Environmental Assessment Of Sewage Sludge . - RE-WATER Braunschweig
Platzhalter für Bild, Bild auf Titelfolie hinter das Logo einsetzenEnvironmental Assessment of Sewage SludgeManagement Options: A Case studyM. R. Ghazy,Ghazy, T. Dockhorn and N. DichtlM.Ghazy@tu--braunschweig.deM.Ghazy@tu
Outline Introduction Problem and study objectives Methodology Define the studied scenarios LCA Approach Systems boundaries Results ConclusionM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.2/22
Wastewater Services Coverage in EgyptPopulation Distribution Urban (217 cities)About 57 % of Egyptian population live in rural areas43%where about 43% live in urban areasRural Areas 57%Only 15 % are covered by wastewater collectionRural (4600 villages)and treatment facilitiesPopulation distributionUrban Areas About 60 % are covered by wastewater services and it isCoveredplanned to be 100 % by 201715%Not coveredNot covered85%40%Covered60%Urban AreasRural AreasM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.3/22
Current Sewage Sludge Treatment OptionsFrom main GridWWTP electricityAlgabel Asfer WWTPCurrent Q: 1.8 x106 m3/dayFuture Q: 3.0 x106 m3/dayExcess electricityto main GridHeatWWTPsEngine generatorGravity thickenerConventional activated sludgeBFP dewateringAgricultural useAerobic biofilm reactorAnaerobic digestionPrimary treatmentDrying area(1.5-6 months)Natural dewateringAl berka WWTPQ: 500x103 m3/day(25-40 days)9 N AlexanderiaStabilisation pondQ1: 490x103 m3/dayAnerobic reactorWindrow compostingSludge storage lagoonsExtended aerationZenin & Abur Rawash WWTPsQ: 300x103, 850x103 m3/dayM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.4/22Q2: 360x103 m3/day
Problem and ChallengesIndustryPopulationUrban planingWastewater generationLow cost EnvironmentalprotectionM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.5/22
Study ObjectivesTheresultsareEvaluation of currentintended to be used bysituationdecision-makers as aofsewagesludge management inLCA approachbasic tool to elaborateEgypt as a case studystrategies and policies(M.Ghazy, 2009)for sustainable sludgeDevelopingacomprehensivemanagement in Egyptapproach for sustainable sludgemanagement in EgyptM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.6/22
Outline Introduction Problem and study objectives Methodology Define the studied scenarios LCA Approach Systems boundaries Results ConclusionM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.7/22
PumpingtransportStorage lagoon Air-drying(30 km)AnaerobicdigestionCompostingAgricultural useStudied ScenariosS-1S-2Naturaldewatering(drying beds)SludgeTrucktransportGravitythickeningSanitary landfillS-3(40 tingNaturaldewatering(drying beds)CompostingM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.8/22Agricultural useMixedS-4S-5
Study MethodologyLCAEnvironmental assessment of the selectedCostscenarios using LCADimensionsLow cost, more sustainable and lessenvironmental impactsM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.9/22
LCA Origin and StructureISO 14041ISO 14041LCA frameworkDirect application: Product developmentsand improvementsInterpretation Strategic planning Public policymarketing OthersISO 14042Phases and applications of LCA (based on ISO 14040)M .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.10/22
Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)Mandatory elementsSelection of LCIAmethodology / onal elementsBaseline impact categoriesGWPAcidificationAbiotic depletion (ADP)Acidification(AP)CO2NOxEutrophication (EP)SOGlobal(GWP) xCHwarming4Human toxicity (HTP) HFPhotochemicaloxidationHCl(POFP)N2OTerrestrial ecotoxicity (TETP)Fresh water aquatic ecotoxiciy(FWETP)Impact FactorsGWP(ADP) . . kg. Sb. Eq./ kg F.UCO2 . 1 CO2 eq(AP) .kg. SO2 eq./ kg F.U(EP) .kg PO .eq./ kg F.UCH4 . . 23 CO42 eq(GWP) . .kg CO2. eq./ kg F.U(HTP) kg DCB eq./ kg F.UN2O . 296 CO2 eq.(POFP) .kgethylene eq./ kg F.UNormalizationGrouping & WeightingElements of LCIA (based on ISO 14042, 2000)M .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.11/22Source: IPCC 2000
VOCCOCH4NOxSO2Kg CO2-eqAcidificationkg SO2-eqPhotochemicaloxidantKg C2H2-eqM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.12/22Weighting factorGroupingNOxSOxHFHCLGlobal warmingReference valuesCO2CH4N2O(Word emissions 2000)Applying of LCA Approach
System BoundariesSystem boundary (S-5)Mixed sludgeEnergyproductionSupernatantWater tWater bodyPercolatedWWTPWWTPWater body20 kmEnergyproductionEnergyproduction30 kmAvoided emissions(rice straw open burning)Agricultural useAvoided fertilizerproductionBulking agent(rice straw)M .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.13/22
Material and Energy Mass BalanceS-4Umberto 5.5S-5Main transitions (S-3)M .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.14/22
Outline Introduction Problem and study objectives Methodology Define the studied scenarios LCA Approach Systems boundaries Results ConclusionM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.15/22
Environmental Impacts of Aerobic/AnaerobicAerobic/Anaerobic DigestionAerobicADP: Abiotic depletionAP: AcidificationEP: EutrophicationFWETP: Fresh water ecotoxicityGWP: Global warmingHTP : Human toxicityPOFP: Photochemical oxidationTETP :Terrestrial ecotoxicityCED: Cumulative energy demandAnaerobicPositive effectsNegative 47-0.66-415-42-0.12-0.1-8461ADP(kg Sb)APEPFAETP(kg SO2)(kg PO4)(kg P-DCB)GWP(kg CO2)HTP(kg P-DCB)POFP(kg C2H2)TETP(kg P-DCB)With considering the effect of the avoided emissionsM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.16/22CED(MJ/FU)
Positive effectsNegative effectsEnvironmental Impacts of Studied Scenarios(kg Sb)(kg SO2)(kg PO4)(kg P-DCB)(kg CO2)(kg P-DCB)(kg C2H2)Characterization results of all compared scenariosM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.17/22(MJ/FU)
Weighting / Grouping Methods Monterey method (Ecotax )BestEuro/FUWorstS-3S-5S-4S-2Weighting profiles of the studied scenarios using the Ecotax2002M .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.18/22S-1
Weighting / Grouping Methods Panel methodBestPanel pointsWorstS-5S-3S-4S-2S-1Weighting profiles of the studied scenarios using Canadian panel methodM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.19/22
Summary of the Weighting Methods ResultsEcotax2002WorstPanel MethodCharacterization FactorsOverall RankingS-3S-5S-5S-3Sanitary landfillS-5S-3S-3/S-4S-5Aerobic/Drying 1S-1S-1Anaerobic/Drying bedsBestM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.20/22Storage lagoon
Conclusion The application of aerobic digestion shows a highly negative environmental impacts, whilethe application of anaerobic digestion shows a significant improvement. The application of composting process using rice straw as a bulking agent has a significantimprovement in many environmental categories. The first scenario is the highest environmentally preferable alternative, while the thirdscenario turned out to be the worst.M .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.21/22
Dr. Eng. Mohamed GhazyThank YouFaculty of Engineering, Benha University,Benha, EgyptMoh rabee27@yahoo.comDAADDeutscher Akedemischer Austausch DienstGerman Academic Exchange ServiceM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.22/22
ClassificationClassification of environmental intervention to their related impact categoryImpact categoryRelevant InterventionsResources:Depletion of abiotic resources(ADP)Climate change (GWP)Acidification (AP)Eutrophication (EP)Air:Air:Water:CO2, CH4, N2O , HalocarbonsNH3, NOx, SO2, HCl, HFP species, N species, COD/TOCAir:Air:NH3, NOxCd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, NH3, NOx, SO2, HCl, HF,PM10, benzene, CH2O, PAH, PCDD/PCDF, etcWater:Soil:Air:Water:Cd, Cr , Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, etcCd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn , etcCd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, HF, benzene, PAH,PCDD/PCDF , etcCd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, F, etcSoil:Air:Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn , etcCO,NOx, VOCs,CH4,, C2H2, etcHuman toxicity (HTP)Freshwater ecotoxicity (FATP)Terrestrial ecotoxicity (TATP)Photochemical oxidation(POFP)lignite, hard coal, natural gas, crude oil, uranium,raw phosphate, lead, iron, copper, nickel, chromiumore, zinc, bauxite, sulphur, potash .etcStratospheric ozone depletion Air:(ODP)1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethene,trichlorofluoromethane, halons, etc(R: resources, W: emission to water, A: emission to air, S: emission to soil)M .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.23/22Indicatorkg Sb-eqkg CO2-eqkg SO2-eqkg PO4-eqkg DCB-eqkg ethyleneKg CFC-11- eq
Impact Categories and Method of AssessmentImpact categoryUnitsLCIA methodAbiotic depletion (ADP)kg Sb eqCML 2001Acidification (AP)kg SO2 eq"Eutrophication (EP)kg PO4 eq"Global warming (GWP)kg CO2 eq"Fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity (FWETP)kg p-DCB"Terrestrial ecotoxicity (TETP)kg p-DCB"Human toxicity (HTP)kg p-DCB"Kg CFC-11 eq"kg ethylene"Stratospheric ozone depletion (ODP)Photochemical oxidation (POFP)Cumulative energy demand (CED)MJM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.24/22
Normalization DataIRc : score of characterization indicator of category cRc: reference value of category cImpact categoryWorld 2000World 1995Germany 20046,8647,28012,202kg CO2-eq/(pe·a)Acidification (AP100)525714kg SO2-eq/(pe·a)Eutrophication (EP)10236.50kg PO4-eq/(pe·a)Human toxicity (HTPinfinite)1,45510,0177,266kg DCB-eq/(pe·a)Freshwater ecotoxicity (FATP)5.0435889kg DCB-eq/(pe·a)Terrestrial ecotoxicity (TETP)8.3647.270kg DCB-eq/(pe·a)Depletion of abiotic resources (DAP)1,2782833kg Sb-eq/(pe·a)5816.8-kg C2H2-eq/(pe·a)0.030.09-kg CFC-11-eq/(pe·a)Climate change (GWP100)Photochemical oxidation (POFP)Stratospheric ozone depletion (ODP)UnitsGWP emissions in Egypt have been changed from 2,124 kg CO2-eq/(pe·a) in 1990 to2,976 kg CO2-eq/(pe·a) in 2000M .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.25/22
Principle of CharacterisationMidpointM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.26/22
Environmental Impacts of Studied SenariosS-5S-3S-4S-2Characterization results of all compared scenariosM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.27/22S-1
Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)AirFishSurface WaterDrinking waterGround waterCropsSoilGrassCattle meatHumansMilkHuman exposure routes identified in USESM .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.28/22
Weighting / Grouping Methods Ecotax 2002 methodImpact categoryReference unitWeight of referenceMJ eq0.015 Euro/MJAcidification (AP)kg SO2 eq1.5 Euro/kgEutrophication (EP)kg PO4 eq2.85 Euro/kgGlobal warming (GWP)kg CO2 eq0.063 Euro/kgFresh water aquatic ecotoxicity (FWETP)kg p-DCB12.4 Euro/kgTerrestrial ecotoxicity (TETP)kg p-DCB17.6 Euro/kgHuman toxicity (HTP)kg p-DCB17.6 Euro/kgKg CFC-11 eq120 Euro/kgkg C2H2 eq48 Euro/kgAbiotic depletion (ADP)Stratospheric ozone depletion (ODP)Photochemical oxidation (POFP) Canadian citizens panelImpact categoryWeight (%)Abiotic depletion (ADP)12.9Acidification (AP)9.2Eutrophication (EP)7.9Global warming (GWP)18.2Fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity (FWETP)6.6Terrestrial ecotoxicity (TETP)6.6Human toxicity (HTP)8.5Stratospheric ozone depletion (ODP)13.1Photochemical oxidation (POFP)6.8Land use10.6M .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.29/22
Base capital costs of the studied scenariosS-1S-2S-3S-4S-5500450450Base capital costs (US /ton)400350300238250200150100177149135132101 WWTP capacity (m3/day)M .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.30/2245
Total annual O&M costs of studied scenariosS-1S-2S-3S-4S-5350296Total annual O&M costs (US /ton)300304283250187 ,00010,00020,000WWTP capacity (m3/day)M .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.31/2250,00096
Area of Application of Studied ScenariosStorage lagoon-Air dryingMechanical dewatering – Anaerobic digestionNatural dewatering – Anaerobic dig.Aerobic dig.M .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case studyInternational Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.32/22
CED: Cumulative energy demand M .Ghazy, Environmental Assessment of Sewage Sludge Management Options: A Case study International Symposium Re-Water Braunschweig, Germany 21/22.Nov. 2011 , Slide No.16/22 With considering the effect of the avoided emissions ADP AP EP FAETP GWP HTP POFP TETP CED-415-2.83 -2.47-0.06-0.66 -.1-8461-42 -0.12 (kg Sb .
decreased for all waste fired boilers when co-combusting sludge. Digested sewage sludge and digestate increased combustion ash amounts in all cases, whereas fibrous sludge only did this in B1. All sludge types were found to be beneficial for reducing the risk of corrosion and agglomeration, but
The Tow-Bro Unitube sludge removal system offers the ultimate in rapid, uniform sludge removal and complete positive control of the sludge blanket. A gentle suction action removes biological sludge in one pass (typically 30 to 40 minutes) of the header arm. Sludge is fresher, thus reducing the chance for septicity. The Tow-Bro File Size: 200KBPage Count: 6
The diagram below shows an activated sludge aeration tank and secondary clarifier with parameters for the primary effluent, secondary effluent, waste activated sludge, and recycle activated sludge streams. The parameters in the diagram and a few others that will be used for the upcoming activated sludge calculations are summarized in the list .
The diagram below shows an activated sludge aeration tank and secondary clarifier with parameters for the primary effluent, secondary effluent, waste activated sludge, and recycle activated sludge streams. The parameters in the diagram and a few others that will be used for the upcoming activated sludge calculations are summarized in the list .
iv treatment. Sludge: Accumulated and concentrated solids generated within the wastewater treatment process that have not undergone a stabilization process. Sludge Dewatering: The removal of a portion of the water contained in sludge by means of a filter press, centrifuge or other mechanism. Sludge Stabilization: A treatment process used to convert sludge to a stable product for ultimate
route. Of the total sludge produced in European countries, the percentage of reused sludge reached levels as high as 50% in Germany, 54% in Spain, 65% in France and 71% in the United Kingdom (Magoarou, 2000). Despite the valuable properties of sewage sludge, such as relatively
Introduction On November 5, 2013, the Residuals Management Section of the Watershed Management Division in the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) [now named the . wastewater treatment has been practiced since sewage sludge was first produced (Hartman, 1975). Research into the plant nutrient value of sludge spans several .
However, the machining of these typically difficult-to-cut materials poses a challenge for conventional manufacturing technologies due to the high tool wear. Abrasive water jet (AWJ) machining is a promising alternative manufacturing technology for machining difficult-to-cut materials,
