.This includes: paint, paint thinner, spray paint, acetone, wood finish, etc.Louisiana State University Design Shop Manual6
Personal SafetyWoodworking can be dangerous unless safe and proper operating procedures are followed.As with all machinery, there are certain hazards involved with the operation of powertools. Using the machines with respect and caution will considerably lessen the possibilityof personal injury. However, if normal safety precautions are overlooked or ignored,personal injury to the operator may result. Safety equipment such as guards, push sticks,hold-downs, feather boards, eye protection, dust masks and hearing protection can reducepotential risks of injury. But even the best guard won’t make up for poor judgment,carelessness or inattention. Always use common sense and exercise caution in theworkshop. If a procedure feels dangerous, don’t try it. When in doubt ask shop personnelfor an alternative procedure that will be safe. REMEMBER: Your personal safety isyour responsibility.The best way to protect oneself from injury is to have a clear understanding of how thetools work and what are the potential dangers. If you understand the underlying forces atwork, you will be able to foresee and avoid accidents caused by ignorance or carelessness.General TerminologyGrain: the fibrous structure of thewood, evident in the light anddark streaking of the softspring growth (light) and hardsummer growth (dark) of thetreeGrain figure: the pattern formed by the grain on the surface of a longitudinal cut (alongthe grain); the character of this pattern depends on the cross-section of the woodKnots: areas of dense, twisted grain that occur where limbs branch apart (literal knots inthe grain)Softwoods: wood of evergreen trees (not necessarily soft)Hardwoods: wood of deciduous or broad-leafed trees (not necessarily hard)Milled lumber: wood that has been processed (cut, planed, and sanded) into regulardimensions (also called stock)Rip-cut: a cut in a board along its long dimension, with the grainCrosscut: a cut in a board across its short dimension, across the grainKerf: the groove or cut made by a bladeMiter: refers to an angle; a miter joint is one in which both pieces are cut at an angle, anda miter gauge is a guide used hold the wood at a set angleFence: the metal bar used to guide the wood along a straight path, or against which thewood is held when making a cutButt joint: 90 degree joint in which the end of one piece abuts the side of anotherHold-down: a simple clamping mechanism used to hold a piece of wood while cuttingJig: any specially constructed mechanism used to facilitate a specific cutting procedureBlade Set: the alternating angled offset of the teeth of a bladeLouisiana State University Design Shop Manual7
Kickback: the sudden backward force produced when the blade stalls orbinds in the wood during a cutDado: a groove cut into a piece of flat woodRabbet: a step cut into the end or edge of a piece of flat wood (a halfdado)Molding or millwork: shaped, decorative profiles cut into woodUnderstanding Power ToolsObviously, the most dangerous parts of power tools are the moving parts. All of themachinery in this shop is powered by electric motors, and the radial forces produced byspinning shafts, pulleys, blades and belts can be particularly dangerous. This dangerarises from two effects of spinning parts: (1) outward forces—wood and debris canbecome violent projectiles when thrown by spinning blades, and (2) inward forces—loose clothing, jewelry, hair, and fingers can be grabbed, wound up, and pulled inand mangled by any spinning machinery. Always be aware of the danger of these radialforces. Always wear eye protection, never stand in line with circular blades, and alwaysmaintain a safe distance from spinning parts when the tool is operating.Understanding how saw blades cut will help you cut efficiently, accurately, and safely.There are two basic types of saw blades: the circular blade and the straight (or band)blade. The blade cuts the wood with a series of sharp teeth along the cutting edge. Eachtooth acts like a chisel that plows into the wood to make the cut, and these teeth are angledtoward the direction that they rotate or slide. This is the direction that the force of theblade is exerted. The teeth point in the direction in which the saw will push the wood ifallowed, or will throw debris.As one tooth cuts into the wood, it makes a path forTypes of Bladesthe following tooth. As long as the cut is madeteethdirection of cutproperly, each individual tooth is required to removeonly a small amount of wood. No significant frictionshould ever occur between the side of the blade anddirection the wood. If the blade and/or the wood is twistedof cutor becomes misaligned, the side of the blade willfoul out against the wood and create friction. Thiswill cause one of three things to happen: (1) theblade will heat up and dull or break, (2) the bladecircular bladestraight bladewill stall out and kickback, or (3) the blade willthrow the wood. If the blade begins to bind, ease off the cut and try to correct thealignment. If the blade stalls out, hold the wood in place (or the saw in some cases) andturn off the motor. As you will not have time to react in the third possibility, preventivemeasures are critical. If the blade throws the wood, it will either throw it away from themachine, in which case you must not be in line with the blade, or it will pull the woodaway from you toward the blade, in which case you do not want your hand too close as itwill be pulled in after it. Wood that is irregularly shaped, warped, or split parallel to thecut will be prone to move as it is cut, creating a dangerous situation. Cutting through knotsis also hazardous, as they are dense and brittle. When cut, knots can fragmentunpredictably, creating debris that can become violent projectiles. When cutting, a slowLouisiana State University Design Shop Manual8
steady feed should be used. If excessive force is required, the blade is dull or notappropriate for the material being cut. Forcing a cut will overheat the blade and create thepotential for it to bind in the wood.The thickness of the blade, including any side-to-side offset of the teeth, is called theblade’s set and determines the width of the slot or groove cut into the wood. This groove isknown as a kerf, and generally measures between 1/16 and 1/8 inch. This groove is wastematerial, and must be taken into account for when marking a board for cutting.Every blade is designed to cut a specific kind of material and to make specific kinds ofcuts. Using a blade to cut the wrong kind of material can result in damage to the blade andinjury to the operator. Circular blades can only be used to make straight cuts (Nevertry to cut a curved cut with a circular blade). Straight or band blades can cut bothstraight and curved cuts. Blades designed to cut wood generally have larger teeth, andblades for metals and plastics have small teeth. Never try to cut metal with a wood cuttingsaw, and cut plastics only under direct supervision. Never cut wood that might containnails or other foreign materials. Metal will instantly dull a wood cutting blade andpotentially create hazardous debris.The size of the teeth also determines the thickness of wood that can be cut with a blade.Blades with large teeth are used to cut thick wood; those with small teeth cut thin wood.Generally, it is not advisable to cut wood that is thinner than the space between a blade’steeth. This is true because the larger teeth tend to splinter and grab the thin wood insteadof cutting it cleanly. The blades with small teeth can overheat and warp when cutting thickwood, so care must be taken when doing so. The size of the teeth of a blade is described interms of the number of teeth, either as the number of teeth per blade in the case of circularblades, or teeth per inch in the case of straight blades.Another characteristicSize and Number of Teethimportant to straightblades is the width ofthe blade. The width ofthe blade determines thekinds of curves that canbe cut with it. The morenarrow the blade, thetighter the curveThe size and number of teeth determine the appropriate thicknesspossible. Wide bladesof wood that can be cut. The large teeth cut thick wood, and thecan only make straightsmall teeth cut thin wood.or gently curving cuts,whereas a very narrow blade can make very tight curves with a small radius. If the bladebinds up during a curved cut then the blade is too wide to make the turn. Trying to force ablade to curve too tightly will wear out the blade and the blade guides very quickly,potentially breaking the blade.The grain of the wood will also affect the cut. Wood cuts more cleanly along the grainthan across the grain. Crosscuts often result in the splintering and tear-out of the woodfibers along the trailing edge of the cut. As the blade’s teeth emerge from the wood, theyLouisiana State University Design Shop Manual9
tear the fibers rather than cut them off cleanly. Softwoods and veneers are most susceptibleto tear-out. Blades with fine teeth cause less tear-out than coarse teeth. This tear-out can beminimized by making the cut slowly, especially as the blade cuts through the wood.Having a sacrificial board on the underside of the cut also helps, or taping the area to becut before hand. If practical, cut outside the mark and sand down to the mark. Mostimportantly, use sharp, well-maintained blades appropriate for the material.Listen to the sound of the machine as it cuts, andbe aware of any changes in pitch as the cutprogresses. You will usually hear the motor begin tostrain if the blade begins to bind, even before you seeor feel it. If you hear the machine having trouble, easeoff and re-correct, or stop the cut. Try to identify theproblem before proceeding.Width of BladeThe width of the straightblade determines the radiusof the curve that can becut. The narrow blades cancut tight curves, whereasthe wide blades can cutonly wide curves or straightlines.Pay attention to the results of the cut. Watch forundue tear-out, splintering, or especially scorch markson the cut surfaces. Scorch marks mean that friction isproducing enough heat to burn the wood. Thesemarks indicate that the blade is fouling out, the bladeis dull, or the blade is not appropriate for the material. Be aware that woods with heavyresins can gum the blades and cause excessive friction. If the cut ever begins to smoke,stop the cut immediately and correct the cause before proceeding.Louisiana State University Design Shop Manual10
Stationary PowerToolsCircular SawsSpecial care must be taken with tools that cut with a circular blade. These blades cut withtremendous forces, and the radial motion of the blades can both throw wood and debrisoutward and pull fingers and loose clothing inward. The wood being cut must be heldsecurely at all times. If allowed, the blade will try to move the wo
shop monitor, or class instructor must be present. 4. You must complete the Shop Orientation and pass the orientation test before using equipment. 5. Make sure all guests [anyone not currently enrolled in the class] check in with the shop personnel and abide by all rules [including wearing safety precautions] while in the Shop. Guests may not work
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