Pakistan Studies 2059 - Mega Lecture

10The British Arrival and ExpantionIntroduction: Some of the British Merchant’s sought permission from theQueen Elizabeth 1 to trade with India and started their trade in 1612. Theirfirst post had been established at Surat in 1908.Slowly the influence grew. In 1664, trading post established in Bombay. 1690post in Calcutta. By end of the 17th Century, EIC was thinking how to lay apermanent British Hold over India.Expantionism: The rule of 3.comBritish used Divide and rule policy to rule and capture India. They used further 3methods to capture over India:ure.1. Direct Wars: fought with Hyder Ali and Tipu Sulatn of Mysore notably. Also withNawab Siraj and Mir Qasim.galect2. Subsidiary Alliances: These were the alliances made with local princes. Accordingto the terms, the real matters of the land were given in hand of British in return ofBritish protection and money. Furthermore the ruler could stay on throne thoughonly as a British puppet. In this British was able to reinforce its control over India.w.me3. Doctrine of Lapse: The law stating that all rulers under the terms of subsidiaryalliances if do not have any natural male heir then after their death the land willbelong to British. One of the affected was Rani of Jhansi who later played animportant role in the War of Independence 1857.wwBattle of Plessey: The French encouraged the Nawab of Bengal to attack the EIC baseat Calcutta. Further more the Fortification of British post on Calcutta was also againstagreement with the Nawab of Bengal and so Siraj-ud-Daulah marched over Calcuttaand seized Fort William and locked the British residents in a small room. 23 out of 65people died and so Battle of Plessey began. Robert Clive succeeded in defeating Sirajby bribing one of his key men Mir Jaffer. Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengaland Bengal came under EIC’s rule.Quick Revision GuideSOTZ PUBLICATIONS Page 10www.youtube.com/megalecture

11Assault on Afghanistan: The British were threatened about Russia seeking to expandits terrirory. In 1939, Briitsh invaded Afghanistan and installed its own puppet ruler,however the British army could not face the difficult terrain of Afghanistan as well asthe locals and soon within Two years the Afghan’s rebelled and massacred the Britishforce. Out of 4000 soldiers, only one doctor from Kabul survived and reported theincident.The Annexation of Sindh: In 1843 The British pride was hurt by the invasion inAfghanistan and decided to attack on Sindh under Sir Charles Napier to restore theirPride among Muslims and to capture the important Route through Bolan pass. Evenin Britain many people condemned Napier’s action for they had broken a friendshiptreaty with the Amirs of Sindh.The Capture of Punjab: The British now turned to Punjab threatened by theincreasing power of Ranjit Singh and now to capture the trade route over Indus Riverand Khyber Pass. The Sikhs were worried also and so they attacked on Britishcontrolled India in 1845, First Sikh War. Their main army was destroyed. Finally in1848-9 Second Sikh War, the Sikh army was destroyed and so the British took overPunjab. The NWFP also came under British rule with Capture of Punjab.Quick Revision GuideSOTZ PUBLICATIONS Page 11www.youtube.com/megalecture

Fahad H. Ahmad 92 323 509 444312Pakistan MovementThe Partition of Bengal, 1906- Bengal was partitioned due to some very importantreasons.e.com1. Bengal was a very large province geographically and population wise. It was anarea with a population of 54 million (42million Hindus and 12 million Muslims)in East Bengal alone and 31 million in West Bengal.2. It was the demand of Muslims for they wanted a separate province in theirrule where they would have more favour and better jobs. So to make Muslimshappy.3. They wanted to cut the power of Indian National Congress which had startedspeaking against British agitating people. Further many terrorist agencies hadsprouted up, so to tackle them it was a necessary step for British.galecturReaction of Muslims: Muslims were happy as there demand had been approved.Muslims, who had been denied of education and many other facilities while Hindusprospered, had their positions improved overnight. Muslims were happy as they hadrecognition now. They were now able to escape from Hindu oppression. They had aplace where they could protect their religion, values and identity. They felt a feelingof loyalty for the British.www.meHindu Reaction: Hindu were very angry and they started non cooperation campaign.They blamed British of dividing them with their Divide and Rule policy. They claimedthat British had tried to weaken Hindu Unity because they had started to call forreforms through the use of Congress.Hindus performed many protests and many petitions were sent to the government.They attempted assassination over the new viceroy Lord Minto due to this event.They started a Swadeshi Movement in which they stopped buying British goods andthrew many British goods in fire. British sales dropped dramatically.Simla Deputation and Formation of Muslim League: Muslims watched Hindusreaction on partition of Bengal and decided something had to be done to protecttheir identity.Further more National Congress was dominated by Hindus and Muslims needed abase of their own as their voice for the British for Hindus could not be trusted tofavour Muslims.Quick Revision GuideSOTZ PUBLICATIONS Page 12www.youtube.com/megalecture

13They wanted to stand up and have some rights. They needed to get some reforms.They wanted right of separate electorate to protect their interests, religion andlanguage. Thus they formed they had a meeting with Viceroy Minto in Simla on 8thOctober 1906.Simla Deputation: Asked for separate electorates. They asked for higher percentageof seats than their higher population.Morley Minto Reforms, 1909: Also known as the Indian Council Acts. Basically itincreased representation of Hindus and Muslims in different councils.Reversal of Partition of Bengal and its effect: Because new viceroy and King George5 ordered for the reversal of partition. British had been forced to reverse by Hinduprotests. The British feared more assassination attempts from Hindus.It affected the Muslims greatly whose feelings of loyalty had been taken for grantedand they realized that they need to be organized to have a voice of their own.The Lucknow Pact, 1916: Was the first Agreement between Congress and MuslimLeague. Important as it established Jinnah as the focal point for this agreement andshowed his great political abilities. It was done because the Muslim League felt thatthey needed the support of Congress in its early years. Because they thought theycould pressurize British together in accepting their demands. (See full detail in thebook page # 57-58)The Monatague Chelmsford Reforms, 1919: Were meant to be the promisedconcessions to Indian from British after World War One. Basically introduced asystem of Diarchy in which certain subjects like local government, education, healthand other facilities were transferred under the Indians rule while the real powerremained with the viceroy like foreign affairs, Police and Revenue. Gave right ofseparate electorate to Muslims.Rowlatt Act, 1919- Prison without trial: This act was passed when the protest overthe Mont-Ford reforms started and other minorities began to demand separateelectorate. The act was passed allowing arrest without warrant, detention withoutbail and provincial government ordering people where to live.Amritasar Massacre: After passing of Rowlat Act more agitation started a new seriesof protests and on a curfew time, people about 20,000 in number turned up for apeaceful protest at Jilianwalah Bagh where G. Deyer ordered his troops to open fireon crowd without warning killing and injuring many.Quick Revision GuideSOTZ PUBLICATIONS Page 13www.youtube.com/megalecture

14Khilafat MovementReasons to start it: After World War 2, British decided to break the OttomanEmpire. Ottoman Empire held great importance to Muslims in India and sothey wanted to protect it and save the Khalifa.Because the Holy places of Muslims were in the Ottoman Empire so their was agreat threat that British might harm Holt places of Muslims.Reasons of its failure: Because of many reasons the movement failed.comWithdrawl of Gandhi: Hindus had been cooperating in this movement by performingtheir own non co-operation to British. An incident at Chora Chori where many hinduswere killed caused Gandhi to withdraw with his Hindu force which weakened theMovement’s strength.cture.Hijrat Movement: Because many Muslims tried to migrate towards Afghanistan butwere not allowed in the country so they had to return to find their propertiesplundered and captured by Hindus. This increased rifts between the 2 nations andalso weakened the Movement as Muslims did not have the strength to take part in it.galeMoplah Uprising: Some Muslims Peasants in South India attacked and destroyed apolice station and killed many Hindus. British was angered by this Uprising and sothey became firm on their decision.www.meDeclaration of Turkey: Turkey itself declared itself independent when Kamal Ataturkremoved the Khalifa and so the purpose of the movement failed and it ended.Quick Revision GuideSOTZ PUBLICATIONS Page 14www.youtube.com/megalecture

15Fahad H. Ahmad 92 323 509 4443The Simon Commision, 1928: This council was formed 2 years earlier byConservative Party because they feared the Labour Party to give two muchconcessions to Indians so it was formed 2 years earlier. Its purpose was to built aunanimous constitution. It contained all British Officials.Nehru Report,1928: Simon commission appointed Motilal Nehru to discuss andmake a unanimous constitution and after much discussions when the final version ofreport came out it omitted all Muslim rights.It disapproved for right of separate electorate for Muslims. It asked Hindi to be theofficial Language and Muslims were given less representation.The report reformed Muslim fears about Hindu dominion and the threat to theiridentity.Jinnah’s 14 points: Jinnah gave his 14 points as an answer to Nehru Report. It gaveaims for Muslim League. He gave it as His own Constitutional Formulae. It demandedProvincial autonomy. It demanded separate electorate and rights of Muslims inminorities.The 14 points were of great importance as they became the aims and basis for thedemand of independence and partition.Round Table Conferences, 1930-32: These were held in London to discuss aunanimous constitution with the Indians.1rst Round Table Conference: Jinnah and Muslim League attended. Congressboycotted because Gandhi was imprisoned due to his non-cooperation and SaltMovement. The Conference failed in its main purpose but was achieved little successas British agreed the introduction of representative government at provincial level.2nd Round Table Conference: Both Jinnah and Gandhi attended it. Gandhi took ahard line and refused to discuss minority problem claiming to represent the wholeIndian community. Congress stood by Nehru Report and refused to listen toanything. This conference failed as well. Little achievement in this was theacceptance for NWFP and Sindh to be given provincial status and governors.3rd Round Table : Was held in 1932 and neither Gandhi attended nor Jinnah. TheConference was a complete failure. The only success was the passing of CommunalAwards.Quick Revision GuideSOTZ PUBLICATIONS Page 15www.youtube.com/megalecture

16Chaudhary Rehmat Ali and His pamphlet: In 1933 Chaudhary R.A. suggestedpartition but none of the Muslim leaders agreed. He later issued a pamphlet whichgave the name and its origins for his supposed partitioned Muslim Country. He gavethe name Pakistan. P for Punjab. A for Afghania (NWFP). K for Kashmir. I for Iran. Sfor Sindh. T for Turkiministan. A for Afghanistan. N from Baluchistan.The Government of India Act 1935: Was the Final Constitutional Act by BritishGovernment for India. It announced Elections. Raised representation and also gaveright of separate electorate to Muslims. Indians were not happy with it but acceptedit due to the upcoming elections.e.com1937 Elections: Both Congress and Muslim League participated and Muslim Leaguelost poorly. Congress won the elections. It taught how Muslims needed to be moreorganized. It gave them experience of an election. It also gave realization that MLhad an Image Problem and needed to focus on area with the minority of Muslims forthere they had fared better results. Thus began the cruel age of Congress Ministries.galecturCongress Ministries 1937-39: Muslim League was badly treated by Congress.Congress refused to cooperate with them. Congress ministries started to introduce aseries of measures, all which threatened Muslim Identity and culture. One of themwas the “Bande Mataram” Scheme, in which a Hindu Nationalist song whichencouraged to expel Muslim was made compulsory to be sung before the start ofevery day official business and provincial assemblies.www.meThe second famous issue was the Wardha Scheme in which Education was now inHindi, spinning cotton by hand was introduced in the school curriculum and religiouseducation was excluded. All Students had to bow to a picture of Gandhi before thestart of the school.Further more Azan was forbidden, punishments on slaughtering of cows wereintroduced and attacks on mosques were done. Sometimes pigs were pushed in themosques and noisy processions were arranged near the mosque during the time ofprayer. Anti-Muslim riots were also performed in which Muslims were killed, insultedand their properties were captured. This increased Hate and rifts between the 2nations and The period was known as the Congress Tyranny Period.Congress Ministries Resign 1939: In 1939, World War 2 broke out. Lord Linlithgowannounced India at war with Germany. Congress was angry on not being informedbefore the announcement about Viceroy’s Decision and refused to cooperate. Theydemanded Self Rule and when Immediate Self Rule was not promised, CongressQuick Revision GuideSOTZ PUBLICATIONS Page 16www.youtube.com/megalecture

17resigned from government. Muslims celebrated at the end of the age of CongressTyranny and they named it “The Day of Deliverance” offending the Congress Deeply.August Offer, 1940: Again Lord Linlithgow made an offer to the Indians whichIncreased representation in Executive Council of Indians while gave them the right toframe their own constitution after war. However Congress refused this offer.Pakistan Resolution, 1940: At the annual session of Muslim League, The Resolutionfor a separate homeland was passed in which it was demanded that all Muslimmajority provinces should be grouped as a one unit separate land. The Resolutionwas known as Lahore Resolution but the Hindu press began referring to It as“Pakistan Resolution.”Cripps Mission 1942: Sir Stafford Cripps was sent with some proposals to Indianswhich stated that after War India can have Dominion Status after the War.Constituent Assembly to frame new constitution and members for this assembly tobe elected after War.However Congress refused for the wanted Immediate Self Rule and they declared theproposals as “stale”. Muslims refused because they wanted a separate homelandand nothing else.Quit India Movement 1942: In anger of Cripps Mission proposals and to pressurizethe British in the crucial situation, Congress started a mass movement against Britishdemanding British to leave. Jinnah condemned the Congress and saw it as anattempt to exploit British. British however became more determined to keep holdand shut this movement down by arresting many leaders and killing many peoplethrough the use of air bombing and gas.Gandhi-Jinnah talks: A number of letters and conversations were held between the 2leaders in 1944 however the result was disdainful as Gandhi wanted Self Rule firstand then consider partition while Jinnah wanted Partition first and no otheralternative. Gandhi wanted power in hands of Federal Government while Jinnahwanted provincial Autonomy. This widened the gulf between Hindus and Muslimseven further.The Simla Conference: Lord Wavell held a conference as a last try to bring the twocommunities together suggesting the formation of an Executive Council which willhave equal representation from both communities. However Jinnah refused thisoffer demanding only partition.Quick Revision GuideSOTZ PUBLICATIONS Page 17www.youtube.com/megalecture

Fahad H. Ahmad 92 323 509 4443181945 Elections: Muslim League one this election by a great margin with the motto ofa separate homeland. Furthermore the Tyranny of Congress Ministries could not beforgotten so easily and Muslims could not risk the life of their identities again.Cabinet Mission 1946: Under Sir Stafford Crips a cabinet was formed to try to find asettlement acceptable to everyone in India. However on finding little commonground between the communities, the Cabinet gave a plan which rejected Pakistanestablishment while dividing India in 3 parts: A Hindu majority. B Muslim Majority.C Bengal and Assam. Each part was to have local autonomy. Foreign Affairs, defenceand communication was to be managed by Central Indian Union.comFur

Pakistan and so Pakistan left Common Wealth in protest. 1980's Britain remained a strong ally and trading Partner. 1989 Relations improved because Pak. Returned to Common Wealth. 1979-88 British supported Pakistan and aided in Afghan Crisis. Relations with Bangladesh 1971 Very bitter relation. Pakistan stated to break bonds with any country .