Expert System For Environmental Impact Assessment
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 2 Issue 12, December - 2013Expert System for Environmental Impact AssessmentHamzi RachidaInstitute of health and industrial safety,University of Batna, AlgeriaChettouh SamiaInstitute of health and industrial safety,University of Batna, AlgeriaAbstract1. IntroductionIn recent years, in line with the technologicaldevelopment, it is possible to have access to the dataproduced somewhere in the world by converting it intonumerical form and keeping it in the computer. Day byday, expert systems have gained importance for endation. These systems are especially helpfulfor authority and decision makers when data collection,interpretation and recommendation are needed [1].Expert systems can be used in all sectors have alsobeen used in areas related to the environment [2], [3],[4]. Expert system approaches help reduce effort andtime in facilitating the Environmental ImpactAssessment.The overall objective of an expert system for asustainable environment management take intoconsideration a great number of establishedenvironmental impact assessment (EIA) techniques inan attempt to combine the most appropriate elementsinto one comprehensive and intelligent, knowledgedriven framework and easy-to-use tool. The specificobjectives must to be:To produce a computer system to increase theeffectiveness of the preparation and review of EIAthrough systematic scoping for environmental impactassessment;To produce software to facilitate the determination ofappropriate terms and conditions to be attached toapprovals of EIA reports;To increase accessibility to existing information onenvironmental standards and guidelines for EIA.To accomplish all these objectives, the system managesa database of project assessments based on thecombining of three tools of environmental assessmentthat: The Environmental Effects Analysis (EEA), LifeCycle Assessment (LCA) and the Dynamic Models forthe numerical dispersion (DM). The expert systemallows the evaluation of a project in terms of itspotential environmental impacts at any early stage withIJERTThe abstract is to be in fully-justified italicized text, atthe top of the left-hand column as it is here, below theauthor information. Use the word “Abstract” as thetitle, in 12-point Times, boldface type, centered relativeto the column, initially capitalized. The abstract is to bein 10-point, single-spaced type, and up to 150 words inlength. Leave two blank lines after the abstract, thenbegin the main text.An effective protection of our environment is largelydependent on the quality of the available informationused to make an appropriate decision. Problems arisewhen the quantities of available information are hugeand no uniform and their quality could not be stated inadvance. Another associated issue is the dynamicalnature of the problem. The goal of environmentallyconscious design for manufacturing is to selectmaterials and processes that minimize environmentalimpact. This paper describes a general and uniformway to analyze the environmental impact ofmanufacturing based on the product decomposition, thematerials used in the manufacturing processes, and theparticular view of the environment. To accomplish thistask, we developed an expert system, called Expert EIA(Expert System for Environmental Impact vironmentalreviewersinassessingtheenvironmental consequences of their manufacturingdecisions. The Expert EIA combines advanced tools forenvironmental management like the EnvironmentalEffects Analysis (EEA), the Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) and the Dynamic Model (DM). It uses the dataregarding the characteristics of the activities, andbased on the results from the EEA form, quantifies theimpacts of significant activities selected and also thetime residence and concentration of pollutant in theair. As a result, the expert system “Expert EIA” waschosen to provide a decision-making facility for eachenvironmental characteristic.IJERTV2IS121095www.ijert.org2723
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 2 Issue 12, December - 2013Life cyclePre-studyEEAEnvironmental Impacts/Pollutant residence timeLCADMDecisionFigure 1. Combination of environmental tools for qualitative and quantitative analysis.2. Combined approach for EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentSignificant attention and emphasis has been given tocleaner and greener technologies in processes andproduct manufacturing. This is recognized as a keyelement in pollution prevention and development ofsustainable strategies. Sustainable developmentrequires methods and tools to measure and compare theenvironmental impacts of human activities for theproducts. Environmental impacts include those fromemissions into the environment and those due to theconsumption of resources, as well as otherinterventions associated with the product‟s end-of-life.These emissions and consumptions contribute to a widerange of impacts, such as climate change, stratosphericozone depletion and tropospheric ozone (smog)creation among others.A clear need, therefore, exists to be proactive and toprovide complementary insights, apart from currentregulatory practices, to help reducing such impacts.Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a systematic approachthat enables implementation of cleaner and greenerproduct and process concepts in industry. It isdescribed as a method toestimateenvironmental impacts associated with products,process and services. LCA approach involvesquantitative analysis structured in four stages: goaldefinition, inventory analysis, impact analysis andimprovement analysis. Common criticisms of thisapproach include high completion costs, labourintensive data collection, unavailability of someinformation for the required assessment and the failureof LCA to address other design issues such asfunctionality, reliability and safety requirements.IJERTa minimum of project specific information. Theprototype draws on extensive knowledge and databaseson project characteristics based on generic profiles anda hierarchical classification scheme.The prototype‟s knowledge base is limited to a fewexamples of checklists and rules for one problem class.Once the system is developed and validated, it isdeployed to the users. If users need for an advice then,they access to the expert system and system conducts abidirectional dialog with the user, asking her or him toprovide facts about a specific incident. While acceptingthe user‟s answers, the expert system attempts to reacha conclusion.The goal of this paper is to show how expert systemhave succeeded in developing adequate tools formodeling, design, simulation, prediction, planning nt and protection. Many environmentalproblems, such as damage to the biosphere, local airpollution, the spread of harmful substances in thewater, and global climatic changes, cannot be studiedby experimentation. Hence, mathematical models andcomputer simulations are being used as the appropriatemeans to get more insight.The paper presents in first, the approach used forassessing the environmental impacts and whichcombined three tools: Environmental Effects Analysis(EEA), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and DynamicModels (DM); and then in the second part, we presentthe expert system realized for automating thisapproach.IJERTV2IS121095www.ijert.org2724
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 2 Issue 12, December - 2013Taking these factors into consideration, a number ofalternative or streamlining approaches have beensuggested including a qualitative approach named as“EEA” (Environmental Effects Analysis) [5]. EEA isused in the early stages of product life cycle; it is usedfor the purpose of identifying and evaluating potentialenvironmental impacts in all life cycle phases of aproduct. The objective of the tool is to take correctiveand preventive actions to minimize the environmentalburden from products during their life cycle. Moreover,to complete the analysis with LCA, process simulatorsproviding local scale models to predict mass andenergy flows around a chemical process is required.The consequences resulting from the step of “impactsevaluation" in LCA are thus studied by these models.A Dispersion Numerical Model (DNM) is proposed forthe prediction of air emissions. The DM balanceKnowledge baseRules:EEA AnalysisLCA ResultsDM data: parameters,initial conditionsWorking memoryInference engineUserConstruction site informationKnowledge acquisitionsUser InterfaceOutput reportEEA form data:LCI Data :EIQuantities of EI .Facts:IJERTExplanation facilitiesEPNquantifies the environmental impact of the pollutantsemitted in a process and determines the environmentalfriendliness of a given process. That includes a twodimensional coupled kinetic – transport model in whichmass and momentum transport equations are solved toproduce estimates of the pollutant concentrationevolution in atmosphere [6], [7]. If only the kineticflux is interesting, the easiest model to use is one – stepglobal model. The mean concentrations andconcentration fluctuations are predicted by this model.This part of the work focuses on the combining of thesethree making decision tools (EEA-LCA-DM) andunderlines their strengths and weaknesses (figure 1)[8].ExpertSpatio temporal datafrom DM :Pollutant concentration .Residence time .Figure 2. Combination of environmental tools forqualitative and quantitative analysis.modules of Dynamic Fire –LCA modelhave to be regularly updated and searched, so effective3. Building an expert system: TheThethreeExpertmethods for storing and accessing large amounts ofEIAAny successful decision - making is strongly dependentupon various capabilities which include the effectiveacquisition, storage, distribution and sophisticated useof the knowledge of human experts in the field.Systems for information retrieval are usuallyimplemented via standard data base systems. Suchsystems usually work with thousands of records whichIJERTV2IS121095data are of great importance.Expert systems employ human knowledge to solveproblems that originally require human intelligence.They consist of two main parts: knowledge base andinference mechanism. Knowledge base contains expertknowledge for a given domain (typically in the form ofrules), and inference mechanism is a domainwww.ijert.org2725
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 2 Issue 12, December - 2013independent program which works with the knowledgebase in order to reach final conclusions(recommendations, diagnostic) (figure 2).During the consultation the system asks questionsrelevant to the investigated conclusions.Work on a database: An important aspect of building and usinginformational systems of the sustainable developmentis represented by the integration of an „expert‟component in their structure. It is, in fact, about theaccomplishment of a synergic interaction betweencomponents.You already leave?Existing base.Create a newbaseEEA Information Main menu BASE EXPERT USER REPORTSActivitiesEnvironmental aspectsEnvironmental ImpactsAssessment criteria ( E, L, P,.)LCA Information Chosen activities with high EPNEnvironmental Impacts.Quantities of each environmental impactIJERTBase- New : create a new base.- Load base: load an existing base.- ,Save base: saving of the newknowledge for the news or the ancientbases.- Save under: save a base Anotherperipheral or another nameIJERTV2IS121095EEA FormNPE numberLCA Results Initialize the base of knowledge.Deduction.ICV resultsHierarchical organization of theenvironmental impactsDM ResultsReports Initial conditions stemming from LCINumerical Model parameters .EEA ResultsAdd a base.Delete knowledge.Consult the base.User Expert DM Information Evolution spatio - temporal oftheconcentration,thetemperature . Residence time of pollutants inthe atmosphereFigure 2. Functional description of expert system “Expert EIA”EEA analysis.LCA analysisMD resultswww.ijert.org2726
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 2 Issue 12, December - 20134. Knowledge representationOur expert system is with an engine of order 0 (logic of the propositions with global variables). Itpossesses three bases: the base of objects, the baseof facts and the base of rules. These three bases arerepresented by lists of units and each unit contains: A timekeeper on the following unit. An element which can be a rule, a fact oran object.Every object possesses the list of the factswhich are associated to it and the fact contains thelists of the rules in which it can be premise orconclusion. The condition part of a rule is a list offacts premises. The action part is a list of factsconclusions. All these lists are established bytimekeepers on these elements.5. Mechanism of inference of the Expert EIAThe expert system works in forward chaining.In this mode, one starts with the data available anduses the inference rules to extract more data until adesired goal is reached. An inference engine usingforward chaining searches the inference rules untilit finds one in which the if clause is known to beIJERTV2IS121095true. It then concludes the then clause and adds thisinformation to its data. It continues to do this untila goal is reached. Because the data availabledetermines which inference rules are used, thismethod is also classified as data driven.5. ConclusionThe overall objective of an expert system for asustainable environment management take intoconsideration a great number of establishedenvironmental impact assessment (EIA) techniquesin an attempt to combine the most appropriateelements into one comprehensive and intelligent,knowledge driven framework and easy-to-use tool.The specific objectives must to be: To produce a computer system to increasethe effectiveness of the preparation andreview of EIA through systematic scopingfor environmental impact assessment; To produce software to facilitate thedetermination of appropriate terms andconditions to be attached to approvals ofEIA reports; To increase accessibility to existinginformation on environmental standardsand guidelines for EIA.With expert systems, the sustainable developmentarrives at an operational stage obviously verypromising. Two facts seem important through ourrealization: Knowledge bases are completely going torevolutionizethestorageoftheinformation.The dialogue man machine will not ask any more for theintervention of a computer specialist. It willnot be necessary any more to the user towrite a program to resolve its problem butonly to specify its problem in a languagemore formal than the natural language.The expert system “Expert EIA” so presented,allows to mitigate the problem of heaviness and thetime of analysis by the combined approach (EEA /LCA/ DM).IJERTThis synergy is being accomplished, on the firsthand, through the control transfer from onefunction to another in the system and, on the otherhand, through the information transfer amongsystems (subsystems). It is essential that one modelcould call for the inference mechanism (the expert)which should use rules which operate with thevariables used by the model or re-found in the database. Similarly, „the expert‟ should return thecontrol to the model or to the files generator topresent results. The expert component from thesystem‟s structure will imprint the character of an„intelligent system‟ and will be used to beconsulted as an „expert‟ with the purpose of: Using a given volume of knowledge toobtain results of difficult to examineactivities, as much as the human experts; Giving a diagnosis or building a solution;Offering explanation about the way in whichthe given solution was obtained.A. Functional description of “Expert EIA”The screen of “Expert EIA” is divided to ”, “USER” and “REPORTS” (figure 3).In the window “BASE”, it will be possible to loadan existing base or to create a new base. Bases areregistered with the extensions: For the base ofobjects “ .BO”, the base of facts “.BF”, the base ofrules “.BR” and the base specific to the reports “.MDE”, “. LCA” and “. DM”.6. References[1] Say, N.P., Yucel, M., and Yilmazer, M, “AComputer-based System for Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA) Applications to Energy PowerStations in Turkey: CEDINFO”, Journal of EnergyPolicy, Vol. 35, (2007), pp.6395-6401.[2] Ahlmann, A.B., Scholles, F., Schwabl, A., Simon,K.H., and Waschkowski, R. “Integrated ComputerSupport for Environmental Impact Assessment”, In: IFIPTransactions, vol. B-16, Proceedings of the IFIPTC5/WG5.11 Working Conference on Computer Supportfor Environmental Impact Assessment, Como, Italy,(1992), pp. 289–299.www.ijert.org2727
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 2 Issue 12, December - 2013IJERT[3] Booty, W.G., Wong, I.W.S., Lam, D.C.L., Kerby,J.P., Ruddock, R., and Kay, D.F, “Application of anexpert system for point source water quality modeling,In: Proceedings of the IFIP TC5/WG5.11”, WorkingConference on Computer Support for EnvironmentalImpact Assessment, Como, Italy, (1993), pp. 245–256.[4] Jazzar, M.M., Daud, M., Bardai, M.Z., Ramli, A.R.,and Said, S, “A knowledge-based expert system for EIAusing blackboard approach”. Journal of ComputerScience, Vol. 11 (2), Malaysia, (1998), pp. 15–22.[5] Lindahl M. “E-FMEA- A new promising tool forefficient design for environment”. In: Proceedings ofEco-design 99: First International Symposium onEnvironmental Conscious Design and InverseManufacturing, Tokyo, Japan; ISBN 0-7695-007-2(1999).[6] Lindahl M, “Environmental Effect Analysis (EEA)An approach to design for environment”, Licentiatethesis. Stockholm: Department of Chemical Engineeringand Technology, KTH, ISBN 91-973906-2-3 (2000).7] Tingström J, Lindahl M, “Evaluation methods for theenvironmental effect analysis”, In: CIRP, Seminar onLife Cycle Engineering, Life Cycle Planning, Design andManagement for Eco-Products and Systems, June 18-20,Varna, Bulgaria (2001).[8] Vrieling, A.J and Nieuwstadt F.T.M, “Turbulentdispersion from nearby point sources- interface of theconcentration statistics”, Atmospheric Environment 37,4493-4506 (2003).[9] Hamzi. R, “Modélisation et impacts à court termed‟un incendie en milieu ouvert sur l‟environnement”,Thèse de Doctorat. Institut d‟Hygiène et SécuritéIndustrielle. Université de Batna (2008).[10] Hamzi. R., M.T.Zaoui et T.Bouhoufani, “SEGAMDE: Système Expert pour la génération des AMDE”.CIP Proceeding. Alger (2001), 415- 419.IJERTV2IS121095www.ijert.org2728
combining of three tools of environmental assessment that: The Environmental Effects Analysis (EEA), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the Dynamic Models for the numerical dispersion (DM). The expert system allows the evaluation of a project in terms of its potential environmental impacts at any early stage with 2723
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