Prototype Design Of Smart Bio-gas Plant For Generation Of Electricity
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 12, December-2018ISSN 2229-551837PROTOTYPE DESIGN OF SMART BIO-GASPLANT FOR GENERATION OF ELECTRICITYBabar Noor1, Luqman Hafeez1, Muhammad Aamir Aman11Department of Electrical EngineeringIqra National UniversityPeshawar, PakistanAbstract—A number of non-conventional energyresources are studied worldwide due to the increasedemand of fossil fuels and environmental risks. Biogasgeneration plants are becoming more popular due tobenefits associated with it i.e. low pollution, renewableresource and low cost. Biogas plants are already used inmany applications i.e. heating, transport etc. Biogasplant needs high degree of monitoring and controlprocess. The plant with better monitoring and controlprocess will generate more electricity and in a less timeand is known as smart bio-gas plants. An attempt hasbeen made to generate the gas from the biogas plant in aless time and in accurate form. For this, the temperaturesensor is used which check the temperature of slurry, iftemperature will fall from the mentioned, amicrocontroller will switch on the motor to start thereaction again. Digester is also designed by calculatingthe output energy. This gas is then stored in a storagetank to fed to the Internal Combustion Engine, which isconverted to electrical energy. The main objective of thispaper is to examine biogas generation and factorsaffecting the biogas generation from cow dunk as anorganic matter by the biological breakdown. Thecalculated energy is applied by designing the digester.In this paper a high performance controller is used, thatwill operate automatically as a bio-digester system and cancontrol its operation i.e. mixing the waste in a given certainrange of temperature. With this controller the reaction timewill be less and biogas will be produce before long [2].The proposed method is to have a controller for a biodigester that will automate the operation of the system. Thecontroller consists of a micro-controller and the temperaturesensor. This controller will start and stop the mixing of thewaste material within the defined temperature. The LCDwill be present to show the temperature range.IJSERKeywords—biogas, Internal Combustion Engine, Slurry,digesterThe paper contains the literature review, energycalculated using formulas, software implementation of thecontroller and then the hardware of the digester for theenergy calculated using formulas.II. BIOGAS PRODUCTION PROCESS:It is important that values of pH and temperature are instable operation during the process of plant. Biogas withmethane content higher than 45% is flammable [3]. It hasspecific properties which are listed in Table 1.MixtureEnergy contentFuel equivalentExplosion limitsIgnition temperatureI. INTRODUCTIONBiogas is a renewable energy fuel gas mixture consistingof methane and carbonic gas that comes from various rawmaterials such as agricultural waste, manure, food waste,cow dunk etc. Biogas system can produce bio-gas that canbe used for cooking, lighting, and other energy needs. Biogas is produced using bio digester, which is a special type ofchamber in which the waste gas from different raw materialis converted to bio gas in presence of bacteria whichexchange organic waste to methane by the process calledanaerobic digestion. These bio digester needs sometemperature to operate the reaction. Most of the biogasplants are manually operated i.e. their temperature levels aremanually fixed which takes a lot of time to operate andproduce the gas [1].Critical pressureCritical temperature Normal densitySmellMolar Mass55.0 – 70.0% methane (CH4 )30.0 – 45.0% carbon dioxide (CO2 )Traces of other gases6.00 – 6.50 kWh m30.600 – 0.650 L oil/m3 biogas6.0 – 12.0% biogas in air650.0 – 750.0 C (with the above - mentionedmethane content)75.0 – 89.0 bar82.50 C1.20 kg m3Bad eggs (the smell of desulfurized biogas ishardlynoticeable)16.0430 kg k mol1Table 1: General features of biogas plantA. Biogas plant structure:In the first step the waste material and water are mixedin the digester with the ratio of 1:1 i.e. equal amount ofwater and waste [4]. Temperature is set using smartcontroller. In second phase anaerobic fermentation processtake place in the digester, producing biogas. In third step theIJSER 2018http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 12, December-2018ISSN 2229-5518biogas is stored in the storage tank and then converted toelectrical output by internal combustion engine. LightB. Anaerobic fermentation process:The fermentation of biomass is a four step anaerobicdigestion process, which is brought about by thecomplementary activities of several species of bacteria. Theprocess contains the following parts [5]. Temperature HydrolysisThe methane gas is produced in complete darkness.For bacteria process a certain temperature is required tocomplete the reaction. This temperature is fixed inside thedigester. The temperature sensor will monitor and adjust thetemperature level. PHUn-dissolved compounds in hydrolysis of the anaerobicdigestion get degraded into their monomers that are aminoacids, fatty acids and sugar. Water is used in abundant to cutthe covalent bond by extracellular hydrolytic enzymes in thepolymers. AcidogenesisOrganic short chain acid in fermentative bacteria furtherdegraded these monomers in this phase which are producedin hydrolysis. They split it into one to five carbons.Hydrogen with partial low pressure in stable process formedthe Fermentative bacteria such as carbon dioxide, hydrogenand acetate. At high hydrogen pressure more intermediatessuch as alcohols and volatile fatty acids are produced.Further breaks down of organic matter in acidogenicbacteria occurs while it is still unusable for production ofmethane and acidogenesis is needed. Acetogenesis38The pH optimum of the methane forming microorganismis at pH of 6.7 – 7.5. Total Solid (TS)The total amount of solid material without consideringliquid part is called total solid and is shown as TS. 8% is thesatisfactory value of TS for smooth fermentation process. Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)Time interval in which the waste particles or liquids layin digester is known as HRT. Its formula isHRT Volume of digester/volume of slurry per dayIJSERIn this phase Methanogens uses directly the degradedacidogenesis. Further degradation of longer atoms and acidsare degraded such as aromatic acid, carbon with two atoms,fatty acids and hydrogen and carbon dioxide in theacetogenic phase. For degradation to proceed H2 produceracetogenic microorganisms, needs partial low hydrogenpressure So, in symbiotic relationship acetogens are foundwith consuming hydrogen methanogens, While thehydrogen pressure is kept low for the acetogenicmicroorganisms growth. Propionic, butyric, valeric acidsand caprionic concentrations are increased which in turnare toxic for the methanogens at too high concentration ofhydrogen. MethanogenesisThis is last step in anaerobic digestion. Thesemicroorganisms, strictly work under anaerobic conditions.In anaerobic reactor methanogens are different than otherbacterial organism. As comparing with bacteria archaea aresensitive related to the stress in the reactor form theenvironment, i.e. different organic toxic materials.Hydrogen, Acetate, and carbon dioxide are usually used bymethanogens. Production of methane raises up to 70% fromthe acetate, and 30% from hydrogen and carbon dioxide.The time of generation is 2-25 days in the reactor. So thisstep takes more time for hydrolyzed materials.C. Biogas Process Parameters:The following are the basic parameters duringproduction of biogas [6].It is expressed in days. Solid Retention Time (SRT)It is calculated as:SRT Weight of volatile solid/weight per unit time ofvolatile solid leaving the system Liquid PartTo Make TS value to 8% water is added with the freshdischarge called liquid part.D. Bio-digester design parameters/Size Calculations:A chamber in which the digestion of organic wastematter by bacteria takes place with the production of aburnable biogas and a nutrient-rich slurry. It is termed as adigester because it is a large tank filled with bacteria thateats (or digests) organic waste and gives a flammable gas,called biogas [7]. In this work a simple digester tank madefrom plastic is designed and the volume is calculated asfollow,Where𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 ) 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 Volume of digester in liters𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 daily feedstock in liter per day𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 Retention time in daysThe daily feedstock corresponds to the quantity of organicmatter produced per day and is equal to:𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 solid waste 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤The biomass corresponding to the total solid waste and thewater have a 1:1 ratio i.e. equal amount of water and waste,thereforeIJSER 2018http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 12, December-2018ISSN 2229-5518𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (16𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 16 liter water) (32) �� 14 to 16 days39simulations are shown in Fig. 1 and 2 with temperaturesranges of 21 and 310C.14 16/2 15 daysThen the final digester volume is equal to𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 (32) 𝑙𝑙/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 15𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 480 l/𝑚𝑚3III.METHODOLOGYThe waste material selected for Biogas is the cow dunk.First the cow dunk is measured by using digital scale andthen the water is added with cow dung with the ratio of 1:1as previously mentioned. The initial temperature of themanure is checked by the heat sensor, LM35 which wastransmitted to the microcontroller, it will check whether thetemperature was in the specified range. If the temperature isnot within the specified range, the microcontroller willcontrol the heater and motor mixer to raise the temperatureof the manure. Once the temperature is met within thespecified range, the microcontroller will turn OFF the motormixer and heater. The final temperature of the manure willbe displayed by the LCD. After mixing and heating themanure it is kept for 3 to 5 days in a digester tank in air tightcondition for obtaining the biogas. When biogas isgenerated, a storage tank is used which stores the gas toconvert it to electrical energy. In our paper internalcombustion is used to convert the gas to electricity.IV.Fig.1. Sensor showing 210CIJSERRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Energy Calculation:The total energy calculated from the digester tank iscalculated as follows:Gas from Cow dung production/kg 0.05 m3Total gas produced total dung in kg*00.05Let suppose we have 2 animals and each producing 8 kgdung then total will be 8*2 16.Total Gas 16*0.05 0.75m3Fig.2. Sensor showing 310CIf 1m3 19 mega Joules so 0.75*19 14.25MJIn KWH 14.25/3.6 3.95kwh.Now electrical energy. In conversion into electricalenergy 60% of energy is lost due to heat and othermechanical loses so3.95*40/100 1.58kwh. Consumption60 watt of 1 blub and 80-watt fan can be run. Software ImplementationThe controller is simulated in protius software. Thecontroller has a default temperature range which is 200350. When the sensor detects that the temperature is belowthe said temperature, the motor mixer and heater will turnON. Likewise, if the temperature detected is above therange, the motor mixer and heater will turn OFF. The Hardware ImplementationA prototype of the biogas plant is also designed whichincludes the following parameters. Design ProcedureIn building the prototype for the system, we hadundergone three phases. The first phase refers to calibratingthe sensor for temperature since it plays a big part of thedesign. The movement of the machine will base on therecorded value of the sensor. The second phase pertains tothe attachment of Arduino circuit, which is part of the majorcomponents of the design. It will be the bridge of the sensorand other major parts of the design like the heater andmixer. The third phase pertains conversation of biogas intoelectricity by using internal combustion engine. Calibration of sensorIJSER 2018http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 12, December-2018ISSN 2229-551840In this prototype we use temperature sensor Lm35 tosense the internal temperature of digester tank and automaticstart the heater and motor. If the temperature reduce fromthe required limit, then the movement of the other majorparts i.e. the mixer and heater will be based on the readingof the sensor. The LM 35 is an integrated-circuittemperature sensor, with an output voltage that is directlyproportional to the Centigrade temperature of a system. Theequivalent temperature then passes to the microcontroller,which has control to every part of the design and will passthe value of temperature displayed in the LCD. In ourprototype, it is shown as Fig. 3.Fig. 4. Digester DesignIJSERFig. 5. Wastes Material Fig. 3. Project Prototype Solid waste material:Waste material used is cow dung, because carbon tonitrogen ratio (C/N) is 25 while this ia an important ratio inbiogas production. For growth of bacteria in an anaerobicnitrogen is needed. While control parameters are needed forstable operation because it can inhibit methanogenicactivity. 20 – 30 is the range of optimum C/N ratios for adigester that are too high inhibit the production of biogas.For the methanogenic bacterial to replicate themselvesnitrogen levels are too low for the production of new cellstructures. While on the other hand methanogenic activitydue to low C/N ratio inhibits excess amounts of ammoniumproduction which gear up in the digester alkalinity out oftolerable bound i.e. pH level of 8.51940 [8] [9].Storage TankStorage tank are design to store biogas because afterstorage we convert biogas into electrical energy, so forconversation constant supply of gas is necessary there forwe use separate storage tank to reduce the loss of gas.Storage capacity is up to 100bar but we store up to 60 bar inour prototype. Storage tank is shown in Fig. 6.The designed digester with the waste material is shownin Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.Fig. 6. Storage Tank Internal combustion EngineIn our prototype we use the phenomena of internalcombustion engines in which we convert biogas intoelectricity. In Internal Combustion engine, biogas is used asa fuel to run the Dynamo i.e. (1 Kw). Two slip rings,armature, permanent magnet and carbon brushes are themain parts of an AC dynamo. The armature associated withinsulated copper wire made coil and wounded on a softIJSER 2018http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 12, December-2018ISSN 2229-5518cylindrical iron core N and S and horse shoe permanentmagnet that gives a stationary magnetic field. Two differentslips rings S1 and S2 in the armature are connected at theends respectively. These rings rotate along with thearmature about the same axis’s has that of the coil.B1 and B2 are the two brushes which are always incontact with the slips rings S1 and S2 respectively. While onother end of carbon brushes is connected to external circuitcontaining load resistance. ICE is shown in Fig. 7. Theoutput electricity generated is shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9.41V.CONCLUSIONThe objectives of this design project had successfullyapplied by the authors to meet the proposed solution. Theauthors build a controller based on micro controller and heatsensor that can automatically operate a bio-digester toproduce bio-gas because the operation of the systemdepends on the temperature ranges selected by the author.Next the bio-digester is designed by calculating the volumefor the digester. Then the cow dunk is used as a wastematerial in the digester and water is added. Mixing starts toproduce the biogas. Gas is then stored in a storage tank toconvert it to electricity. Internal Combustion Engine is usedfor conversion to electricity. The whole prototype isdesigned along with energy calculations.REFERENCES[1][2][3]Sung, S. and Santha, H. (2001) Performance of temperaturephased anaerobic digestion (TPAD) system treating dairycattle Wastes. Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering,4, 301–310.Nelson, C. and Lamb, J. (2002) Final: Haubenschild FarmsAnaerobic Digester Updated! The Minnesota ed.pdfM. A. Aman, S. Ahmad, and K. Mahmood, “Designing andstrategiccost estimation of stand-alone hybrid renewable energysystem,” 2016.www. Development of Anaerobic Digester for the Productionof Biogas using Poultry and Cattle Dung: A Case Study ofFederal University of Technology Minna Cattle & PoultryPen.Http: March 2013, Automatic Control For A Gas SystemUsing Pic Controller.Https: Obiukwu, O.O.; and Nwafor, M.O. (2014).Comparative evaluation of batch And continuous processbiogas production from animal wastes. International Journalof Ambient Energy, 1-7.http://www. BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM ANIMALMANURE.http:// www. Abu-Bakr, B.S.U.I.; and Ismail, N. (2012).Anaerobic digestion of cow dung for biogas production.ARPN Journal Engineering and Applied Science, 7(2), 169172Sunil MP , (2013), Smart Biogas Plant International JournalOf Innovative Technology And Exploring Engineering (Ijitee)Issn:2278-3075,Volume-3,Issue-3IJSERFig. 7. Internal combustion Engine[4][5][6][7][8][9]Fig. 8. Electrical OutputFig. 9. Output Power GeneratedIJSER 2018http://www.ijser.org
cow dunk etc. Biogas system can produce bio-gas that can be used for cooking, lighting, and other energy needs. Bio-gas is produced using bio digester, which is a special type of chamber in which the waste gas from different raw material is converted to bio gas in presence of bacteria which exchange organic waste to methane by the process called
Dawn Roush, Env Mgr 14 Kevin Goodwin, Aqua Bio Spl 13 Bill Keiper, Aqua Bio Spl 13 Sam Noffke, Aqua Bio 12 Lee Schoen, Aqua Bio 11 Elizabeth Stieber, Aqua Bio 11 Kelly Turek, Aqua Bio 12 Chris Vandenberg, EQA 11 Jeff Varricchione, Aqua Bio 12 Matt Wesener, Aqua Bio 11 Marcy Knoll Wilmes, Aqua Bio Spl 13
159386 BIO BIO 301 Biotechnology and Society 158405 BIO BIO 202 Microbiology and Immunology 158396 BIO BIO 304 Ecology of Place 159428 BIO BIO 300 Population, Resources and Environment 159430 BIO ENS 110 Populations, Resources and Environment 151999 ENG ENG 340 Global British Literature
AlphaGuard BIO The AlphaGuard BIO System is a liquid-applied, bio-based, two-component, polyurethane roof restoration system. The development of AlphaGuard BIO is derived from unique bio-based, polyurethane technology. The high bio-content makes for a sustainable, environmentally responsible roofing product while
Bio-Plex Rat Serum Diluent Kit 171-305008 (1 x 96) Bio-Plex rat serum sample diluent 15 ml Bio-Plex rat serum standard diluent 10 ml Catalog # Bio-Plex 200 Suspension Array 171-000201 System or Luminex System* Bio-Plex 200 Suspension Array 171-000205 System With High-Throughput Fluidics
Bio-based, Bio-degradable or Sustainable? EC Technology Forum / Biobased Coatings Gun Lundsten October 22nd 2019. Agenda CH-Polymers Oy shortly Some definitions Sustainability at CH-Polymers Bio-degradable solutions Bio-based binders for paints Summary. Roots in Finnish chemical industry 1972 PVAc-binder production by Raisio .
There are three icons on the desktop Install Bio-Linux 8 On the Live System only – click this icon to start the Bio-Linux installer Bio-Linux Documentation Opens a menu of links as follows: NEBC Homepage Opens the NEBC home page in a web browser User Guide Opens the Bio-Linux Userguide – a basic introduction to system admin Introductory Tutorial Opens the folder of Introductory Bio-Linux .
Bio-DME & Intermediates Syntheses of Bio-DME &Hydrocarbons Alcohols (Butanol, Iso-butanol etc. ） Lactic Acid etc. Functional and Value-added Products such as Bio-surfactants and Bio-materials Bio-materials Olefins such as propylene Aromatics etc. Catalytic Production of Bio-Chemicals
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the global financial services industry. As a group of rapidly related technologies that include machine learning (ML) and deep learning(DL) , AI has the potential to disrupt and refine the existing financial services industry. I review the extant academic, practitioner and policy related literatureAI. I also detail the AI, ML and DL taxonomy as well .
