The Earth : Our Habitat - KopyKitab
SOCIAL SCIENCEThe Earth : Our HabitatTEXTBOOKINGEOGRAPHYFORCLASS VI
ISBN 81-7450-491-5First EditionFebruary 2006 Phalguna 1927ReprintDecember 2006 Pausa 1928November 2007 Kartika 1929January 2009 Pausa 1930December 2009 Agrahayana 1931November 2010 Kartika 1932February 2012 Phalguna 1933November 2012 Kartika 1934November 2013 Kartika 1935PD 460T MJ National Council of EducationalResearch and Training, 2006ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDqNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system ortransmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.qThis book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher’s consent, in any formof binding or cover other than that in which it is published.qThe correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page, Any revisedprice indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrectand should be unacceptable.OFFICES OF THE PUBLICATIONDIVISION, NCERTNCERT CampusSri Aurobindo MargNew Delhi 110 016Phone : 011-26562708108, 100 Feet RoadHosdakere Halli ExtensionBanashankari III StageBengaluru 560 085Phone : 080-26725740Navjivan Trust BuildingP.O.NavjivanAhmedabad 380 014Phone : 079-27541446CWC CampusOpp. Dhankal Bus StopPanihatiKolkata 700 114Phone : 033-25530454CWC ComplexMaligaonGuwahati 781 021Phone : 0361-2674869 40.00Publication TeamHead, PublicationDivision: Ashok SrivastavaChief ProductionOfficer: Kalyan BanerjeeChief BusinessManager: Gautam GangulyChief Editor: Naresh Yadav(Contractual Service)Production OfficerPrinted on 80 GSM paper with NCER TwatermarkPublished at the Publication Division by theSecretary, National Council of EducationalResearch and Training, Sri Aurobindo Marg,New Delhi 110 016 and printed at New PrintIndia (P) Ltd., 8/4-B, Industrial Area,Sahibabad, Dist. Ghaziabad (UP).: Vikas B. MeshramCoverSarita Ver ma MathurIllustrations and CartographySarita Verma Mathur, Meha Gupta,Ishwar Singh, Praveen Mishraand Narendra Tyagi
FOREWORDThe National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends that children’s life at schoolmust be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a departure from thelegacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causes a gap betweenthe school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed on the basis of NCFsignify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attempt to discourage rote learningand the maintenance of sharp boundaries between different subject areas. We hope thesemeasures will take us significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system ofeducation outlined in the National Policy on Education (1986).The success of this efforts depends on the steps that school principals and teachers willtake to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginative activitiesand questions. We must recognise that, given space, time and freedom, children generatenew knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by adults. Treatingthe prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one of the key reasons why otherresources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity and initiative is possible ifwe perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not as receivers of a fixed body ofknowledge.These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning.Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in implementing the annualcalendar so that the required number of teaching days are actually devoted to teaching.The methods used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective this textbookproves for making children’s life at school a happy experience, rather than a source ofstress or boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem of curricular burdenby restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with greater considerationfor child psychology and the time available for teaching. The textbook attempts to enhancethis endeavour by giving higher priority and space to opportunities for contemplation andwondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience.The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) appreciates thehard work done by the textbook development committee responsible for this book. We wishto thank the Chairperson of the advisory group in Social Sciences, Professor Hari Vasudevanand the Chief Advisor for this book, Vibha Parthasarathi for guiding the work of thiscommittee. Several teachers contributed to the development of this textbook; we are gratefulto their principals for making this possible. We are indebted to the institutions andorganisations which have generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, materialand personnel. We are especially grateful to the members of the National MonitoringCommittee, appointed by the Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry ofHuman Resource Development under the Chairpersonship of Professor Mrinal Miri andProfessor G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As an organisationcommitted to systemic reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its products,NCERT welcomes comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake furtherrevision and refinement.New Delhi20 December 2005DirectorNational Council of EducationalResearch and Training
TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEECHAIRPERSON, ADVISORY COMMITTEEPRIMARY LEVELFORTEXTBOOKSINSOCIAL SCIENCESAT THEUPPERHari Vasudevan, Professor, Department of History, University of Calcutta, KolkataCHIEF ADVISORVibha Parthasarathi, Principal (Retd.), Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, New DelhiMEMBERSAnjali Swami, TGT, N.C. Jindal Public School, New DelhiAnshu, Reader, Kirorimal College, University of Delhi, DelhiDurga Singh, PGT, Kendriya Vidyalaya No.2, AhmedabadShahla Mujib, PGT, Govt. Boys Sr. Sec. School,Hari Nagar Ashram, New DelhiMEMBER-COORDINATORAparna Pandey, Lecturer, Department of Education in Social Sciences and Humanities,NCERT, New Delhi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe National Council of Educational Research and Training acknowledges the valuablecontributions of the following participants in finalising this book : Sudeshna Bhattacharya,Reader, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi; Poonam Behari, Reader, Miranda House,University of Delhi, Delhi; Vyasraj T. Ambekar, Incharge Headmaster, SVM High School,Tilakwadi, Belgaum; Seema Agnihotri, Lecturer, Management Education and ResearchInstitute, I.P. University, New Delhi; Daulat Patel, Teacher (Retd.), Sardar Patel Vidyalaya,New Delhi; Samita Dasgupta, PGT (Geography), Anandalaya, Anand, Gujarat.The Council is thankful to the Survey of India for certification of maps given in thetextbook. It also gratefully acknowledges the support of individuals and organisations aslisted below for providing various photographs, and other materials such as articles andpaintings used in this textbook —M.H. Qureshi, Professor, JNU, New Delhi (Photograph No. 9 on page 45); Praveen Mishra(Fig. 8.3); Science Popularisation Association of Communications and Educators (SPACE),New Delhi (Fig. 1.6); Photo Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. ofIndia (Agricultural Field – Cover page); Ministry of Environment and Forests Govt. of India(Figs. 8.1 and 8.5), (Stork – A migratory bird); ITDC/Ministry of Tourism, Govt. ofIndia, (Figs. 5.5, 6.5, 6.6 and 6.7), (Photographs Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10on Page Nos. 44 and 45); (Tiger– Cover page and page 63); (Himalayas – cover page andpage 30 and 40); (Fig. 8.7), (Waterfalls on page 39), (Skiing on page 42), (Deer on page 56);The Times of India, New Delhi (Fig. 8.4); (Collage on Project Tiger on Page 63); PrakashHigher Secondary School, Bodakdev, Ahmedabad (Poem and paintings related to theTsunami on page 52 and 53); Social Science, Part-II, Class-VI, NCERT, 2005 (Fig. 1.3);Social Science, Part-II, Class-VIII, NCERT, 2005 (Fig. 6.8 and Fig. 8.2).Special thanks are due to Savita Sinha, Professor and Head, Department of Educationin Social Sciences and Humanities, NCERT, New Delhi for her support.Special thanks are due to Shveta Uppal, Chief Editor, NCERT and Vandana R. Singh,Consultant Editor, for going through the manusrcipt and suggesting relevant changes.The Council also gratefully acknowledges the contributions of Ishwar SinghDTP Operator; Sameer Khatana and Amar Kumar Prusty, Copy Editors; Bharat Sanwariaand Dilip Kumar Agasti, Proof Readers; Dinesh Kumar, Incharge, Computer Station forgiving a final shape to this book. The contribution of the Publication Department in bringingout this book is also duly acknowledged.The following are applicable to all the maps of India used in this book1.2.3.4.5.6.7. Government of India, Copyright 2006The responsibility for the corr ectness of internal details r ests with the publisher.The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured fromthe appropriate base line.The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are at Chandigarh.The interstate boundaries amongst Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map areas interpreted from the “North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act.1971,” but have yet to be verified.The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record/Master Copy certified bySurvey of India.The state boundaries between Uttaranchal & Uttar Pradesh, Bihar & Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh &Madhya Pradesh have not been verified by the Governments concerned.The spellings of names in this map, have been taken from various sources.
C ONTENTSForewordiii1. The Earth in the Solar System.12. Globe : Latitudes and Longitudes.103. Motions of the Earth.184. Maps.235. Major Domains of the Earth.306. Major Landforms of the Earth.397. Our Country – India.478. India : Climate, Vegetation and Wildlife.56Appendix I.66Appendix II.67
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1THE EARTH IN THE SOLAR SYSTEMHow wonderful it is to watch the sky after sunset! Onewould first notice one or two bright dots shining inthe sky. Soon you would see the number increasing.You cannot count them any more. The whole sky isfilled with tiny shining objects – some are bright, othersdim. It seems as if the sky is studded with diamonds.They all appear to be twinkling. But if you look atthem carefully you will notice that some of them donot twinkle as others do. They simply glow withoutany flicker just as the moon shines.Along with these bright objects, you may also seethe moon on most of the days. It may, however, appearat different times, in different shapes and at differentpositions. You can see the full moon only once in abouta month’s time. It is Full moon night or Poornima. Afortnight later, you cannot see it at all. It is a Newmoon night or Amavasya. On this day, you can watchthe night sky best, provided it is a clear night.Do you wonder why can’t we see the moon and allthose bright tiny objects during day time? It is becausethe very bright light of the sun does not allow us to seeall these bright objects of the night sky.The sun, the moon and all those objects shining inthe night sky are called celestial bodies.Some celestial bodies are very big and hot. Theyare made up of gases. They have their own heat andlight, which they emit in large amounts. These celestialbodies are called stars. The sun is a star.Countless twinkling stars in the night sky aresimilar to the sun. But we do not feel their heat orlight, and they look so tiny because they are very very farfrom us.2-9-2014Let’s DoYou’ll need : 1 torch,1 sheet of plainpaper, pencil and aneedle.Step :1. Place the torch in the centreof the paper with its glassfront touching the paper.2. Now draw a circle aroundthe torch.3. Perforate the paper with theneedle within the circledarea.4. Now place the perforatedcircle part of the paper onthe glass front and wrap thepaper around the torchwith a rubber band.5. Take care that the switchof the torch is not covered.6. In a dark room, stand atsome distance facing aplain wall. Switch off allother lights. Now flash thetorch light on the wall. Youwill see numerous dots oflight on the wall, like starsshine in the night.7. Switch on all the lights inthe room. All dots of lightwill be almost invisible.8. You may now compare thesituation with what happensto the bright objects of thenight sky after the sun risesin the morning.
Figure 1.1 : Saptarishi and theNorth StarInteresting FactJupiter, Saturn andUranus have ringsaround them. Theseare belts of small debris.These rings may beseen from the earthwith the help of powerfultelescopes.You must have noticed that allobjects look smaller when seen from adistance. How small an aeroplane lookswhen it is flying at a great height!While watching the night sky, youmay notice various patterns formed bydifferent groups of stars. These arecalled constellations. Ursa Major orBig Bear is one such constellation. Oneof the most easily recognisableconstellation is the small bear orSaptarishi (Sapta-seven, rishi-sages). Itis a group of seven stars (Figure 1.1)that forms a part of the large Ursa MajorConstellation. Ask someone elder inyour family or neighbourhood to showyou more stars, planets andconstellations in the sky.In ancient times, people used todetermine directions during the nightwith the help of stars. The North starindicates the north direction. It is alsocalled the Pole Star. It always remainsin the same position in the sky. We canlocate the position of the Pole Star withthe help of the Saptarishi. Look at Figure 1.1. Youwill notice that, if an imaginary line is drawn joiningthe pointer stars and extended further, it will point tothe Pole Star.Some celestial bodies do not have their own heatand light. They are lit by the light of the stars. Suchbodies are called planets. The word ‘planet’ comes fromthe Greek word “Planetai” which means ‘wanderers’.The earth on which we live is a planet. It gets all itsheat and light from the sun, which is our nearest star.If we look at the earth from a great distance, say themoon, it will appear to be shining just as the moon.The moon that we see in the sky is a satellite. It is acompanion of our earth and moves round it. Like ourearth, there are eight other planets that get heat andlight from the sun. Some of them have their moons too.THESOLAR SYSTEMThe sun, eight planets, satellites and some othercelestial bodies known as asteroids and meteoroids2THE EARTH : OUR HABITAT2-9-2014
NCERT The Earth Our Habitat-SocialScience Textbook for Class VIPublisher :Author : NCERT Syllabus &PatternsType the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/6401Get this eBook
new knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by adults. Treating . not as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge. . Consultant Editor , for going thr ough the manus
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