EXtensible Versatile HypervISOR

VISOROpen-source, Lightweight, Extensible HypervisorANUP PATEL ANUP@BRAINFAULT.ORG XVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR1

Little About Me Hypervisor and Linux kernel developer with 12 years of industry experience Post-graduated (Masters) in 2009 from IIT Bombay, India Work full-time for Qualcomm as Server virtualization expert Maintain Xvisor as hobby project in personal time (since 2010) Open source contributions: 3300 patches in Xvisor (http://xhypervisor.org/)100 patches in Linux ARM/ARM64/RISC-V (https://www.kernel.org/)24 patches in Linux KVM ARM64 (https://www.kernel.org/)16 patches in Atomthreads RTOS (https://atomthreads.com/)Few patches in Xen ARM, QEMU, KVMTOOL, etcXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR2

Agenda Overview Virtualization Infrastructure Domain Isolation Device Virtualization Domain Messaging Footprint Xvisor for Automotive ReferencesNOTE: Domains in Automotive world are referred to as Guests in XvisorXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR3

OverviewXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR4

What is Xvisor? XVISOR eXtensible Versatile hypervISOR Xvisor is an open-source GPLv2 Type-1 monolithic (i.e. Pure Type-1) hypervisor Community driven open source project(http://xhypervisor.org, xvisor-devel@googlegroups.com) 8 years of development and hardening (since 2010) Supports variety of architectures: ARMv5, ARMv6, ARMv7, ARMv7ve, ARMv8,x86 64, and RISC-V (work-in-progress) First paper in IEEE PDP 2015 titled “Embedded Hypervisor Xvisor: Acomparative analysis”XVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR5

Hypervisor Classification - TraditionalType1 Examples: Xvisor, Xen, VMWareESX Server, Microsoft HyperV, OKL4Microvisor, etcType2 Examples: Linux KVM, FreeBSDBhyve, VMWare Workstation, OracleVirtualBox, etcXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR6

Xvisor - Complete Monolithic - Type1GuestUser SpaceGuestUser SpaceGuestUser SpaceGuest KernelGuest KernelGuest sGuest0Guest1GuestNGuest IOEmulationDevice Drivers(Host HWAccess)CPUVirtualizationManagementTerminalXvisor HypervisorIOMMUNetwork, Block, Input, VirtualizationHost HardwareXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOREL0-NS (ARM64)EL1-NS VCPUsVCPUsVCPUsEL2-NS (ARM64)Hypervisor Component7

Lots of features Virtualization Infrastructure: Device tree based configurationSoft real-time pluggable schedulerHugepages for Guest and HostTickless and high-resolution timekeepingHost device driver frameworkThreading frameworkRuntime loadable modulesManagement terminalLight-weight filesystemWhite-box testing Many More XVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR8

Lots of features (Contd.) Domain Isolation: VCPU and Host Interrupt Affinity Spatial and Temporal Memory Isolation Device Virtualization: Pass-through device supportBlock device virtualizationNetwork device virtualizationInput device virtualizationDisplay device virtualizationVirtIO v0.9.5 for Para-virtualization Domain Messaging: Sharing On-chip Coprocessor Zero-copy Inter-Guest CommunicationXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR9

VirtualizationInfrastructureXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR10

Device Tree Based ConfigurationThree types of device tree (DT):1. Host DT: Device tree which describes underlyinghost HW to Xvisor Used by Xvisor at boot-time2. Guest Xvisor DT: Device tree which describes Guestvirtual HW to Xvisor Used by Xvisor to create Guest3. Guest OS DT: Device tree which describes Guestvirtual HW to Guest OS Used by Guest OS at boot-timeGuest OSGuest OSGuest st OS DTGuest OS DTGuest OS DTGuest0Guest1GuestNGuest Xvisor DTGuest Xvisor DTGuest Xvisor DTXvisorHypervisorGuest IO EmulationDevice Drivers(Host HW Access)CPUVirtualizationVirtIO CPUsvCPUsHost DTHost HardwareXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR11

Soft Real-time Pluggable Scheduler Scheduling entity is a VCPU Two types of VCPUs:1. Normal VCPU: A VCPU belonging to Guest/VM2. Orphan VCPU: A VCPU belonging to Hypervisor for background processing Orphan VCPUs are very light-weight compared to Normal VCPUs Scheduler supports pluggable scheduling policy, available policies: Fixed priority round-robin Fixed priority rate monotonic Scheduling policies are soft real-time Scheduler supports multi-processors (or SMP Host)XVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR12

Hugepages for Guest and Host Xvisor uses Stage1 (regular) page table for “Hypervisor virtual address” to “Hostphysical address” mappings Host hugepages are bigger mappings in Stage1 (regular) page table Host hugepages make Xvisor memory accesses faster Xvisor uses Stage2 (nested) page table for “Guest physical address” to “Hostphysical address” mappings Guest hugepages are bigger mappings in Stage2 (nested) page table Guest hugepages make Guest OS memory accesses faster For ARM64 and x86 64, hugepage sizes are 2M and 1GXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR13

Domain IsolationXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR14

VCPU and Host Interrupt Affinity VCPU affinity is an attribute of VCPU specifying Host CPUs on which it isallowed to run Using VCPU affinity, we can assign particular Host CPUs for: Guest VCPUs (Normal VCPUs) Xvisor background threads (Orphan VCPUs) Host interrupt affinity is an attribute of Host interrupt specifying Host CPUs onwhich it can be processed Using Host interrupt affinity, we can assign particular Host CPUs for Hostinterrupts of a Guest pass-through device Host interrupt affinity of per-CPU Host interrupts (such as IPIs) cannot bechangedXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR15

Spatial and Temporal Memory Isolation Spatial memory isolationachieved using cache-coloring onlast level cache for Guest RAM Temporal memory isolationachieved using CPU performancemonitoring unit (PMU) to controlmemory access rate by GuestCPU3CPU2CPU1CPU0PMULast Level CacheSet0Set1Set2Set3Set4Set5Set6Guest0 - INTEGRITY/QNXGuest1 - Android/AGLGuestN - RTOSSetNIEEE ICIT 2018 paper: “SupportingTemporal and Spatial Isolation in aHypervisor for ARM MulticorePlatforms”InterconnectXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISORMEMC0MEMC0DRAMDRAM016

Device VirtualizationXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR17

Device Virtualization Types Types of Virtual Devices:1.Software Emulated Device: Real-world device emulated by hypervisor. Examples,Emulated UART 8250, etc.2.Paravirtual Device: Pseudo-devices emulated by hypervisor which are designed tominimize register programming. Examples, VirtIO Net, VirtIO Block, VirtIO Consoleetc.3.Pass-through Device: Direct access of host device from Guest/VM. This requiresIOMMU support in Host. Examples, PCI e1000 network adapter accessed byGuest/VM, SATA AHCI controller accessed by Guest/VM, etc.4.Partial Pass-through Devices: Access part of a host device from Guest/VM. Thisrequires IOMMU support in Host and Host device should have special support.Examples, SRIOV based PCI Network Adapter, GPU with multiple channels, etc. All types of virtual devices supported by XvisorXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR18

Pass-through Device Support Linux compatibilityheaders for driversrunning in Xvisor IOMMU and Interruptcontroller virtualizationfor drivers running inGuest OS Access part of devicefrom Guest OS usingpartial pass-through: Custom driver Custom FrontendsGuest1Device Drivers(Host HW Access)Partial PassThroughGPUDisplay0XVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE estNXvisorHypervisorGuest IOEmulationOrphanOrphanVCPUsDevicesVCPUsRTOSVirtIO anVCPUsVCPUsvCPUsSensorsHost Hardware19

Block Device Virtualization Consist of:1. vdisk: Logical entity whichgets block read/writerequests from Guests.Examples, Storage deviceemulators, and VirtIO Blockbackends.2. blockdev: Logical entitywhich represents hoststorage device or a partitionon host storage device.Examples, MMC, NAND,SATA, etc.INTEGRITY/QNXAndroid/AGLRTOSVirtIO BlockFrontendVirtIO BlockFrontendVirtIO BlockFrontendGuest0Guest1GuestNGuest IOEmulationDevice Drivers(Host HW Access)VirtIO BlockBackends(vdisks)XvisorHypervisorDisk VirtualizationFramework We can attach ablockdev to a vdiskHost HardwareXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISORCPU VirtualizationHost CPUsStorageDevice20

Network Device Virtualization Consist of:1. netport: Logical entitycapable of consuming andgenerating packets.Examples host networkdrivers, NIC emulators, andVirtIO Net backends.2. netswitch: Logical entitywhich does packet routingbetween netports. Variousrouting policy available:hub, bridge, vlan, etc.INTEGRITY/QNXAndroid/AGLRTOSVirtIO NetFrontendVirtIO NetFrontendVirtIO NetFrontendGuest0Guest1GuestNGuest IOEmulationDevice Drivers(Host HW Access)VirtIO NetBackends(netports)XvisorHypervisorNetwork VirtualizationFramework(netswitch)Host HardwareXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISORCPU VirtualizationHost vCPUsNetworkAdapter21

Domain MessagingXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR22

Sharing On-chip Coprocessor SOCs can have on-chipcoprocessors for securedprocessing Linux applications cancommunicate with on-chipcoprocessor using RPMSGcharacter device Virtual messaging domainto define a set Guestsallowed to communicatewith on-chip ApplicationApplicationVirtIO RPMSGFrontendVirtIO RPMSGFrontendVirtIO RPMSGFrontendGuest0Guest1GuestNGuest IOEmulationDevice Drivers(Host HW Access)VirtIO RPMSGBackendsXvisorHypervisorVirtual MessagingFrameworkHost HardwareXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISORCPU VirtualizationOn-chipCoprocessorRPMSG hipCoprocessorCoprocessor23

Zero-copy Inter-Guest Communication Achieved using:1. VirtIO RPMSP: Used for control messages Name-service notifications2. Shared Memory: Used for actual data transfers Very fast zero-copy Linux applications cancommunicate acrossGuests using RPMSGcharacter device Virtual messaging domainto define a set of Guestsallowed to ApplicationApplicationVirtIO RPMSGFrontendVirtIO RPMSGFrontendVirtIO RPMSGFrontendGuest0Guest1GuestNShared MemoryData (Shared Memory)Control (VirtIO RPMSG)Guest IOEmulationDevice Drivers(Host HW Access)VirtIO RPMSGBackendsXvisorHypervisorVirtual MessagingFrameworkCPU VCPUsVCPUsvCPUsHost HardwareXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR24

FootprintXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR25

Code Size and Memory FootprintLines of Code CommentsCodeBLOBSizearch/arm/714320614.text969 KB*core/897435419.data129 KBcommands/102510145.rodata329 KB*daemons/147526.bss202 KBdrivers/9427*43922*vmm.bin1445 034* Can be further decreased or increased basedon compile-time configurationRuntime MemorySizeText memory freed at boot-time112 KBTypical memory usage21 MB*Max VAPOOL limit32 MB*NOTE: Stats gathered from Xvisor-next on 22nd September 2018 for ARM64XVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR26

Xvisor for AutomotiveXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR27

Why Xvisor is ideal for Automotive? No dependency on any Guest OS for running management tools Single software providing complete virtualization solution Guest types described using device tree instead of fixed Guest types Para-virtualization complying open-standards (such as VirtIO) Pass-through (or direct access) device support Zero-copy inter-guest communication Spatial and temporal memory isolation between Guests Low memory footprint with reasonable code size Playground for academic researchXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR28

On-going Work in Xvisor Guest image authentication VirtIO input VirtIO GPU Netport Rx/Tx throttling Vdisk IO request rate-limiting Fixed priority deadline scheduler RISC-V support Upgrade to VirtIO 1.0 support And other stuff XVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR29

ReferencesXVISOR: EXTENSIBLE VERSATILE HYPERVISOR30