Of Tasmania
!FeralAnimalsphoto taken in Victoriaoftasmaniahow you can help control the State’s worst pest animal speciesThe Threatened Species Network is a community-based program of theAustralian Government and WWF-Australia.
The author and the ThreatenedSpecies Network gratefullyacknowledge the expert assistanceof Geoff Allen, Glenn Atkinson,Stewart Blackhall, Vic Causby,Wayne Dick, John Diggle, MichaelDriessen, Rob Freeman, SarahGraham, Glenn Graves, Graham Hall,Andrew Hingston, Jean Jackson,Steve Locke, Matthew Marrison,Rodney Milner, Nick Mooney,Sue Robinson, Grant Scurr, KeithSpringer, Colin Spry, Mick Statham,Sarah Tassell, Chris Tidemann, ChrisWisniewski, Eric Woehler and CathyYoung in the preparation of thispublication.Published in March 2008 byWWF-Australia.World Wide Fund for Nature AustraliaABN 57 001 594 074The Threatened Species Networkis a community-based program ofthe Australian Government andWWF-Australia. This publicationhas been funded by the ThreatenedSpecies Network, NRM South andthe Fox Eradication Branch of theTasmanian Department of PrimaryIndustries and Water.For copies contact:Threatened SpeciesNetworkWWF-Australia191-193 Liverpool StHobart TAS 7000P: 03 6234 3552E: tsntas@wwf.org.auURL: www.wwf.org.au/tsnCopyright 2008 WWF-AustraliaAll rights reserved. Any reproductionin full or in part of this publicationmust mention the title and creditthe abovementioned publisher as thecopyright owner.The opinions expressed in this publicationare those of the authors and do notnecessarily reflect the views of WWFor the Australian Government.Author/editor: Stephanie Pfennigwerth,Melampus MediaIntroduction: Peter McGlone,Threatened SpeciesNetwork,WWF-AustraliaDesigner:Kelly Eijdenberg,In Graphic DetailPrinted by:Printing Authorityof TasmaniaCover image: Fox Rohan ClarkeISBN:1921031 25 5The Threatened Species Network is a community-based program of theAustralian Government and WWF-Australia.
IntroductionWhen Captain James Cookreleased two pigs on BrunyIsland in 1777, it was perhapsthe first in a long list of animalintroductions into Tasmania.Although Cook’s pigs died,many other introduced speciescontinue to thrive and, in somecases, threaten Tasmania’s uniquebiodiversity. The confirmedarrival of the European red foxin recent years signals one ofthe greatest environmentalchallenges faced by theTasmanian community.The purpose of Feral Animalsof Tasmania is to improve thecommunity’s knowledge andunderstanding of feral animals,and to encourage people tobecome involved in reportingand managing them. Greatercommunity awareness andreporting will result in improvedmanagement decisions andbetter outcomes for Tasmania’snative fauna and flora, as wellas for agriculture and otherindustries.!In some waterways inmainland Australia, carpcan comprise more than90% of the total fishbiomass.What is a ‘feral animal’?In the Tasmanian context, anintroduced animal is any animalthat is not native to Tasmania.Animals native to mainlandAustralia, and which do notnaturally occur in Tasmania, arealso considered to be introducedanimals. Such animals may arrivein Tasmania accidentally, or bedeliberately introduced for avariety of reasons, includingsport and recreation, primaryindustry, biological control, andcompanionship (pets).A feral animal is any introducedanimal which has becomeestablished in the wild. Feralanimals are able to reproduce andmaintain populations, or havethe potential to do so withoutsignificant human support.
Impacts of feral animalsFeral animals are one of thebiggest threats to biodiversity inTasmania. They threaten nativeanimals and plants throughpredation, competition for foodand habitat, habitat destruction,spreading weeds and diseases,and hybridising or cross-breedingwith them, compromising theirgenetic integrity.Feral animals also seriously affectagriculture by damaging crops,preying on livestock, competingfor pasture or degrading theland by causing soil erosion,water turbidity and the spreadof weeds.The social impacts of feralanimals include effects onhuman health, and damageof infrastructure or culturallyimportant sites. The presence offeral animals in the TasmanianWilderness World HeritageArea and the Macquarie IslandWorld Heritage Area not onlydetracts from the internationallysignificant natural values ofthese areas, but also diminishestheir social and cultural value tohumans as ‘pristine wilderness’.Other impacts are easierto quantify. According tothe Australian Pest AnimalStrategy, 11 of Australia’s majorIf permitted, theimportation of new,‘wilder’ polecatbloodlines into thedomestic ferretbreeding populationmay result in thedevelopment of alarger, more aggressiveanimal even bettersuited to survival inAustralian conditions.pest animal species areconservatively estimated tohave impacts valued at over 720 million annually. 1!
Prioritising feral speciesIn recent years there hasbeen growing concern inTasmania about the impacts offeral animals, and a growingcommunity effort to help controlthem. We have consulted withmany of Tasmania’s experts inferal animal management tocreate a priority list of terrestrialand freshwater feral animalspecies for Tasmania, and an!A single feral cat may killmore than 20,000 individualvertebrates in a 7-yearlifetime.agreed role for the communityin each case. This publicationprovides information on speciesin this priority list.The priority feral animals arethose which are thought to havethe greatest impact on nativespecies and ecosystems if theyare not managed effectively. Themost cost-effective approachesto feral animal managementare prevention and earlyintervention. Animals that arecurrently not found in Tasmania,but have the potential to causesignificant ecological damageif they establish, have beenincluded. Because eradication isachievable when populations aresmall and are discovered early,the help of a vigilant communityin early detection is invaluable.Some species, such as theferal cat and rabbit, may havea significant impact on theenvironment but are widespread,numerous and impossible toeradicate from Tasmania due tosocial, financial or technologicalconstraints. However, they canbe eradicated from off-shoreislands, and efforts can be madeto limit or exclude them aroundareas of high conservationsignificance on Tasmania’smainland, such as breeding areasor sites containing threatenedplant species. The bumblebee,which is currently restricted toTasmania, has also been included
because the community can playa crucial role in preventing itsspread to the rest of Australia.The feral status of animalssuch as brown trout andfallow deer may be disputed.To some people these animalsare a valued sporting resourceor are visually appealing. Toothers, they are the cause ofsignificant environmental andagricultural damage. They areincluded because experts and theTasmanian Government agreethat there are places from whichthey should be excluded. Closemonitoring by an informed andwatchful community can helpensure these animals do notextend their current range.!1McLeod, R., 2004. Counting the Cost:Impact of Invasive Animals. Canberra:Cooperative Research Centre for PestAnimal Control. Quoted in NaturalResource Management Ministerial Council,2007. Australian Pest Animal Strategy – ANational Strategy for the Management ofVertebrate Pest Animals in Australia. Canberra:Commonwealth of Australia: 1.Climate matchingstudies indicatethat, if introduced,feral pigs may thrivein large areas ofcentral and easternTasmania. They arealready establishedon Flinders Island.
How touse thispublicationFeral Animals of Tasmania isdesigned to help you identify,report and take direct actionto monitor and manage feralanimals. Anyone who spendstime in the bush or on thewater – Landcare volunteers,farmers, landowners, recreationalfishers, guides, recreationalshooters, professional pestcontrollers, field naturalists,bird watchers, bushwalkers,environmental consultants,botanists, forestry workers andpark rangers – should keep acopy on hand.Information on each cardThe front of each card or speciesprofile includes pictures and adescription to help you identifythe species. The back of thecard provides more detailedinformation covering the historyand current distribution of thespecies, its known impacts,current management and sourcesof further information. A greycoloured section advises whataction you can take, includingphone numbers for reportingsightings, as well as relevantlegal information.Categories of feral animalsThe animals in this publicationare divided into three categoriesand are colour-coded in order ofpriority.!Highest priority: unwantedin the wild and to beeradicated from Tasmania,e.g. fox, gambusia, myna.!Second priority: unwantedin the wild but can onlybe feasibly/efficientlyeradicated or controlledfrom specific areas aroundspecial values, e.g. cat,rabbit.!Third priority: wantedin the wild but withindefined managed areas,e.g. deer, trout.
The management responseis different for each prioritycategory, so take careful note ofan animal’s category to see whatyou can do to assist in its controlor eradication.Note regardingdistribution mapsEach animal profile features amap showing locations wherethat feral animal has establishedbreeding populations in thewild. In cases where breedingpopulations have not beenconfirmed, such as the ferretand long-necked turtle, the mapsrepresent where individual animalshave been found in the wild.Making a report ofa feral animalIf you spot a feral animal, it isimportant to positively identify it. If possible, mark the site withbright tape to help identifythe site if you and/or anotherperson need to return to it. Thoroughly check the animal’scharacteristics against thephotographs and descriptions inthis publication. Submit your report by phoningthe number/s in the greysection on the back of thespecies profile. Where possible, take aphotograph or video of theanimal and any tracks, scats orother traces you have found. Donot collect a specimen unlessspecifically instructed to do so.No matter what action issuggested, it is importantto avoid any unnecessarydisturbance of the animal orarea. Such activity may resultin removing evidence, such astracks or scats, or make the Immediately write down aanimal more wary of people anddescription of the animal andconsequently harder to control.what it was doing.Always be aware of the health If possible, immediately recordand safety of yourself and othersthe location using a GPS or mark before undertaking any action.it on a map.
All records are important, butwith some of the widespreadanimals, such as cats, rabbits,wasps or trout, it is moreimportant to make reports wherethe animal is obviously outsidethe known area of distribution asmarked on the map.European red fox with preyWant to become involved inactive control programs?With some feral animals yourinvolvement may be limited toreporting a sighting. This is oftenthe situation where the controlmethods are very dangerous ordifficult, or could render yousubject to legal action. In othercases members of the publiccan take direct action.You can also make a majorcontribution by being aresponsible pet owner,adhering to quarantinerules, and not feeding orharbouring feral animals.The animal profiles refer toactive control programs inwhich you can become involved.However, it is not possible tolist all the details for all of thegroups and programs. Contactthe Threatened Species Networkfor further information aboutcontrol programs in your area.Bumblebee
AbbreviationsFeral catACTAustralian CapitalTerritoryAQISAustralian Quarantineand Inspection ServiceDFTDDevil Facial TumourDiseaseDepartment of PrimaryIndustries and Water(Tasmania)DPIWIUCN International Unionfor the Conservationof Nature and NaturalResources (the WorldConservation Union)NSW New South WalesNT Northern TerritoryPWS Parks and WildlifeService (Tasmania)EHNEpizootic HaemopoieticNecrosis (virus)RHDVEPBCActEnvironment Protectionand BiodiversityConservation Act 1999SA South AustraliaIFSInland Fisheries Service(Tasmania)WA Western AustraliaRabbit HaemorrhagicDisease VirusTWWHA Tasmanian WildernessWorld Heritage Area
Glossaryaestivation period of torporduring weather extremes, duringwhich an animal’s metabolicprocesses slow downbarbel slender, fleshy outgrowthon the lower jaw of some fishes,equipped with sensory andchemical receptorscarapace the upper shell of aturtle or crustaceancephalothorax the fused headand thorax of some crustaceansherpetofauna reptiles andamphibianslateral line sensory organrunning along the sides of afish, between gill opening andtail base; number of scales alongthis line is useful in identifyingspeciespiscivorous fish-eating animalplastron the lower shell of aturtleRamsar site internationallyimportant wetland identifiedfor conservation under theConvention on Wetlands, anintergovernmental treaty signedin Ramsar, Iran, in 1971rostrum in crustaceans, thebeak-like spike that pointsforward from between the eyesscute large horny scale or platefound on the outer layer of aturtle’s carapace and plastronspeculum iridescent patchon the secondary feathers of aduck’s wingthorax the middle section ofan insect or crustacean’s body,between its head and abdomentubercle small rounded bumpon an animal’s skinvagrant a ‘stray’ animal foundin an area outside of its usualhabitatFerret
FurtherreadingFederal Government:Department of Environment,Water, Heritage and theArts, Biodiversity Section:“Feral Animals in Australia”URL: s/index.html Tasmanian Government:Department of Environment,Parks, Heritage and the Arts,Tasmanian Parks and WildlifeServiceURL: www.parks.tas.gov.au/ Tasmanian Government:Department of PrimaryIndustries and Water,Resource Management andConservationURL: 7?open URL: R?open Tasmanian Government:Department of PrimaryIndustries and Water, FoxEradication BranchURL: www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/fox Tasmanian Government:Inland Fisheries ServiceURL: www.ifs.tas.gov.au Hybrid male mallardInvasive Animals CooperativeResearch CentreURL: www.invasiveanimals.com URL: www.feral.org.au WWF-AustraliaURL: www.wwf.org.au
ContactsDepartment of PrimaryIndustries and Water (DPIW)Biodiversity Conservation BranchP: 1300 368 550 or(03) 6233 6556E: wildlife.enq@dpiw.tas.gov.auor fill in the form atURL: m URL: www.dpiw.tas.gov.au Fox Eradication BranchP: 1300 368 550 or (03) 6336 5320Report fox sightings or activity tothe 24 hour hotline:1300 FOX OUT (1300 369 688)E: Fox.Enquiries@dpiw.tas.gov.auURL: www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/fox Parks and Wildlife ServiceTasmania (PWS)P: 1300 135 513 or(03) 6233 2270 or (03) 6233 6556(wildlife and incident reporting)E: fill in the form atURL: www.parks.tas.gov.au/enquiries.html URL: www.parks.tas.gov.au Inland Fisheries Service (IFS)P: 1300 463 474 or(03) 6259 8166(Liawenee Field Station)(03) 6254 0058(Lake Crescent Field Station)AH: 0408 145 768(Senior Inspector)E: infish@ifs.tas.gov.auURL: www.ifs.tas.gov.au BushwatchP: 1800 333 000Quarantine TasmaniaP: 1800 084 881 or(03) 6233 3352(Hobart)(03) 6391 8286(Launceston)(03) 6421 7613(Devonport)AH: 0418 125 634E: Quarantine.Enquiries@dpiw.tas.gov.auURL: www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/quarantine Australian Quarantine andInspection Service (AQIS)P: 1800 020 504 or(03) 6233 3352(Hobart)0418 125 634(Duty Officer)(03) 6421 7622(Devonport ferry terminal)URL: www.aqis.gov.au
PHOTOGRAPH CREDITSm main image; tr top right;br bottom right; tl top left;bl bottom left; c centre;cl centre leftIntroductory cards: Bumblebee Entomart; Cat Tony Buckmaster;Ferret Department of Conservation(New Zealand); Mallard StephaniePfennigwerth.Rainbow Lorikeet m: SimonPaterson, Bookhouse; bl: RohanClarke; tr: Derek Ramsey; SuperbLyrebird m: Rohan Clarke; tr both,bl: courtesy Sarah Tassell, Universityof Tasmania; Myna m: AndrewTatnell; c: J. M. Garg; bl: MarkDavid; Mallard m: Rohan Clarke; c: Alan D. Wilson; tr, bl: StephaniePfennigwerth; Oriental Weatherloachboth Rudie Kuiter, AquaticPhotographics; Redfin Perch both Rudie Kuiter, Aquatic Photographics;Goldfish m, bl: Rudie Kuiter, AquaticPhotographics, c: IFS; Carp m: Rudie Kuiter, Aquatic Photographics;bl, tr: courtesy Chris Wisniewski, IFS;Tench both Rudie Kuiter, AquaticPhotographics; Atlantic Salmon m: Hans-Petter Fjeld; bl: RobertMcDowall; Gambusia m, tr: RudieKuiter, Aquatic Photographics; bl:courtesy Rodney Milner; Trouts all Rudie Kuiter, Aquatic Photographics;Long-necked Turtle m: Peter Firus,Flagstaffotos; tr: Rudie Kuiter,Aquatic Photographics; cl: courtesyChris Wisniewski, IFS; RedclawCrayfish m: courtesy Victorian DPI;tr, bl: courtesy Queensland DPI&F;Yabby both Rudie Kuiter, AquaticPhotographics; Bumblebee m: Joachim Alves Gaspar; bl: StephaniePfennigwerth; Introduced Wasps all Entomart; Ferret m: Departmentof Conservation (New Zealand)/Rod Morris; tr: Rod Morris; bl: Department of Conservation (NewZealand); Cat m: Jiri Lochman/Lochman Transparencies; tr: courtesyInvasive Species CRC; Fallow Deer m: Rohan Clarke; c: Peter Merritt; bl:courtesy Steve Locke, PWS; EuropeanRed Fox m: Malene Thyssen; c: NSW DPI; bl: courtesy DPIW FoxEradication Branch; Pig m, br: RohanClarke; bl: Invasive Species CRC;European Rabbit m: Rohan Clarke;bl, tr: NSW DPI; Goat m, bl: NSWDPI; tr: courtesy Stephen Harris, DPIW.Fox and dog track illustrations courtesyDPIW Fox Eradication Branch; all otherillustrations based on Tracks, Scats andOther Traces by Barbara Triggs, OUPAustralia.
Colourful, gregarious parrot(26–31 cm long, 46 cmwingspan), often seen flyingin small flocks or gatheredin communal roosts at dusk.Appears slim in flight; angularwings and tapered, pointytail. Flight swift and directabove canopy; darts and twistsamong trees. Can fly more than50 km from its roost to forage.Has a wide vocal repertoire:rasping screeches during flight,constant noisy chatter whenfeeding; fledglings havehigh-pitched wheeze.!RAINBOW LORIKEETTrichoglossus haemotodus moluccanus(Blue-bellied lorikeet, blue mountain parrot,Swainson’s lorikeet, coconut lory)
RAINBOW LORIKEETnote No other Tasmanianparrot has a blue head.Origin Native to mainlandAustralia.History and distribution CapeYork Peninsula to Eyre Peninsula;feral population in Perth, WA. Diversehabitat includes tropical rainforests,sclerophyll forest and urban gardens.Numbers in urban areas increasing dueto year-round supply of native and exotic food plants.Vagrants sighted in Tasmania since at least 1979. Small butgrowing flocks of escaped or released aviary birds regularlysighted in Hobart and surrounding region.parrot populations. Serious agricultural pest of apple,pear, stone fruit, nut and grape crops on mainlandAustralia; noise and droppings a public nuisance.Current management Has yet to be formally declaredas a pest species under legislation. Importation withouta permit is illegal under legislation including the NatureConservation Act 2002.Do not feed birds. Report all sightings to DPIW 1300 368550 or PWS 1300 135 513 with a view to humane trapping.Prompt action is vital: feral population in Perth WAestablished in late 1960s with fewer than 10 birds; in 2005the population was 8,400 and rising.Known impacts Monopolises food (pollen, nectar,blossoms, fruits, leaf buds, berries, seeds and insects)and increasingly scarce nesting hollows, excludingother species and evicting nestlings. Could outcompeteTasmanian parrots, including musk lorikeet andendangered swift parrot. Escaped aviary birds couldtransmit Psittacine beak and feather disease to wildFurther informationChapman, T., 2005. The Status and Impact of the Rainbow Lorikeet(Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus) in South-West Western Australia.Perth: Government of Western Australia.Higgins, P.J. (ed), 1999. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and AntarcticBirds, Volume 4 (Parrots to Dollarbird). Melbourne: OUP: 195.
Elusive bird (male 80–100cm long; female 75–85 cm)with coppery back and wings,grey underparts and head;female and immature malehave rufous throat; maturemale has plumed tail. Famousfor mimicry; also composesown songs. Flight shortand laborious; usually runsfrom danger. Male performscourtship displays on soilmound; nest of sticks, frondsand leaf litter built in crevice,tree fern, hollow stump, etc.Typical lyrebird scratching!SUPERB LYREBIRDMenura novaehollandiae(Lyrebird, bush pheasant)Intact leaf litterdisturbed by lyrebird
SUPERB LYREBIRDnote Introduced toTasmania (then fox-free)primarily due to fears that foxesand habitat loss would causespecies’ extinction on mainland.Origin Native to mainland Australia.History and distributionNaturally occurs in rainforests,moist eucalypt forests and fern gulliesin eastern NSW, ACT and Victoria. InTasmania, total of 22 lyrebirds released at Mt FieldNational Park from 1934–49 and at Hastings Caves in1945. Now an estimated 8,000 birds, mostly in TWWHA;could reach northwest and far southwest within nextdecade.Known impacts Powerful claws dig and rake leaf litterand soil while foraging or building mounds. Also stripbark, rip logs, shift rocks and uproot shrubs; some birdscan turn over 10–36 kg of soil and litter per hour. InTasmania, invertebrates impacted by predation andhabitat changes due to soil disturbance. Undergrowth,ground ferns and saplings also damaged or removed;habitat of the threatened myrtle elbow orchid hasbeen altered. Disturbance may prevent regeneration; causeerosion; change food supply and habitat of other species;and eventually change forest community composition,with impacts on ecosystem function.Current management Not currently managed; lyrebirdis a protected species under the Nature ConservationAct 2002. Eradication difficult even if permitted; birds’stronghold in TWWHA is rugged and largely inaccessible.Studies are underway to measure ecological impact; birdshave been excluded from myrtle elbow orchid habitat inTWWHA.Identified as a potential threat, but more study is vital tobetter understand impacts. The community is encouragedto report all sightings of lyrebirds and their activities(scratchings, etc.) outside of the Mt Field/Hasting Cavesarea to DPIW 1300 368 550 or PWS 1300 135 513.Further informationTanner, Z., 2000. Ecological Impacts of the Superb Lyrebird in Tasmania.Honours thesis. Hobart: University of Tasmania.
Chocolate-brown bird,16 cm high, with glossyblack-brown head and yellowskin ‘mask’ around eye. Wingshave white flashes, seen inflight; tail tip and under-tailfeathers also white. Walkswith a jaunty, strutting gait.Highly social; all birds exceptincubating females gatherin communal roosts, usuallyin trees or vegetation,or in buildings. Not tobe confused with noisyminer, a mostly grey nativehoneyeater with a smaller‘mask’.native noisymyna!MYNAAcridotheres tristis(Indian myna, commonmyna)Mynas compete for nestinghollows
MYNAOrigin Afghanistan throughoutcompete endangered orange-bellied parrot. A majornuisance in urban areas; noisy, smelly roosts and nestsin wall and roof cavities create fire, vermin and diseasehazards. Scavenges around urban areas but also eatsinsects and chicks of other birds; damages grain, fruitand vegetable crops.India to Indochina.Current management Specially-designed traps now inHistory and distributionregular use on mainland. Mynas detected in Tasmania areeradicated by DPIW. No management plan currently in placein this state. Importation without a permit is illegal underlegislation including the Nature Conservation Act 2002.note Included in IUCN listof ‘World’s 100 Worst InvasiveSpecies’.Introduced in 1862 to control insectsat Melbourne market gardens; laterintroduced to Queensland sugar caneplantations. Now established in NSW,ACT, Victoria and Queensland. In Tasmania, birdseradicated by DPIW in Devonport in 2003 and 2005 and atLaunceston Airport in 2006.Known impacts Bird of open woodland; has adaptedThe community should be on high alert for this species.Report sightings to DPIW 1300 368 550 or PWS 1300135 513. Prompt action is vital: about 100 mynas werereleased in Canberra in 1968; there are now more than100 mynas per km2 in that city.easily to urban and woodland-like areas. Competesaggressively with native wildlife for food and tree hollows,thus reducing biodiversity; attacks nesting birds anddestroys eggs and chicks. Current range means mynaFurther informationdoes not compete with threatened species; however,Tidemann, C. and Australian National University, 2007. Commonits increasing range (to woodland-like rural areas) couldIndian Myna Web Site. URL: http://fennerschool-associated.anu.edu.eventually impact such animals; in Tasmania, couldau/myna/index.html
Male mallard (55–70 cm long)and Pacific black duck (50–60cm) easily distinguished. Femalemallard resembles pale Pacificblack duck. All mallards haveblue-purple speculum; all Pacificblack ducks have iridescentgreen-purple speculum.Appearance of mallard/blackduck hybrids vary, but all haveblue speculum.!MALLARDnative pacific black duckAnas platyrhynchosfemalehybridspeculummale
MALLARDmallards and hybridshybridsnote Feral mallard/Pacificblack duck hybrid alwaysidentifiable by blue-purplespeculum.Origin Europe, North Americaand Asia.History and distribution Broughtto Australia in the late 19th centuryfor its ornamental value; now commonin urban parks and rural ponds and damsin southeast Australia, extending to eastern and centralQueensland, and southwest WA. In Tasmania, purebredmallards are confined mostly to urban areas, but hybridshave been found long distances from urban areas andhave the potential to disperse throughout the state.to hand-feeding also foul public amenities and canpose a traffic hazard.Current management Classified as stock under theNature Conservation Act 2002, mallards are technicallysomeone’s property and cannot be culled without theowner’s permission. Local council campaigns to reduceferal numbers around the Derwent Estuary have declineddue to public controversy. Importation without a permit isillegal under legislation including the Nature ConservationAct 2002.Like all stock, mallards should be kept in a secure enclosedarea. Report free-ranging mallards to your local council.Do not feed ducks. Pacific black ducks can be taken bylicensed shooters during the hunting season. There is nopenalty for bagging hybrids. For more on RecreationalGame Licenses, contact DPIW 1300 368 550.Known impacts Interbreeds with the native Pacificblack duck and produces fertile offspring, threateningthe genetic integrity of the native species. Also carriesa parasite that causes the bird pain and eventualstarvation. This parasite can be spread to nativewaterfowl, including black swans. Mallards accustomedFurther informationMorcombe, M., 2000. Field Guide to Australian Birds. Archerfield: SteveParish Publishing: 26, 28.Watts, D., 2002. Field Guide to Tasmanian Birds. New edition. Sydney:Reed New Holland: 11.
Cylindrical fish (15–25 cmlong); differentiated fromcatfish and eels by its fivepairs of barbels. Single shortbased dorsal fin half-wayalong back; tail rounded.Body covered with mucousand difficult to handle.juvenile!ORIENTAL WEATHERLOACHMisgurnus anguillicaudatus(Japanese weatherloach, Japanese loach, Japaneseweatherfish, dojo loach, mud loach, weatherfish)adult
ORIENTALWEATHERLOACHNOTE Tolerates watertemperatures from 2–38º C.Survives in degraded waters bygulping air and absorbing theatmospheric oxygen through its hindgut. Can survive out of water for ashort time.Origin Europe, central to southeastAsia.insect larvae, crustaceans, algae and detritus. Onmainland Australia, competes with native galaxiidsfor food and may also disturb or eat galaxiid eggs,juveniles or adults. Burrowing behaviour may also modifyhabitat by stirring up sediment and uprooting plants.May carry parasites not previously recorded in Australia.Current management Importation banned in Australiain 1986. In Tasmania, it is a declared ‘Controlled Fish’ underthe Inland Fisheries Act 1995. The importation, possession,transfer or release of this species into inland waters,including an aquarium or private dam, is prohibited; largefines apply under the Act.History and distribution Imported to Australia in the1960s as aquarium species; established population in YarraRiver in 1984, after escape or deliberate dumping fromtanks or ornamental ponds. Now found throughoutMurray-Darling Basin (NSW, ACT and Victoria) and severalcoastal drainages in southeastern Australia. Isolated reportsfrom Queensland and SA.Known impacts Hardy fish with high reproductive rate(multiple spawnings, 4,000–8,000 eggs per spawning);high survivorship (burrows to avoid predators, can livemore than 13 years); and a flexible omnivorous diet ofDumping of unwanted aquarium animals, illegal use as livebait and diversion of water for irrigation contributed tospread on mainland. The community, particularly farmers,anglers and aquarists, should be on high alert for thisspecies. Report sightings to IFS 1300 463 474.Further informationLintermans, M. and Burchmore, J. “Family Cobitidea: Loaches.” In McDowall,R.M. (ed), 1996. Freshwater Fishes of South-Eastern Australia. Second edition.Sydney: Reed: 114-15.
Deep-bodied fish (up to 45 cmlong and 2 kg in Tasmanianwaters) with dark bands downsides and red pelvic, anal andtail fins. Two dorsal fins, thefirst fin spiny and marked withblack blotch at rear. About63 stout, rough scales alonglateral line. Back humpedbehind head; large mouth; gillcover has broad, flat spine.juvenile!REDFIN PERCHPerca fluviatilis(English perch; European perch)adult
REDFIN PERCHNOTE Carrier of EHN virusin mainland Australia, fatal tomany native species.Origin Europe, central tosoutheast Asia.History and distributionIntroduced to mainland in 1858 forangling; now widesp
in the wild and to be eradicated from Tasmania, e.g. fox, gambusia, myna. Second priority: unwanted in the wild but can only be feasibly/efficiently eradicated or controlled from specific areas around special values, e.g. cat, rabbit. Third priority: wanted in the wild but within defined managed areas, e.g. deer, trout.
BARBIE KJAR 1957 Born, Burnie, Tasmania Education 2002 Master of Fine Arts, RMIT, Melbourne 1987 Bachelor of Fine Arts, University of Tasmania, Hobart 1975 Bachelor of Education, University of Tasmania, Hobart Solo Exhibitions 2021 Balancing the mountain, Australian Galleries, Melbourne, Victoria
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sustainability Article The Success of Water Refill Stations Reducing Single-Use Plastic Bottle Litter Kathryn Willis 1,2,3,* , Chris Wilcox 2, Joanna Vince 1,3 and Britta Denise Hardesty 2 1 School of Social Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart Tasmania 7000, Australia; joanna.vince@utas.edu.au 2 CSIRO, Oceans & Atmosphere, Hobart Tasmania 7000, Australia; chris.wilcox@csiro.au (C.W.);
Baptist Church in New South Wales, . Baptist Union of Tasmania was formed with a combined membership of 305. By 1901 there were sixteen men from the Pastors' College working in Tasmanian Baptist churches. The thesis will seek to show that by the end of 1880s the appeal of Calvinism had all but disappeared in Tasmanian Baptist circles. Context will also be provided by setting the arrival of .
