General Introduction To Organic Compounds
General Introduction to OrganicCompoundsMost of the foodstuffs that we consume every day such as sugar, fats,starch, vinegar, etc are basically organic compounds. Even though theorganic compounds have been known to man since prehistoric times,their study practically began from the eighteenth century! The term“organic compound” was coined by Berzelius in 1807. Let’s exploremore about these compoundsIntroduction to Organic CompoundsEarlier people thought that compounds which are obtained from plantsand animals are organic compounds and compounds which areobtained from minerals, non-living sources are termed as inorganiccompounds. However, the modern definition of organic compounds isa bit different to this.An organic compound is defined as any compound whose moleculescontain carbon and hydrogen ( also known as ” hydrocarbons” ) orcompound that is the derivative of it. The branch of science which
deals with the scientific study of structure, properties and reactions ofhydrocarbons and their derivatives is known as organic chemistry.Browse more Topics under Organic Chemistry Classification of Organic Compounds Isomerism Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Purification of Organic Compounds Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds Structural Representations of Organic Compounds Types of Organic Reactions Fundamental Concepts of Organic Reaction MechanismCharacteristics of Organic CompoundsThe general characteristics of Organic Compounds include: Can be isolated as well as prepared in laboratory Comprise almost 90% of all known compounds.
Mostly built up of only three elements- carbon, hydrogen andoxygen. Other elements like halogen, nitrogen as well asphosphorous are also present but to a lesser extent. Possess complex structures and high molecular weights Their properties are decided by certain active atom or group ofatoms known as the functional group. They are mostly insoluble in water but soluble in organicsolvents. They are combustible in nature Chemical reactions involving organic compounds proceed atslower rates.Characteristics due to Presence of Covalent Bonds
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing ofelectron pairs between atoms that in turn results in a balance ofattractive and repulsive forces between the atoms. The presence of acovalent bond renders certain characteristics to the organiccompounds. These include: Low melting points and boiling points in comparison to theinorganic compounds. Organic acids and bases are less stronger and thus they have alimited dissociation in an aqueous medium.
They exhibit the phenomenon of isomerism in which a singlemolecular formula represents several organic compoundsdiffering in physical and chemical properties. They are volatile in nature.General Characteristics of Members of Homologous SeriesA Homologous Series is a group of organic chemical compounds,usually listed in the order of increasing size, that have a similarstructure (and hence, also similar properties) and whose structuresdiffer only by the number of CH 2 – CH 2 units in the main carbonchain. They possess the following general characteristics: A general formula describes the members of the homologousseries Successive members differ from each other by CH 2 CH 2 Physical properties change regularly with increasing number ofcarbon atoms. Members have similar chemical properties because they havesame functional group.
Members of the homologous series can be prepared using thesame method.Importance of Organic Compounds Organic compounds are important because all living organismscontain carbon. While carbohydrates, proteins and fats, the basic structures oflife, are organic compounds They are the basic components of many of the cycles that drivethe earth. For example, the carbon cycle that includes theexchange of carbon between plants and animals inphotosynthesis and cellular respiration. Organic compounds combine with metals to formorganometallic compounds. These compounds are importantindustrially. They are used as catalysts, promoters, analysers aswell as stabilizers.Learn more about Types of Organic Reactions here .Solved Questions For You
Q 1. Which of these is not a property of organic compounds?a. They possess complex structures and high molecular weightsb. They are combustiblec. They have high melting as well as boiling pointsd. They have low melting as well as boiling pointsAns: The correct answer is c. They have high melting as well asboiling points.
Classification of Organic CompoundsOrganic compounds constitute about 90% of all compounds. That’squite a lot, isn’t it? In order to study such a vast number ofcompounds, it is necessary to classify them into categories. Let usknow more about the Classification of Organic Compounds as well asthe general categories into which organic compounds are divided.Classification of Organic CompoundsDepending upon the arrangement of carbon atoms in their structure,organic compounds are broadly categorized into Acyclic or Open Chain compounds Cyclic or Closed Chain compoundsThe following diagram will give you a clear idea about theclassification of organic compounds:
Browse more Topics under Organic Chemistry General Introduction to Organic Compounds Isomerism Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Purification of Organic Compounds Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds Structural Representations of Organic Compounds Types of Organic Reactions Fundamental Concepts of Organic Reaction MechanismAcyclic or Open Chain Compounds
The carbon atoms are present in the form of an open chain.This chainmay either be a straight chain or a branched chain. These were initiallyknown as Aliphatic compounds because the compounds of this classwere derived from either animal or vegetable fats Straight Chain Compounds: The carbon skeleton is in the formof a straight chain. Examples:n-Propane CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 3PropeneCH 2 CH-CH 3
Branched Chain Compounds: The carbon skeleton is in theform of a branched chain. Examples: IsobutyleneCyclic or Closed Chain CompoundsThey are marked by the presence of one or more closed chains or ringof atoms in their structure. Depending on whether there is a presenceof any other atom apart from carbon in the constitution of the ring,they are further classified as: Homocyclic or Carbocyclic Compounds
Heterocyclic CompoundsHomocyclic or Carbocyclic CompoundsThe rings in these compounds are entirely made up of carbon atoms.No other atom is present in the ring skeleton.These can be furtherdivided into two sub-classes: Alicyclic Compounds Aromatic CompoundsAlicyclic Compounds
Their name is attributed to their resemblance to Aliphatic compoundsin their properties. The examples of this category includecyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, etc.Aromatic CompoundsThese are cyclic unsaturated compounds. They derive their name fromthe Greek word Aroma w hich means “fragrant smell” since most ofthese compounds bear a pleasant smell. These are further classifiedinto two types: Benzenoid Aromatic Compounds: They are characterized bythe presence of one or more fused or isolated benzene rings aswell as their derivatives in their structure. Depending upon thenumber of benzene rings that are fused together in their
structure, they can be further classified as Monocyclic,Bicyclic, Tricyclic. Non-Benzenoid aromatic Compounds: They are characterizedby the presence of a single benzene ring to which other groupsare attached.
AnilineBicyclic and Tricyclic CompoundsThese are characterized by the presence of two or more rings in theirstructure.Examples include Naphthalene, Phenanthrene as well asAnthracene.
NaphthalenePhenanthrene1.AnthraceneNon-Benzenoid Aromatic Compounds
Aromatic compounds that contain other highly unsaturated rings inplace of the benzene ring are called non-benzenoid aromaticcompounds. Examples includeAzuleneTropolone
Heterocyclic CompoundsWhen one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur,boron, silicon etc, are present in the ring such compounds are knownas heterocyclic compounds. Alicyclic heterocyclic compounds: Aliphatic heterocycliccompounds that contain one or more heteroatoms in their ringsare called alicyclic heterocyclic compounds.
Aromatic heterocyclic compounds Aromatic heterocycliccompounds that contain one or more heteroatoms in their ringskeleton are called aromatic heterocyclic compounds.Solved Questions For YouQue: Which of these is not an aromatic compound?
a.b.c.
d.Ans: The correct answer is option b. It is the structure of cyclohexanewhich is an alicyclic compound.
IsomerismYou have probably come across the words ‘isomers and isomerism’ inyour previous classes. But, do you know all about them? Isn’t it funnythat with the same chemical formula , two compounds exhibit differentproperties? Are they twins or something? Well, no! In this chapter, letus study about isomerism in greater detail. We will look at its typesand examples as well.What is Isomerism?It is a phenomenon where two or more compounds have the samechemical formula but possesses different structural formulas, that is,different properties. This is mainly because of different structural orspatial arrangements. Isomers are the compounds exhibitingisomerism.Types of IsomerismBasically, there are two types. They are: Structural Isomerism
StereoisomerismHowever, these are again of many subtypes as shown in the figure:Structural IsomerismIsomers are structural isomers when they have the same molecularformula but different structures, as in how they are linked to eachother. Structural isomerism is further of the following types. Let’slearn about these types one-by-one.Learn the different Characteristics of Organic Compounds here .1) Chain IsomerismIsomers are chain isomers when two or more compounds have thesame molecular formula but differ in the branching of carbon atoms.
For example, we can represent C 5 H 12 as three compounds:CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 – pentane2) Position IsomerismIsomers are position isomers when the two or more compounds differin the position of the functional group or substituent atoms. Forexample, we can represent C 3 H 7 OH in two arrangements:CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH-Propan-1-ol3) Functional IsomerismIsomers are functional isomers when the two or more compounds havean identical molecular formula but differ in the functional group
present. These isomers are functional isomers. For example, we canrepresent C 3 H 6 O as a ketone and as an aldehyde.4) MetamerismThis is exhibited by compounds due to the presence of different alkylchains on either side of the functional group. For example, we canrepresent C 4 H 10 O as ethoxyethane (C 2 H 5 OC2H 5 ) andmethoxypropane (CH 3 OC 3 H 7 ).Read more about N omenclature of Organic Compounds here in detail.Stereo IsomerismStereoisomerism is a phenomenon in which compounds have the samemolecular formula but differ in the relative positioning or orientationof atoms in space. Stereoisomers are the compounds exhibitingstereoisomerism. We can further classify stereoisomerism into:
Geometric Isomerism: it is shown by molecules in which theirspatial positions are locked to each other due to the presence ofa ring structure or a double bond. Optical Isomerism: Two or more compounds that have thesame molecular arrangement but differ in the optical activityare optical isomers.Learn more about different types of Organic Reaction here .Solved Examples for YouQ1: What is a chiral carbon?Ans: If all the four valencies of carbon are satisfied by four differentatoms or four different groups of atoms, then carbon is known aschiral carbon.Q2: What is tautomerism?
Ans: It is the type of isomerism in which two functional isomers existtogether in equilibrium. The two forms existing in equilibrium arecalled as tautomers.
Nomenclature of Organic CompoundsHow did you get your name? Easy. Maybe your parents or yourrelatives decided. But, who gave names to the organic compounds?Why are they called what they are called? Have you ever wondered?In this chapter, we will look at the concept of nomenclature of organiccompounds. We will see how these compounds get their names. Let’sbegin. Nomenclature of Organic CompoundsIn earlier days, people knew organic compounds by their commonnames. For example, methane was ‘marsh gas’. This is because wefound it in marshy places. With the evolution of so many organiccompounds and continuous addition of new compounds, dealing withtrivial names became a difficulty.Therefore, scientists introduced a proper method in order to name theorganic compounds. This uniform system for naming the compoundsis the IUPAC system, which is the International Union of Pure andApplied Chemistry.
Features of the Trivial SystemThe name of an organic compound, when in a non-systematic manneror vernacular name is what is known as a trivial system. There are noparticular set of rules for the trivial name of the compound. In thissystem, names are usually simple like acetic acid, toluene, and phenoletc. For example, tartaric acid is a carbolic acid that we usually find intamarind. But in IUPAC, it is 2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-Butanedioic acid.Browse more Topics under Organic Chemistry General Introduction to Organic Compounds Classification of Organic Compounds Isomerism Purification of Organic Compounds Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds Structural Representations of Organic Compounds
Types of Organic Reactions Fundamental Concepts of Organic Reaction MechanismDrawbacks of this System Many trivial names are present for a single compound. Forexample, Phenol has different names like hydroxybenzene,carbolic acid, and phenol. This system is limited to few compounds in each group. Forexample, the first two members of the carbolic acid familyhave trivial names, formic acid, and acetic acid respectively butcarbolic acid with more atoms does not have any trivial names. There are no particular guidelines for naming complexcompounds.Chemical Nomenclature: IUPAC RulesAccording to the IUPAC system, the nomenclature of organiccompounds consists of the following parts:1) Steps Involved
Longest Chain Rule: In this step, all we have to do is identifythe parent hydrocarbon and give the name to it. The parentchain of the compound is usually the longest chain of carbonatoms. This chain could be straight or of a different shape. Lowest number of Locants: We start the numbering of thecarbon atoms in the longest chain from the end that gives thelowest number to the carbon atoms carrying the substituents. Multiple Presence of the same substituent: Prefixes such as di,tri, etc. are added to the substituents that are present twice,thrice respectively in the parent chain. Naming the various substituents: If more than one substituent ispresent, then we need to arrange the substituents in analphabetical order of their names. Naming different substituents at equivalent positions: If wefind the presence of two different substituents on the sameposition from the two ends, what do we do? In such cases, thesubstituent first in the alphabetical order gets the lowestnumber. The Naming of Complex Substituents: We name the complexsubstituent when the substituent on the parent chain has abranched structure (i.e complex structure). We name these
substituents as a substituted alkyl group. It is also important tonote that the carbon atom of this substituent gets the number 1.We write the name of these type of substituents in brackets.The final name will be in format : Locant Prefix Root Locant Suffix. N ow, we will look at some more details of nomenclature oforganic compounds.2) Word rootIt indicates the number of carbon atoms in the longest selected carbonchain. For example, C 1 is ‘Meth’ and C 5 is ‘Pent’.3) SuffixA suffix is generally a functional group in the molecule which followsthe word root. We can divide it into: Primary suffix: We write it immediately after the word root.For example, in alkanes the suffix is ane. Secondary suffix: We write it after the primary suffix. Forinstance, if a compound has alkane and alcohol group attached
to it, the naming will be alkanol, -ol being the suffix foralcohol.4) PrefixWe add the prefix to the word root while naming the compound. Itindicates the presence of substituent groups or side chains in theorganic molecule. It reveals the cyclic and acyclic nature of thecompound. Primary prefix: Indicates whether the molecule is cyclic or not.For example, for cyclic compounds the prefix used is cyclo. Secondary prefix: Indicates the presence of substituent groupsor any side chain. For example –CH 3 is known as Methyl and–Br is Bromo.Types of Chemical Nomenclature1) Compositional Nomenclature of Organic CompoundsThis term denotes the named constructions based on the compositionof species or substances being named, against the systems that involvestructural composition or information. One among them is the
generalised stoichiometric name. Substances or the elements arenamed with multiple prefixes in order to give the overallstoichiometry of an element or a compound.When there are more components, then we divide them into 2 classesnamely, electropositive and electronegative components. These nameswill sound like salt names and this does not imply the chemical natureand behaviour of those species. Examples: Sodium Chloride – NaCl,Trioxygen – O 3 , Phosphorous trichloride – PCl 32) Substitutive Nomenclature of Organic CompoundsIt is based on the approach where parent hydride is changed byreplacement of hydrogen atoms with other atoms or a group of atoms.It is a system where we name the organic compounds using functionalgroups as the suffix or prefix to the name of the parent compound. Weuse this system in naming compounds derived from hydrides ofspecific group elements in the periodic table.Similar to that of carbon, these elements may form rings and chainsthat will have many derivatives. Rules come in handy in naming theparent or main compounds and their substituents. Hydrides belongingto group 13-17 of the periodic table get the suffix – ane. For example
– Borane, Phosphane, and oxidane etc. Examples: 1, 1-difluorotrisilane (SiH3.SiH2.Si.HF 2 ), Trichlorophosphine(PCl 3 )Solved Example for YouQ: Write a note on the additive nomenclature of organic compounds.Ans: We use this method for the coordination compounds even thoughit has wide applications. An example for its application ispentaamminechlorocobalt (III) chloride – [CoCl(NH 3 ) 5 ]Cl 2 .Chloride will have the prefix ‘chloro’ while ligand will have‘chlorido’.For example: PCl 3 – trichloridophosphorus, [CoCl 3 (NH 3 ) 3 ] –tri-ammine-trichloridocobalt.
Purification of Organic CompoundsAlmost everything that we see these days is impure, isn’t it? The waterwe drink and the food we eat also need to go through levels ofpurification processes. Similar is the case with organic compounds.There are several methods of purification of organic compounds. Whyare these important and how do we do it? Let us learn all that in thischapter!Types of PurificationA large number of methods are available for the purification ofsubstances. The choice of method, however, depends upon the natureof substance (whether solid or liquid). It also depends on the type ofimpurities present in it. We commonly use these methods forpurification of substances: Simple crystallisation Fractional crystallisation Sublimation Simple distillation Fractional distillation
Distillation under reduced pressure Steam distillation Azeotropic distillation ChromatographyBrowse more Topics under Organic Chemistry General Introduction to Organic Compounds Classification of Organic Compounds Isomerism Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds Structural Representations of Organic Compounds Types of Organic Reactions Fundamental Concepts of Organic Reaction MechanismLet us now study about these methods in brief for betterunderstanding.Simple Crystallisation
This is the most common method that we use to purify organic solids.For crystallisation, a suitable solvent is one which dissolves more of the substance at a higher temperaturethan at room temperature in which impurities are either insoluble or dissolve to an extentthat they remain in solution (in the mother liquor) uponcrystallisation which is not highly inflammable and which does not react chemically with the compound to becrystallized. The most commonly-used solvents forcrystallisation are water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbontetrachloride, acetone, benzene, petroleum ether etc.Fractional CrystallisationIt is the process of separation of different components of a mixture byrepeated crystallisations. In the first step, we dissolve the mixture in asolvent in which the two components have different solubilities. Whenwe cool a hot saturated solution of this mixture, the less soluble
component crystallises out first while the more soluble substanceremains in solution.The mother liquor left after crystallisation of the less solublecomponent is again concentrated and then we allow it to cool. Hence,we obtain the crystals of the more soluble component.SublimationCertain organic solids on heating directly change from solid to vapourstate without passing through a liquid state. These substances aresublimable. This process is sublimation.We use this process for the separation of sublimable volatilecompounds from non-sublimable impurities. We use this for thepurposes of purification of camphor, naphthalene, anthracene, benzoicacid, Iodine and salicylic acid etc containing non-volatile impurities.Simple DistillationDistillation is the joint process of vapourisation and condensation. Weuse this method for the purification of liquids which boil withoutdecomposition and contain non-volatile impurities. We can also use
this method for separating liquids having sufficient difference in theirboiling points.Fractional DistillationWe can use this process to separate a mixture of two or more miscibleliquids which have boiling points close to each other. We carry outthis process by using fractionating columns. The fractionating columnis a special type of long glass tube that has obstructions to the passageof the vapour upwards and that of liquid downwards. This method canseparate a mixture of acetone (b. p. 330 K) and methyl alcohol (b. p.338 K) or a mixture of benzene and toluene.Distillation under Reduced Pressure
We use this method for the purification of high boiling liquids andliquids which decompose at or below their boiling points. Practicalexamples include the crude oil industry, sugarcane industry etc.Steam DistillationThis method is applicable for the separation and purification of thoseorganic compounds (solids or liquids) which: are insoluble in water are volatile in steam possess a high vapour pressure (10-15 mm Hg) at 373 K and contain non-volatile impurities.Azeotropic DistillationAn azeotropic mixture is a mixture having a constant boiling point.The most familiar example is a mixture of ethanol and water in theratio of 95.87: 4.13 (a ratio present in rectified spirit). It boils at78.13 o C. We can’t separate the constituents of an azeotropic mixtureby fractional distillation. Hence, we have to use a special type of
distillation (azeotropic distillation) for separating the constituents ofan azeotropic mixture.In this method, we use the third compound in distillation. The processuses the fact that dehydrating agents like diethyl ether etc. depress thepartial pressure of one of the original components. As a result, theboiling point of that component raises sufficiently and thus, the othercomponent will distil over.ChromatographyThis is a modern method that we can use for the separation ofmixtures into its components, purification of compounds and also testthe purity of compounds. The name chromatography comes from theGreek word ‘chroma’ meaning colour and ‘graphy’ for writingbecause the method was first used for the separation of colouredsubstances found in plants. This method was described by Tswett in1906.Principle of ChromatographyThe technique of chromatography uses the difference in the rates atwhich the components of a mixture move through a porous medium
(stationary phase) under the influence of some solvent or gas (movingphase).Thus, this technique consists of two phases- one is a stationary phaseof the large surface area while the second is a moving phase which isallowed to move slowly over the stationary phase. The stationaryphase is either a solid or a liquid while the moving phase may be aliquid or a gas. There are also some other methods of purification likedifferential extraction and other chemical methods.Solved Examples for YouQuestion: Give two practical applications of simple crystallisation.Answer: Practical applications of simple crystallisation include: Sugar having an impurity of common salt can be crystallizedfrom hot ethanol since sugar dissolves in hot ethanol butcommon salt does not.
A mixture of benzoic acid and naphthalene can be separatedfrom hot water in which benzoic acid dissolves but naphthalenedoes not.
Qualitative Analysis of OrganicCompoundsHow do you think scientists can recognise the various organiccompounds? Is it easy? Well, ‘easy’ is a relative term! However, thequalitative analysis that helps them know what compound is what. Justlike your teachers conduct tests to know which subject you are bad at,scientists also have a number of tests to know which is whichcompound. In this chapter, we will study the Qualitative analysis oforganic compounds. However, before we start, let us go through allthe basic tests first.Qualitative Analysis of ElementsThe most commonly occurring elements in organic compounds arecarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and halogen elements.There is no direct method for the detection of oxygen. For detectingnitrogen, sulphur and halogens, we can use the sodium fusion test(Lassaigne’s test).Sodium Fusion Test
This test is used for the qualitative analysis of elements nitrogen,sulphur and halogen in Organic compounds. In order to detect them, itis necessary to convert them into ionisable inorganic substances.Browse more Topics under Organic Chemistry General Introduction to Organic Compounds Classification of Organic Compounds Isomerism Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Purification of Organic Compounds Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds Structural Representations of Organic Compounds Types of Organic Reactions Fundamental Concepts of Organic Reaction Mechanism1) Test for NitrogenWe can detect cyanide ion and hence, nitrogen ion in the sample bythe Prussian blue test. The filtered alkaline solution resulting from theaction of water upon the sodium fusion is treated iron (II) sulphate andthus, forms sodium hexacyanoferrate (II).
Upon boiling the alkaline iron (II) salt solution, some iron (III) ionsare insensibly produced by the action of air. Now, we add dilutesulphuric acid to dissolve the iron (II) and (III) hydroxides. Thehexacyanoferrate (II) reacts with the iron (III) salt, producing iron (III)hexacyanoferrate (II), Prussian blue. A Prussian blue precipitate orcolouration indicates that nitrogen is present.FeSO 4 6NaCN3Na 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] Na 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ]2Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 Na 2 SO 4Fe 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3 6Na 2 SO 42) Test for Halogens (Nitrogen and Sulphur Absent)We acidify a portion of the fusion solution with dilute nitric acid. We,then add an excess of silver nitrate solution. A precipitate indicates thepresence of a halogen. We decant the mother liquor and treat theprecipitate with dilute aqueous ammonia solution. If the precipitate iswhite and readily soluble in ammonia solution, chlorine is present. Incase, it is pale yellow and difficulty soluble, bromine is present. If it isyellow and insoluble, then iodine and bromine may be confirmed bysome more tests.
3) Test for Halogens (Nitrogen and/or Sulphur Present)Cyanide and sulphide ions both interfere with this test for halide byforming silver cyanide and silver sulphide precipitates. If nitrogen orsulphur is present, we must remove the interfering ions. To removecyanide and sulphide ions, we have to acidify the fusion solution withdilute nitric acid. Then, we have to evaporate it to half of the originalvolume to expel hydrogen cyanide and/or hydrogen sulphide whichmay be present.Qualitative Analysis of Functional Groups1) Alcoholic –OH groupWe can detect the alcoholic group by the following tests: Sodium Metal Test: We conduct this test on the basis of theappearance of effervescence due to the liberation of hydrogengas in reactions of sodium with alcohol.2R – OH 2Na 2RONa H 2
Acetyl Chloride Test: Acetyl chloride reacts vigorously withprimary and secondary alcohols with the evolution of hydrogenchloride. The hydrogen chloride gives white fumes ofammonium chloride with ammonium hydroxide. Ceric Ammonium Test: To the sample, we add a few drops ofceric ammonium nitrate and shake well. The appearance ofpink or red colour indicates the presence of an alcoholic group.2ROH (NH 4 ) 2 Ce(NO 3 ) 6 (ROH) 2 Ce(NO 3 ) 4 2NH 4 NO 32) Carbonyls (Aldehydes and Ketones) 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine test: We add a small amount (2drops or 0.05 – 0.1g) of the substance to 3 ml of2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine reagent and shake well. A
crystalline precipitate indicates the presence of a carbonylcompound. Occasionally the precipitate is oily at first but thisbecomes crystalline upon standing.3) Aldehydes Schiff’s Test: We dissolve the given compound in alcohol andthen add 1
General Introduction to Organic Compounds Most of the foodstuffs that we consume every day such as sugar, fats, starch, vinegar, etc are basically organic compounds. Even though the . hydrocarbons and their derivatives is known as organic chemistry. Browse more Topics under Organic Chemistry Classification of Organic Compounds Isomerism
meth-eth-prop-but-pent-6 8 7 9 10 hex-hept-oct-non-dec-5 3.2 Naming Organic Compounds Organic H 3C CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 H 2C CH2 H 2C CH CH 2 3.3 Naming Organic Compounds Organic H 3C CH CH CH2 H3C CH CH3 CH3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 3.4 Naming Organic Compounds Organic Name all
256 Study Guide for An Introduction to Chemistry Section Goals and Introductions Section 15.1 Organic Compounds Goals To describe carbon-based compounds, called organic compounds. To describe the different ways that organic molecules can be represented and show you how to convert from one way to the others. To show how you can recognize different types of organic compounds.
264 Study Guide for An Introduction to Chemistry Section Goals and Introductions Section 17.1 Organic Compounds Goals To describe carbon-based compounds, called organic compounds. To describe the different ways that organic molecules can be represented and show you how to convert from one way to the others. To show how you can recognize different types of organic compounds.
Chapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons Firefighters must be knowledgeable about fire codes, arson, and the . 11.1 Organic Compounds Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Organic compounds such as vegetable oil contain carbon and hydrogen.
All organic compounds contain carbon atoms, but not all carbon-containing compounds are classified as organic. examples: Na 2 CO 3, CO, and CO 2 are considered inorganic. Organic compounds can be defined as covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides. Chapter 22
1. Organic Spectroscopy–William Kemp 2. Spectroscopy of organic compounds – P.S. Kalsi 3. Spectrometric identification of Organic compounds-Silverstein, Bassler & Morrill 4. Spectrometric identification of Organic compounds-Silverstein & Webster 5. A complete introduction to NMR Spectroscopy-Roger S. Macomber 6. Organic Spectroscopy .
Organic Chemistry Chapter 1 General Introduction . 2 Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon. Inorganic compounds are those obtained from minerals, while organic compounds are those obtained from vegetable or animal sources, that is, from material produced by living .
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