Biomass Energy: An Overview Of Biomass Sources, Energy .
resourcesReviewBiomass Energy: An Overview of Biomass Sources,Energy Potential, and Management in SoutheastAsian CountriesMaw Maw Tun 1, * , Dagmar Juchelkova 1,2 , Myo Min Win 3 , Aung Myat Thu 4 andTomáš Puchor 512345*Department of Power Engineering, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15,Ostrava-Poruba 70833, Czech Republic; dagmar.juchelkova@vsb.czDepartment of Machines and Energy, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University (UJEP), Pasteurova 3544/1,Ústí nad Labem 400 96, Czech RepublicDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Mandalay Technological University, Patheingyi, Mandalay 05072,Myanmar; myominwin21610@gmail.comDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Mandalay Technological University, Patheingyi, Mandalay 05072,Myanmar; aungmyatthu@mtu.edu.mmDepartment of Power Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina,Univerzitná 8215/1, 01026 Žilina, Slovakia; tomas.puchor@fstroj.uniza.skCorrespondence: maw.maw.tun.st@vsb.cz or bdsmmtun@gmail.com; Tel.: 420-773287487Received: 30 March 2019; Accepted: 22 April 2019; Published: 25 April 2019 Abstract: Potential depletion of fossil fuel and climate change have globally accelerated the demandin renewable and alternative energy. Most of the Southeast Asian countries have an abundance ofbiomass sources for the energy sector due to their agriculture-based economy and enormous forestresources. Therefore, the study aimed at highlighting an overview of biomass energy in the SoutheastAsia countries to convey the environmental and economic benefits from the available biomass sourcesin the region. In order to achieve the aim, the study synthesized and evaluated the biomass sources,energy potential, utilization, and management in the region, based on the published research papers,review papers, and country reports. It was found that the major biomass sources in this region werefuelwood, wood residues, rice husk, rice straw, sugarcane residues, oil palm residues, and coconutresidues. The total annual quantity of the biomass potential from agriculture and forest sector in theregion was estimated at more than 500 million tons per year and equal to over 8000 million gigajoulesof total energy potential. In order to implement the sustainable utilization of biomass sources,the study specified the barriers and challenges of biomass utilization in these countries and proposeda sustainable approach of biomass energy, by comparing the way of traditional biomass utilization.Keywords: biomass sources; biomass energy; utilization of biomass; renewable energy; Southeast Asia1. IntroductionBooming economies have greatly accelerated energy consumption in the Southeast Asian countries.The energy consumption is projected to grow 2.6 times during 2005–2030 [1] and the energy demandwill probably rise by almost two-thirds in 2040, representing one-tenth of the rise in global demand [2].Meanwhile, the energy-related environmental pollutions caused vastly by greenhouse gas emissionsfrom the energy sector will rise regionally and globally, as well. Due to the impact of climate change,the Southeast Asian countries, especially Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam, need to beginrapidly investing in renewable forms of electricity supply [3,4].Resources 2019, 8, 81; esources
Resources 2019, 8, 81Resources 2019, 8, 812 of 192 of 020,00050005,00000kWh per capita and kgCO2 per capitaUSD per capitaBiomassenergyenergyisis byrenewableenergysources,representing10.4%10.4%of the ofworld’sBiomassby d’s total primary energy supply or 77.4% of global renewable energy supply [5]. Asia is aof supplierbiomass feedstockmarkets suchas EuropeUnitedStatesbut withinthe withinregion, thenewkeyof biomasstofeedstockto marketssuch oras theEuropeor theUnitedStates ,particularlyinSoutheastAsia[6].Southeastregion, new opportunities and investments in biomass are emerging, particularly in Southeast Asia [6].Asia, withits abundantbioenergyresources,holds aholdsstrategicpositionin the globalbiomassenergySoutheastAsia,with its abundantbioenergyresources,a strategicpositionin the globalbiomassatlas [7].It isalsoItaisbigproducerof agriculturaland ].alsoa big producerof agriculturalwood andproducts,and eneratedfromsugar,rice,andpalmoilmillsis palmmore thanconservative estimates, the amount of biomass residues generated from sugar, rice, andoil200–230millionper year,whichcorrespondsto cogenerationpotentialof 16–19 gigawattsmillsis morethantons200–230milliontonsper year, whichcorrespondsto cogenerationpotential(GW)of[7].16–19 gigawatts (GW) of assenergycouldprovide26%26%of totalprimaryenergysupply,equal equalto tAsiancountriesareamongthe topof the renewable energy supply [5]. Many Southeast Asian countries are among the top ice,sugar,cane,palmoil,coconut,andrubber,andof agricultural commodities such as rice, sugar, cane, palm oil, coconut, and rubber, and the mostthe most residuespromisingaresugarcanerice husk,bagasse,sugarcaneoil palmand woodpromisingareresiduesrice husk,oil bagasse,palm residue,andresidue,wood residues[5]. residues[5].The average annual energy consumption in the Southeast Asian countries is estimated atThe averagein theAsianbycountriesis estimatedapproximately3.9% annualand the energyaverageconsumptioncarbon emissionhas Southeastbeen increasedover 5% dueto the hasbeenincreasedbyover5%dueto paritythe fasteconomic growth in the region [8]. Bakhtyar et al. [8] state that increasing purchasing statethatincreasingpurchasingpowerparityleads to an increase in per capita electricity consumption, hence increasing per capita carbon dioxideleadsto an increase in per capita electricity consumption, hence increasing per capita carbon dioxide(CO2 ) emission. Figure 1 shows a relationship between per capita electricity consumption, purchasing(CO2) emission. Figure 1 shows a relationship between per capita electricity consumption, purchasingpower parity, and CO2 emission. Although carbon dioxide is the largest source of global greenhousepowerparity,thatandcomeCO2 greatlyemission.Althoughcarbonitdioxideis thelargestsourceof globalgreenhousegasemissionsfromenergy sector,is not thecasefor someof theSoutheastAsiangas emissionscomeandgreatlyfrom energysector,is not thefor somecountries,wherethatforestryagricultureare themajoritsourcesof caseemissions[9]. of the Southeast Asiancountries,whereandAsianagricultureare themajorsources of emissions[9].Some ofthe forestrySoutheastcountriessuchas Singapore,Brunei essuchasSingapore,BruneiDarussalam,Malaysia,andand Thailand have already accessed 100% of electricity (Figure 2). Meanwhile, other countriesThailandalreadyof electricityareexpectedhaveto reach100%accessedaccess to 100%electricityby 2030. (Figure 2). Meanwhile, other countries areexpected to reach 100% access to electricity by 2030.Purchasing Power Parity per Capita Electricity Consumption per Capita CO2 Emission per CapitaFigure 1. A relationship between per capita electricity consumption, purchasing power parity, and perFigure 1. A relationship between per capita electricity consumption, purchasing power parity, andcapita CO2 emission in Southeast Asia (2014) [10–13].per capita CO2 emission in Southeast Asia (2014) [10–13].
Resources 2019, 8, 813 of 19Resources 2019, 8, 81Resources 2019, 8, 813 of 193 of 1980Access to Electricity (%)Access to Electricity ao ingaporeCambodiaMyanmarVietnamLao poreFigure 2. Access to electricity in the Southeast Asian countries [2,14].Figure 2. Access to electricity in the Southeast Asian countries [2,14].Figure 2. Access to electricity in the Southeast Asian countries [2,14].Figure 3 shows the share of renewable energy to the total electricity generation. The totalFigure3 showsof renewableenergy to thetotal electricitygeneration.The and non-renewablegenerationamountedto approximatelyFiguregeneration3 shows fromthe shareof renewableenergy to the generationtotal electricitygeneration.The edtoapproximately856 Terawatt-hours (TWh). Out of this, 20% came from renewable energy, accounting approximatelyelectricitygeneration(TWh).from to approximatelyTerawatt-hoursOutof this, 20%fromrenewableaccountingapproximatelyfor 856hydropower(74.1%), voltaic(PV) (1.2%),and856Terawatt-hours(TWh). Outof this,20% camefrom htovoltaic(PV)(1.2%),wind (0.6%).forandhydropowerwind (0.6%). (74.1%), biofuels (12.6%), geothermal (11.5%), solar phtovoltaic (PV) (1.2%), andwind (0.6%).Figure 3. Share of renewable energy to total electricity generation in Southeast Asian countries (2014) [9].Figure 3. Share of renewable energy to total electricity generation in Southeast Asian countries (2014)[9]. The potential share of renewable energy in total primary energy supply in the Southeast AsianFigure 3. Share of renewable energy to total electricity generation in Southeast Asian countries (2014)countries[9]. is presented in Figure 4. On a country level, the renewable energy share in total primaryThe potentialenergy in totalprimaryinenergysupply thatin theSoutheast phaseAsian outenergysupply shareseemsoftorenewableincrease significantly,especiallythe countriescompletelycountriesis presentedin Figure 4.Onasa Cambodia,country level,renewableenergy Myanmarshare in totaltraditionaluses of bioenergy,suchLaothePDR,Indonesia,[9]. primaryIn LaoAsianPDR,The potentialshare of renewableenergy in totalprimaryenergy andsupply in the pplyislikelytoreachover50%ofthecountries is presented in Figure 4. On a country level, the renewable energy share in total aoPDR,Indonesia,andMyanmar[9].InLaoPDR,total primaryby 2025.energysupplyenergyseemssupplyto increasesignificantly, especially in the countries that completely phase outthe potential share of biomass energy in total primary energy supply is likely to reach over 50% oftraditional uses of bioenergy, such as Cambodia, Lao PDR, Indonesia, and Myanmar [9]. In Lao PDR,the total primary energy supply by 2025.the potential share of biomass energy in total primary energy supply is likely to reach over 50% ofthe total primary energy supply by 2025.
Resources 2019, 8, 81Resources 2019, 8, 814 of 194 of 19Lao le Energy Share (%)Figureofofrenewableenergyin totalprimaryenergyenergysupplysupplyin the SoutheastAsian countries.Figure 4.4. PotentialPotentialsharesharerenewableenergyin totalprimaryin the nesia.countries. Source: [9]; ble-Energy-Prospects-Indonesia.Several studies have focused on the renewable energy, biomass energy, renewable energy sources,energyutilization,policy,andemissionin Asia [2,8,9,15–19]but mostlyin ctorsthe renewableenergy, 20–24].Therefore,sources, energy utilization, policy, and emission factors in Asia [2,8,9,15–19] but mostly in specificthe studysuchhighlightedthe biomasssources,energypotential,and Darussalam,managementPhilippines,in SoutheastAsiancountriesas Indonesia,Malaysia,Cambodia,LaoPDR, kers,24]. Therefore, the study highlighted the biomass sources, energy potential, and management inresearchers,and as an importantportionSoutheastAsiancountries to ensurethe biomassforsourcesand theirenergyutilizationbe egion.the policy makers, researchers, and non-government organizations for outlooking biomass energy asanimportant portion of the future renewable energy sector in the region.2. MethodologySince most Southeast Asian countries are developing countries, the country-specific data related2. Methodologyto biomass sources, energy potential, and utilization in some countries including Myanmar, Cambodia,Since most Southeast Asian countries are developing countries, the country-specific data relatedand Lao PDR have not been sufficiently accessible during recent years. Therefore, the data wereto biomass sources, energy potential, and utilization in some countries including Myanmar,collated to a feasible extent from the peer-reviewed research papers, reviewed papers, policy reportsCambodia, and Lao PDR have not been sufficiently accessible during recent years. Therefore, the databy the organizations such as Asian Development Bank, the World Bank, United Nations Food andwere collated to a feasible extent from the peer-reviewed research papers, reviewed papers, policyAgriculture Organization, International Energy Agency, International Renewable Energy Agency,reports by the organizations such as Asian Development Bank, the World Bank, United Nations Foodand reports by non-government organizations. Then, the study synthesized and evaluated the biomassand Agriculture Organization, International Energy Agency, International Renewable Energysources, energy potential, utilization, and management in the Southeast Asian countries to highlightAgency, and reports by non-government organizations. Then, the study synthesized and evaluatedthe potential utilization of the available biomass sources in the region. Additionally, the barriers andthe biomass sources, energy potential, utilization, and management in the Southeast Asian countrieschallenges of biomass utilization in these countries were also described. Finally, the study proposed ato highlight the potential utilization of the available biomass sources in the region. Additionally, thesustainable approach of biomass energy by comparing the way of traditional biomass utilization.barriers and challenges of biomass utilization in these countries were also described. Finally, thestudyproposeda sustainable approach of biomass energy by comparing the way of traditional3. Resultsand Discussionbiomass utilization.Biomass Sources and Utilization in the Southeast Asian Countries3. Results and DiscussionThe region is situated in a tropical zone and has the capacity to produce the large quantitiesof biomassall theround,inoutwhich woodybiomass from forests constitutes a outheastAsian Countriesvaluable source of energy in the form of domestic fuel for local residents [16]. Additionally, the majorityregion haveis situatedin a tropicalzone and hasthe capacityto producelarge quantitiesofof theThecountriesan abundanceof agricultureresiduesfor biomassenergythesources,due to ed economy. For instance, with 45% of forest cover and agriculture-based economy,valuableof energyin the resourcesform of domesticforsectorlocalandresidents[16]. Additionally,theMyanmarsourcehas gainedthe biomassfrom the fuelforestagriculturalsector. Therefore,majority of the countries have an abundance of agriculture residues for biomass energy sources, dueto their agriculture-based economy. For instance, with 45% of forest cover and agriculture-basedeconomy, Myanmar has gained the biomass resources from the forest sector and agricultural sector.
Resources 2019, 8, 815 of 19Resources 2019, 8, 815 of 19the major biomasssourcesin thecountryincludewoodresidues,husk andstalks,sugarcaneTherefore,the majorbiomasssourcesin thecountryincludewoodriceresidues,ricericehuskand rcessugarcane residues, oil palm residues and other agricultural resides (Figure 5). The riesarepresentedinTable1.agriculture resources for biomass sources in the Southeast Asian countries are presented in Table 1.Figure 5. Biomass resources in Southeast Asia, based on Myanmar. Photo credit: Aung Myat Thu;Figure 5. Biomass resources in Southeast Asia, based on Myanmar. Photo credit: Aung Myat Thu;Lwan Wai, Myanmar Survey Stars; Myint Naing; Theint Theint Win, Toe Toe.Lwan Wai, Myanmar Survey Stars; Myint Naing; Theint Theint Win, Toe Toe.Table 1. Forest and agriculture resources for biomass sources in the Southeast Asian countries [15,16,20,21,25–27].Table 1. Forest and agriculture resources for biomass sources in the Southeast Asian countriesGrowing LandPercent ofAnnual tArea (1000 Land AreaVolume of ze10,094.000-Old RubberCassavatress stalk40,000.000 - 20.000SugarcaneMaizeGroundnutCassava oconut Oil palm- 4–10.000Jatropha Forest1.00031,773.000Oil palm4–10.000CambodiaRiceCambodia(%)(million tons/year)GrowingAnnualPercentLand AreaForest10,094.00057.000 Production/ Crop/Forestof Land(1000 Volume of StockArea(%) Old Rubber tress40,000.0000.250hectares/year)(million tons/year)Other 0.55020142010Forest sector could produce959 Mm3 of stock peryear.RemarksForest sector could produce 959Mm3 of stock per year.2.1800.1400.0240201720140.070Forest sector could produce1430 Mm3 of stock per year.-Forest sector could produce 1430Mm3 of stock per year.-Other13,869.00020.500Other wooded20,113.00029.7301903.0002.810land WaterbodyOther13,869.000-19.188 (paddy)Rice6872.400 ucible crops6872.40019.188 (paddy)Ethanol Biodiesel6500.000931.000producibleproduciblecrops cropsBiodiesel6500.000producible anation3200.000-Bamboo1400.000-20132013Ministry of Agriculture andIrrigation, Myanmar(2008–2009)Ministry of Agriculture andIrrigation, Myanmar (2008–2009)Forest sector could produce 87Mm3 of stock per year.Vietnam produces 10–13 tons ofbamboo per ha.
Resources 2019, 8, 816 of 19Table 1. Cont.CountryVietnamLao PDRPhilippinesIndonesiaAnnualProduction/Volumeof Stock(million tons/year)Crop/ForestGrowing LandArea (1000 hectares/year)Percent ofLand boo1400.000-Vietnam produces 10–13 tons ofbamboo per ha.Forest15,751.00068.000Forest sector could produce929 Mm3 of stock per year.Rice--YearForest sector could produce87 Mm3 of stock per year.-0.2182017Maize--1.1932017Cassava0.440-1.061 10 32012Sugarcane20.490-1.056 10 32012Forest7665.00026.000Forest sector could produce1278 Mm3 of stock per year.Agriculturalcrops13,000.00047.000Total land area for agriculturecrops has 30 million sResidues--16.000Biomass residues include theresidues from rice, coconut,palm oil, sugar,and wood industries.Forest94,432.00052.000-Forest sector could produce11,343 Mm3 of stock per year.Palm 972.00037.000Forest sector could produce783 Mm3 of stock per year.Agriculture27,072.000--Paddy11,270.000--Field Crop5020.000--Field crops include cassava(1.7 million ha), sugarcane(1.67 million ha), and maize(1.65 million ha).Perennial Crop4420.000--Perennial crops include ParaRubber (3.31 million ha),Oil Palm (0.6 million ha), andEucalyptus (0.51 million ha).Orchard1540.000--Orchard includes mixed fruit(1.16 million ha), coconut (0.19million ha), and longan (0.19million ysiaRemarksForest sector could produce4239 Mm3 of stock per year.Oil Palm--90.0702009Rice--3.52017Municipal 072.000-Forest sector could produce72 Mm3 of stock per year.SingaporeForest2.0003.000--
Resources 2019, 8, 817 of 19Table 2 presents biomass sources and their energy potential in the Southeast Asian countries whileTable 3 describes the utilization of biomass energy in the region. It is found that the total quantityof the residues from the agriculture and forest sector is estimated at over 500 million tons per year.Additionally, the total biomass energy potential in the countries has over 8000 million gigajoules. Basedon Tables 2 and 3, biomass sources and biomass energy utilization in each of the Southeast Asiancountries are briefly described as follows:(a) CambodiaCambodia has 10,094,000 hectares of forest area, having 57% of the total area of the country.Therefore, wood and wood charcoal account for approximately 80% of the total energy consumption inCambodia. Approximately 80% in urban and 94% in rural areas are used for cooking [26]. The othermajor biomass sources come from agricultural residues including rice husk, rice straw, corn cob,cassava stalk, bagasse, groundnut shell and husk, and coconut shell and front. Currently, the totalinstalled capacity from biomass is about 23 MW. Cambodia is planning to produce 73 MW of installedcapacity from biomass by 2030.(b) MyanmarMyanmar is an agriculture country, covering 45% of the area with forest. Myanmar produces over20 million tons of paddy annually. Therefore, the major biomass sources of the country are obtainedlargely from the forest and agriculture sector. Since 70% of the population resides in rural areas, theyare mostly dependant on solid biomass fuels. Approximately 65% of the total energy consumption ofthe country comes from biomass sources [28]. The total capacity potential from biomass and biogas isestimated at 6899 MW and 4741 MW, respectively [29]. Out of this, the total installed capacity hasreached 115 MW.(c) Lao PDRWith 68% of the forest cover, Lao PDR has an abundance of biomass resources from the forestsector. Since the majority of the population live in the rural areas, 80% of the households rely onfire wood and charcoal, having 68% of its primary energy supplies [26,30]. In addition to the forestsector, the agriculture could provide a wealth of biomass resources due to its agriculture economy.The installed capacity of biomass energy is about 40 MW and is being planned to achieve 58 MWby 2025.(d) VietnamBeing an agricultural country, Vietnam has an abundance of biomass energy sources, with over300 GW of theoretical capacity potential [31]. Biomass is mainly used in households (76%), and therest (24%) is used in small industrial boilers and combined heat and power (CHP) plants in sugarmills [32]. The major biomass sources include forest residues, rice husk, rice straw, bagasse, cane trash,maize trash, cassava stem, peanut shell, coffee husk, and coconut shell. The main energy consumptionpotential in Vietnam is aimed at municipal and industrial co-generation power plants [32]. Vietnamhas set a target of having a combined capacity of 500 MW of biomass power by 2020, which is raised to2000 MW in 2030 [33].(e) PhilippinesAs the energy needs of the Philippines rely predominantly on the imports of fossil fuels,the government have looked at renewable energy for possible alternatives [34]. Among the alternatives,biomass energy is crucial to the country and nearly 30% of the energy for the 100 million peopleliving in the Philippines come from biomass and are mainly used for household cooking by the ruralpopulation [27,35]. Additionally, biomass industry is rapidly advancing, with 276.7 MW of a totalinstalled capacity around the country [36]. Biomass energy application accounts for around 15% of theprimary energy use in the Philippines [35].
Resources 2019, 8, 818 of 19(f) IndonesiaAmong the Southeast Asian countries, Indonesia has an abundant growing stock in forests dueto its most extensive forest area, having 94,432,000 hectares [16]. Besides, in Indonesia economies,important biomass fuels are derived from agriculture residues and used in both traditional andmodern applications [21]. The major agriculture biomass sources are oil palm residues, sugarcaneresidues, rice husk and rice straw, and corn cob. It is estimated that Indonesia produces 146.7 milliontons of biomass per year, equivalent to about 470 million gigajoules (GJ) per year [37]. The totalestimated capacity potential from biomass accounts for approximately 50,000 MW, with 312 MW ofinstalled capacity.(g) ThailandThailand is an agricultural country, with a huge biomass energy potential for fulfilling additionalenergy requirements of the country. Biomass sources could cover up to 15% of the energy demandof the country [38]. The capacity potential from utilization of biomass and biogas is estimated at7000 MW and 190 MW, respectively [8,39]. Most of the biomass-fired industrial facilities are large-scale,centralized plants operating at economies of scale [40]. The installed capacity from biomass and biogasaccounts for 1610 MW and 46 MW, respectively, with 3.630 GW of installed capacity for a project targetby 2021 [8,39]. Thailand’s board of investment (BOI) promotes the production of electricity or steamfrom renewable energy, such as biomass by an eight-year tax holiday, exemption of import duty onmachinery, raw, or essential materials used in manufacturing export products [40].(h) MalaysiaMalaysia has a huge forest area, with around 62% of the total land area. Agriculture also coversapproximately 4,890,000 hectares of the whole country. Therefore, Malaysia has the numerous biomassresources such as oil palm residues, sugarcane residues, and coconut resides. The palm oil industryalone contributes to about 8% or over RM 80 billion to the country’s gross national income (GNI),making it by far the largest contributor within the agricultural sector, naturally generating the largestamount of biomass [6]. Industry figures put this amount at 83 million dry tons in 2012 and this is likelyto increase to 100 million dry tons by 2020 [6]. The total installed capacity potential from biomass isestimated at 29,000 MW, with 211 MW of the installed capacity [8].(i) Brunei DarussalamWith plentiful oil and gas resources, Brunei Darussalam relies majorly on fossil fuel not only forits national energy security and booming economy [23,41]. For this reason, it had minimal interest inthe use of renewable energies, but due to mounting worldwide interest in this and in order to diversifyits energy sources and bolster its energy security, it set out a goal of adopting 10% electricity fromrenewable energies in 2035 [41]. Biomass sources in the country account for coconut shell, coconutfiber, corn fiber, rice husk, and saw dust, with approximately 8.773 kilo GJ of the annual biomassenergy potential.(j) SingaporeBeing composed of 63 islands, Singapore has a total area of 722.5 square kilometers andapproximately two hectares of forest area. In 2007, Singapore identified clean technology as akey driver of economic growth, allocating S 700 million to fund research and development (R&D),innovation, and manpower development in the sector [6]. Singapore has gained a reputation as aclean, green “garden city” [42]. Utilization of horticultural and wood wastes processed by ecoWisecould produce approximately 0.9 MW of electricity and 5.4 MW of heat for co-generation plant [6].The total biomass energy potential from biomass accounts for approximately 2.901 million GJ [43] andthe installed capacity from biomass sources accounts for 220 MW [8].
Resources 2019, 8, 819 of 19Table 2. Biomass sources and their energy potential nual Production(million tons/year)Energy Content(MJ/kg)Energy Potential(million GJ/year)Year2011Rice husk1.69012.85021.730Rice straw2.07014.00028.9202011Corn 011Logging residues hasapproximately 75 km3 per year.Saw wood--0.0242011Saw wood has approximately2.9 km3 per year with 8.4 GJ ofenergy per m3 .Plywood--0.0432011Plywood has approximately0.51 km3 per year with 8.4 GJ ofenergy per m3 .Cassava 1Groundnut shell0.00811.2300.0862011Groundnut RemarksCoconut shell0.01116.4300.184Coconut front0.01614.5500.2292011Rice husk4.39212.85056.43720122012Lumber 40--2012Municipal solidwaste2.050--2012Forest Residues11.000--Forest residues include logging(40%) and sawmilling(38% solid 12% Sawdust)Rice husk7.52011.90089.3002010Rice straw37.57011.500432.800201
biomass sources for the energy sector due to their agriculture-based economy and enormous forest resources. Therefore, the study aimed at highlighting an overview of biomass energy in the Southeast . the potential share of biomass energy in total primary energy supply is likely to reach over 50% of the total primary energy supply by 2025. 0 .
potential production inputs to analyses comparing the viability of biomass crops under various economic scenarios. The modeling and parameterization framework can be expanded to include other biomass crops. Keywords: biomass crop, biomass production potential, biomass resource map, biomass resources, biomass sorghum, energy-
Biomass Biogas Biomass Biogas Biomass Technology Upgrades Maximum Potential Current. Emissions, metric tonnes (10. 3 . Mg for CO2eq) Feedstocks Collection and Transport Conversion Savings-80 -40 0 40 80 120 160. NOX PM CO2eq NOX PM CO2eq NOX PM CO2eq NOX PM CO2eq NOX PM CO2eq NOX PM CO2eq. Biogas Biomass Biogas Biomass Biogas Biomass Technology .
harvest of biomass energy because the forest industry currently operates at very low levels. NWT Biomass Potential Biomass and Climate Change Biomass is essentially solar energy stored in the mass of trees and plants. When a tree is harvested and burned as biomass energy, it is considered carbon neutral as long as another tree grows in its place.
Biomass for Energy Fund Paulownia Biomass Project 2/16 Important Notice This factsheet describes the proposed Biomass for Energy Fund I L.P. (the "Fund") which will invest in a biomass forestation project in Panama. It is addressed only to experienced investors having the expertise necessary to assess the risks of the proposed investment.
biomass efficiency (Rosillo-Calle, 2007). The potential for biomass energy is available but the means of concentrating and collecting the energy have to be developed. The future holds two main resources for biomass, waste biomass and biomass produced as an energy carrier. New forest management practices can be a means by which to harvest biomass
Biomass boilers are typically 20 - 50 MW range. The energy in biomass is converted to electricity with a efficiency of about 35% - a typical value of a modern coal-fired power plant. Biomass gasifiers:Operate by heating biomass in an environment where the solid biomass breaks down to form a flammable low calorific gas. The biogas is then
Limitations on Forest Biomass . Potential Biomass Production Perennial Energy Crops Forest Biomass - Hardwoods Forest Biomass - Softwoods Corn Stover 9.5 million dry tons 14.6 million dry tons 46% 3% 36% 15% 12% 32% 54% 2% Potential biomass production (million odt/yr) in NY from different sources in two scenarios
Further, the standard called for the utilization of third party certification as a mechanism for verifying compliance to the standard at the firm level. Despite the rapidly growing popularity of ISO 14001 there have been many criticisms regarding the ability of ISO 14001 to truly illustrate the day to day practices within a firm and the authenticity of its commitment to decreasing its .
