Part Xii Fish Passage Design And Implementation
PART XIIFISH PASSAGE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
CALIFORNIA SALMONID STREAMHABITAT RESTORATION MANUALADVISORY NOTEThis manual describes fish passage approaches and techniques used with varying degrees ofsuccess by passage and watershed restoration specialists. The approaches and techniquesdescribed here are not all-inclusive and represent only a starting point for project design andimplementation. They are not surrogates for, nor should they be used in lieu of, a project designthat is developed and implemented according to the unique physical and biological characteristicsof the site-specific landscape and ecology.The techniques and approaches described in this manual do not replace the need for services ofprofessionals with the appropriate expertise, including but not limited to licensed professionalengineers or licensed professional geologists, where such expertise is called for by the Businessand Professions Code section 6700 et seq. (Professional Engineers Act) and/or section 7800 et seq.(Geologists and Geophysicists Act).Part XII replaces “Human Induced Obstructions, Fishways and Culverts” (pages VII – 51 throughVII – 61) in the February 1998 version of the California Salmonid Stream Habitat RestorationManual.FISH PASSAGE DESIGNAND IMPLEMENTATIONXII-iiApril 2009
CALIFORNIA SALMONID STREAMHABITAT RESTORATION MANUALTABLE OF CONTENTSADVISORY NOTE.XII-iiACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .XII-ivIntroduction . XII-1Pre-Design for Fish Passage Projects. XII-4Pre-Design . XII-4Pre-Design Site Assessment . XII-4Design Data Forms . XII-7Establishing Project Goals and Monitoring Objectives. XII-7Implementation Monitoring . XII-9Effectiveness Monitoring . XII-9Ecological Considerations of In-Channel Structures. XII-10Defining Ecological Connectivity . XII-10Passage of Fish and other Aquatic Organisms . XII-11Passage of Wildlife. XII-12Direct Loss of Aquatic Habitat. XII-12Floodplain Flows. XII-13Risk of Structure Failure . XII-13Other Water Quality Impacts . XII-14Channel Maintenance . XII-14Construction Impacts. XII-15Select the Design Approach. XII-15Types of Fish Passage Designs . XII-15Stream Crossing Layout: Alignment and Profile . XII-16Alignment . XII-16Culvert Length . XII-16Skewed and Bend Alignments . XII-17Transitions . XII-18Project Profile Design. XII-20Channel Vertical Adjustment Profiles. XII-20Scale of the Project. XII-21Vertical Adjustment Profiles (VAP) in a Stable Channel . XII-22Vertical Adjustment in Incised or Incising Channels. XII-23Headcut Issues. XII-25Design Approach. XII-27Geomorphic Designs at Stream Crossings . XII-28Stream Simulation. XII-28FISH PASSAGE DESIGNAND IMPLEMENTATIONXII-ivApril 2009
CALIFORNIA SALMONID STREAMHABITAT RESTORATION MANUALStream Simulation Application . XII-30Stream Simulation Design Process. XII-30Stream Simulation Site Assessment Needs . XII-31Reference Reach. XII-32Streambed Design. XII-33Channel Cross-Section . XII-37Structure Width . XII-39Culvert Elevation and Height . XII-39Bed Mobility and Stability Analysis . XII-41Low-Slope Stream Simulation. XII-41Low-Slope Application . XII-43Low-Slope Design Process. XII-43Geomorphic Considerations in the Design of Fords. XII-44Un-Vented Fords . XII-45Vented Fords . XII-45Roadway Approaches. XII-47Final Design and Construction Techniques . XII-48Selecting the Style of Culvert. XII-48Specifying Bed Material. XII-49Placing Bed Material . XII-49Overview of the Hydraulic Design Approach. XII-50Definition of the Hydraulic Design Approach. XII-50Hydraulic Design Criteria. XII-51Fish Passage Design Flows . XII-52Water Velocity . XII-53Hydraulic Drop Height. XII-53Water Depth . XII-54Turbulence. XII-54Profile Control. XII-54Siting of Profile Control Structures . XII-55Profile Restoration . XII-56Roughened Channels . XII-57Roughened Channels as Profile Control . XII-58Geomorphic Features and Channel Arrangements. XII-59Sizing the Engineered Streambed Material . XII-67Bankline Rock . XII-71Fish Passage Design of Roughened Channels. XII-73Factors Influencing Longevity . XII-75FISH PASSAGE DESIGNAND IMPLEMENTATIONXII-vApril 2009
CALIFORNIA SALMONID STREAMHABITAT RESTORATION MANUALChannel Transitions. XII-76Overview of the Design Process . XII-77Implementation of Roughened Channels . XII-78Drop Structures for Controlling Channel Profile. XII-80Influence of Drop Structure Shape on Hydraulics . XII-81Slope and Spacing of Drop Structures . XII-81Upstream, Downstream, and Inside Culverts. XII-82Keying into the Streambed and Banks . XII-82Rock Weirs and Rock Chutes. XII-83Deformable Drop Structures . XII-91Rigid Weirs. XII-92Baffle Retrofits of Stream Crossings. XII-95Overview of Baffle Hydraulics. XII-95Limitations of Baffles . XII-96Baffle Design . XII-97Types of Baffles . XII-97Baffle Height and Spacing . XII-100Other Design Considerations . XII-100Inlet Transition . XII-100Outlet Transition. XII-101Dividing Walls for Wide Culverts, Multiple Culverts, and Aprons. XII-102Summary of Hydraulic Design Process . XII-104Final Design and Construction Techniques for Baffles. XII-105Materials for Baffles. XII-105Anchoring Baffles . XII-106Fishways. XII-106Fishway Pre-Design. XII-108Pre-Design Site Assessment . XII-109Fishway Layout . XII-109Fishway Entrance . XII-110Pool and Weir Fishways . XII-112Pool and Weir Hydraulics . XII-112Fish Behavior . XII-115Head Differential. XII-115Freeboard. XII-116Fishway Bends . XII-116Weir Crests . XII-116Design for Juvenile Salmonids. XII-117FISH PASSAGE DESIGNAND IMPLEMENTATIONXII-viApril 2009
CALIFORNIA SALMONID STREAMHABITAT RESTORATION MANUALOperation and Maintenance. XII-118Ice Harbor Fishways . XII-119Pool-and-Chute Fishways . XII-120Pool-and-Chute Design . XII-122Vertical Slot Fishways. XII-123Passage . XII-124Dimensions. XII-124Flow . XII-126Roughened Channel Fishways. XII-126Denil and Alaska Steeppass Fishways. XII-128Fishway Flow Control . XII-128References (Including Appendices) . XII-131GLOSSARY. XII-139APPENDIX XII-A .XII-A-1Culvert Design Data Forms .XII-A-1Stream Simulation Design Data Checklist.XII-A-2Hydraulic Design Data Checklist .XII-A-7APPENDIX XII-B. XII-B-1Computing Channel Roughness . XII-B-1Overview. XII-B-1Methods to Compute Roughness . XII-B-2Definition of Variables. XII-B-2Comparison of Methods for Predicting Roughness . XII-B-2Mussetter 1989 . XII-B-4Bathurst 1985 . XII-B-5Rice et al. 1998. XII-B-5Thorne and Zevenbergen 1985. XII-B-6Bathurst 1978 . XII-B-6Hey 1979 . XII-B-6Limerinos 1970. XII-B-7Jarrett 1984 . XII-B-7Bathurst 2002 . XII-B-8APPENDIX XII-C. XII-C-1Hydraulic Design of Baffles. XII-C-1Geometry of Baffles. XII-C-1Corner and Weir Baffles . XII-C-1Angled Baffles . XII-C-3FISH PASSAGE DESIGNAND IMPLEMENTATIONXII-viiApril 2009
CALIFORNIA SALMONID STREAMHABITAT RESTORATION MANUALBaffle Hydraulics. XII-C-4Hydraulics of Plunging Flow across Baffles . XII-C-4Hydraulics of Streaming Flow across Baffles . XII-C-5Corner and Weir Baffles. XII-C-5Angled Baffles. XII-C-6Turbulence . XII-C-8Turbulence for Plunging Flow . XII-C-8Turbulence for Streaming Flow . XII-C-9Bed Material Scour and Turbulence. XII-C-9Culvert Capacity . XII-C-9Procedures for Baffle Hydraulic Calculations . XII-C-10TABLE OF FIGURESFigure XII-1.Figure XII-2.Figure XII-3.Figure XII-4.Spectrum of Ecological Solutions for Fish Passage. XII-2General Fish Passage Design Process. XII-3Poorly aligned culvert. Note log causing a blockage. XII-14Alignment options at a skewed culvert and their trade-offs: (1) match the channelalignment, (2) realign the stream to minimize culvert length, and (3) widen and/orshorten the culvert. . XII-17Figure XII-5. Hourglass syndrome at an existing culvert and with transitions to restore banklines. XII-19Figure XII-6. Possible project profile for a culvert replacement in a stable channel within range ofvertical adjustment profiles (VAP) determined by site assessment. . XII-21Figure XII-7. Comparison of a perched culvert caused by (a) local scour and (b) downstreamchannel incision. XII-22Figure XII-8. Possible project profile for a culvert replacement in channel with regional incision.Project profile is within the range of vertical adjustment profiles, which are basedon the assumption of no culvert at the site. . XII-24Figure XII-9. Possible project profile for a culvert replacement in a channel with regional incisionand project limitations. Project profile is a forced channel using profile controlstructures due to site limitations. XII-25Figure XII-10. Channel evolution model based on Schumm (1977). . XII-26Figure XII-11. Stream simulation culvert in Twenty-Six Mile Creek, Washington State. . XII-29Figure XII-12. Stream Simulation Design Process Flow Chart. . XII-31Figure XII-13. Deep Creek. Comparison of diverse bed created by woody vegetation that disruptsthe flow and a flat shallow-flow bed within the culvert (Photo: Kozmo Bates). . XII-35Figure XII-14. Stream simulation bed design with banklines or shoulders in round and bottomlesspipes. Culverts span bankfull channel. XII-37Figure XII-15. Stream simulation channel in Stossel Creek culvert with natural shape, dimensionsand key features. XII-38Figure XII-16. Stream Simulation Culvert Elevation. . XII-40Figure XII-17. Graphic definition of low-slope design. XII-42FISH PASSAGE DESIGNAND IMPLEMENTATIONXII-viiiApril 2009
CALIFORNIA SALMONID STREAMHABITAT RESTORATION MANUALFigure XII-18. Definition sketch of the Vent-Area Ratio (VAR) for vented fords (USFS 2006). XII-46Figure XII-19. A vented ford constructed with three embedded concrete box culverts that span thebankfull channel and convey the bankfull flow without overtopping (FishXing CaseStudies 2008). XII-47Figure XII-20. Downstream-most profile control structure is placed at or below existing channelgrade to ensure the drop formed by the resulting scour pool does not become abarrier. . XII-56Figure XII-21. Triangular and trapezoidal shaped active channels provide slower water velocitiesand damp zones along the channel margins where smaller fish can swim through.A trapezoidal channel will require more flow to achieve the same depth as atriangular shaped channel. XII-60Figure XII-22. Typical cross section of a roughened channel with engineered streambed materialand banklines. XII-61Figure XII-23. Dimensions used to describe a step-pool channel in profile. XII-64Figure XII-24. Step-pool channel sequence that includes larger pools every 2 to 4 channel widths,as described by Grant et al. (1990). XII-65Figure XII-25. Cascade subunit of a cascade and pool channel. The cascade is a complex seriesof small steps form numerous pathways for fish to swim during lower flows whilecreating a rough cascade at higher flows. XII-67Figure XII-26. Unit discharge for analyzing particle stability is calculated using the flow withinthe active channel divided by the width of the active channel (q QChannel/b).Overbank flow is not included. . XII-69Figure XII-27. Typical thickness of ESM and rock steps in a step-pool roughened channel. . XII-71Figure XII-28. Placement of ESM in lifts. Begin each lift by individually placing rocks largerthan the thickness of the lift, follow with placement and mixing of the remainingportion of the ESM. . XII-80Figure XII-29. Examples of (a) using two rows of footing rocks for weirs that raise the existingchannel bed below a perched culvert and (b) using a single row of footing rocks forlowering an existing channel profile to prevent headcutting upstream of a culvertreplacement. . XII-85Figure XII-30. In lieu of a scour analysis, the minimum depth of the footing rock can be estimatedfrom the D100. The D100 is the largest rock size used to construct the weir, asdetermined from the rock sizing analysis. XII-85Figure XII-31. Examples of arch shaped rock weir and straight rock weir in planform and crosssection. XII-86Figure XII-32. Arch-shaped rock weirs produce diverse hydraulics across the crest whileconcentrating flow towards the channel center. Photo courtesy of Rob Sampson. XII-87Figure XII-33. Typical chute with unarmored pool in plan and section. . XII-89Figure XII-34. Goldsborough Dam Removal Project. An example of V-shaped rigid weirs . . XII-93Figure XII-35. Schoolyard Creek bank protection with large wood. No riprap was used on theproje
FISH PASSAGE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION XII-ii April 2009 ADVISORY NOTE This manual describes fish passage approaches and techniques used with varying degrees of success by passage and watershed restoration specialists. The approaches and techniques described here are not all-inclusive and represent only a starting point for project design and
Number of Clusters XII-9. C) Overlap XII-10. D) An Example XII-10. 5. Implementation XII-13. A) Storage Management XII-14. 6. Results XII-14. A) Clustering Costs XII-15. B) Effect of Document Ordering XII-19. Cl. Search Results on Clustered ADI Collection . XII-20. D) Search Results of Clustered Cranfield Collection. XII-31. 7. Conslusions XII .
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r. Seuss's One fish, two fish, red fish, blue fish is a clas-sic children's story, a simple rhyming book for beginning readers. We need a similar rhyme to help people grasp the problems afflicting Alberta's native fish species. It might read like this: Two fish, one fish, dead fish, no fish, No grayling or goldeye, something's amiss .
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Page 1 of 37 2012 HOME ECONOMICS SEC MARKING SCHEME PAPER I 1a. Two other types of fish (2 x 0.5 marks) oily fish, shell fish. b.i. Type of fish which has tough fibres (0.5 mark) oily fish b.ii. Type of fish which is easily digested (0.5 mark) white fish c. Nutritive value of fish
Fish Dichotomous Key Step 1 If fish shape is long and skinny then go to step 2 If fish shape is not long and skinny, then go to step 3 Step 5 If fish has spots, then go to step 6 If fish does not have spots, then go to step 7 Step 2 If fish has pointed fins, it is a trumpet fish If fish has smooth fins, it is a spotted moray eel Step 6
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