Site Logistics Planning For High Rise Building Construction On .
Site Logistics Planning for High Rise Building Constructionon Congested Downtown SitesbyHiba Mahboob AliA thesis submitted in conformity with the requirementsfor the degree of Master of Applied ScienceDepartment of Civil & Mineral EngineeringUniversity of Toronto Copyright by Hiba Mahboob Ali 2018
Site Logistics Planning for High Rise Building Construction onCongested Downtown SitesHiba Mahboob AliMaster of Applied ScienceDepartment of Civil & Mineral EngineeringUniversity of Toronto2018AbstractConstruction planning for tall buildings becomes more complex with small land parcels in urbancores, fast-paced schedules and a growing number of domains involved in decision-making. Thisresearch consists of evaluating the literature regarding construction planning techniques,decision-making models, constraints in the current construction industry and holding interviewswith domain experts to summarize their implicit knowledge regarding construction site logisticsplanning. It was found that there is no existing tool that adequately optimizes a construction siteplan as all research is carried out in isolation, only optimizing a certain piece of equipment oroperation. In this research, a multi-domain decision making tool was developed to assist projectplanners in site planning on complex construction projects so multiple domain decisions andimpacts are simultaneously realized, and a framework for construction site planning that can beapplied to the industry was introduced.ii
AcknowledgmentsDuring my bachelors at the University of Toronto, I was sure I would not pursue a masters’degree. In 2nd year, I met Professor Brenda McCabe in the construction management course. Notonly did I love the course and identify her as a mentor for myself and all the females in theprogram, I also knew I would only do a masters’ degree under her supervision. Time passed, andmy feelings towards research did not change. I was sure I couldn’t do it.After graduating from my bachelor’s, Professor McCabe saw the potential in me to be passionateabout construction management and took me in as one of her research assistants. It is with deepgratitude and utmost unbelief that I say my success is entirely due to Professor McCabe, herunwavering belief in me, her patience, guidance and her passion for improving everythingaround her. She has inspired me since 2nd year, during monument meetings, weekly drop-insfrom us whenever she was available to chat about life, and through the last 3 years of my time asa research assistant. Thank you for being so sincere, always encouraging me and for guiding methrough the hardest times in my life without losing faith in me.Thank you to Professor Pressnail for agreeing to be my second reader in such short notice, foraccommodating my presentation time. Thank you for enabling me to graduate and asking themost interesting questions during my presentation. You have made me so excited to work in thisfield of knowledge.Thank you to my research group, some who I got to start my journey off with and some who Ibarely got to spend enough time with and still had the opportunity to become friends with. Thankyou, Yuting Chen and Hesam Hamledari, for taking the time to talk with me, and teach abouttheir research, things at the university and life in general. Thank you, Patrick Marquis, forpartnering with me on literally everything and going through it all with me, from the very start.Kamellia Shahi and Eric Li for motivating me and checking in on me. Pouya Zangeneh, forbeing the best desk buddy and making everything just a bit lighter. Finally, thank you ArashShahi, for laying down the groundwork for so much of our success at conferences and for all thefeedback for me.Thank you to my friends, who stood by me, as I put my life on hold to get it all back together,encouraged me in ways I didn’t know I needed, and monthly glared me into getting it done—iii
whatever it might be. Thank you to my parents and my sister who have had the utmost patienceand understanding during my time in university and pushed me towards always striving forbetter.Thank you to Rescon, Daniels and Menkes for motivating this research and providing time andresources for the information required to develop the framework developed in this research.Finally, I want to thank Nelly Pietropaolo, who goes out of her way to make sure school isrunning and my god is it running, but also makes sure her door is always open for anyone whowants to talk. Thank you for all the times spent talking about events, volunteering, how to getinvolved, camping, but most of all just life. Thank you for making my time at the University somemorable.iv
Table of ContentsContentsAcknowledgments. iiiTable of Contents . vList of Tables . ixList of Figures . xList of Appendices . xiiChapter 1 Introduction . 11 Introduction . 11.1 Objectives . 21.2 Methodology . 21.3 Industry Partners . 31.4 Organization of Thesis . 3Chapter 2 Challenges of Site Logistics for Tall Building Construction . 62 Challenges of Site Logistics for Tall Building Construction . 62.1 Abstract . 62.2 Introduction . 62.3 Model Inputs . 72.3.1Object Storage Location Definitions . 82.3.2Object Definition . 92.3.3Time Element . 102.3.4Constraints . 122.4 Program Functions . 132.4.1Model Logic . 132.4.2Object Supply and Space Updating . 14v
2.5 Model Output . 152.6 Shortcomings . 152.7 Future Developments . 162.7.1Special Considerations for Tall Buildings . 172.7.2Proposed Model . 182.8 Conclusion . 20Chapter 3 Interaction Diagrams for Multi-Domain Decision Making Processes . 223 Interaction Diagrams for Multi-Domain Decision Making Processes . 223.1 Abstract . 223.2 Introduction . 223.3 Research Method . 233.4 Literature Review. 253.4.1Information Exchange Models . 253.4.2Equipment Management . 263.4.3Construction Logistics Planning . 273.4.4Discussion . 293.5 Decision Making Tools . 303.5.1Weighted Decision Matrix . 303.5.2Decision Tree Diagram . 303.5.3Influence Diagrams . 313.5.4Bayesian Networks . 333.5.5Interaction Diagrams . 343.5.6Decision Making Tools Comparison . 363.6 Interaction Diagrams . 373.6.1Developing the Construction Site Logistic Interaction Diagram . 383.6.2Construction Site Logistics Interaction Diagram . 40vi
3.6.3Case Study: 87 Peter Street, Toronto, ON . 423.6.4Improvements from Existing Models . 463.7 Conclusion . 48Chapter 4 Site Logistics Planning with an Interaction Diagram. 514 Site Logistics Planning with an Interaction Diagram . 514.1 Abstract . 514.2 Introduction . 514.3 Research Method . 524.4 Literature Review. 534.5 Planning Process . 544.5.1Traffic Management Plan . 554.5.2Soil Remediation . 564.5.3Shoring Design. 574.5.4Temporary Site Power . 574.5.5Crane Plan . 584.5.6Hoist Plan . 584.5.7Concrete Pump Plan . 584.6 Interaction Diagram . 594.6.1All Factors . 604.6.2Traffic Management Factors . 624.6.3Crane Factors . 634.6.4Concrete Pump Factors . 654.6.5Hoist Factors . 664.7 Relationship Significance . 694.8 Conclusion . 70Chapter 5 Conclusion . 71vii
5 Conclusion. 715.1 Research Contributions . 715.2 Limitations of Research . 735.3 Future Research . 735.3.1Programming from Tacit Knowledge . 74References . 86Appendices . 91viii
List of TablesTable 1: Model Logic Summary . 14Table 2: Papers Modelling Types of Material Storage and Model Updating . 28Table 3: Weighted Decision Matrix Example . 30Table 4: Traditional Nodes . 32Table 5: Relationships. 33Table 6: Interaction Diagram Features . 35Table 7: Benefits and Shortcomings of Decision Making Tools . 36Table 8: Situation where Relationship Significance Varies . 70Table 9: Step 1 – Retrieve All Inputs. 77Table 10: Step 2 - User Inputs . 77Table 11: Step 3 - Choose Equipment Combination . 77Table 12: Step 4 - Calculate Total Lift Times for 4 Scenarios for Each Equipment Combination. 77Table 13: Step 5 - Display Results . 82ix
List of FiguresFigure 1: Site Layouts with Different Time Dimensions. 11Figure 2: Model Comparison of Storage Type and Feedback . 16Figure 3: Proposed Model Framework . 20Figure 4: Decision Tree Example . 31Figure 5: Influence Diagram Example . 32Figure 6: Bayesian Network Example . 34Figure 7: Interaction Diagram Example . 35Figure 8: Relationship Significance Survey . 40Figure 9: Construction Site Logistics Interaction Diagram . 41Figure 10: Site Plan . 43Figure 11: Proposed Site Plan Using Interaction Diagram . 45Figure 12: Actual Site Plan . 46Figure 13: Actual vs Predicted Crane Cycle Lift Times . 47Figure 14: Site Interaction Diagram . 60Figure 15: Hoist Outrigged Platform . 68Figure 16: Relationship Rating Difference . 69Figure 17: Crane and Concrete Pump Program Decision Flowchart . 75Figure 18: Crane Database Summary . 83Figure 19: KNF 336i-16 Load Chart . 83Figure 20: Concrete Pump Database Summary . 84x
Figure 21: Concrete Bucket Data Summary . 84Figure 22: Radial and Tangent Movement of Hook . 92Figure 23: Vertical Movement of Hook. 93Figure 24: All Building Factors Significance Ratings . 94Figure 25: Crane Factor Significance Ratings . 94Figure 26: Hoist Factor Significance Ratings . 95Figure 27: Traffic Management and Concrete Pump Factors Significance Ratings . 96Figure 28: Crane 1 - KNF 336i-16 Load Chart. 97Figure 29: Crane 2, 3 and 6 - Pecco PC 2000 . 97Figure 30: Crane 4- Peiner SK315Figure 31: Condor FZ 001 . 98Figure 32: Crane 7 - Comedil CTL-250 . 98Figure 33: Crane 8 - AVRO LJK 160 . 99Figure 34: Crane 9 - Pecco PC 1400 . 99Figure 35: Crane 10 - Pecco PC 1200 . 100Figure 36: Crane 11 - Pecco PC 3600 . 100Figure 37: Crane 12 and 16 - Comedil CTT 331 . 101Figure 38: Crane 13 - Peiner SK 415 . 102Figure 39: Crane 14 - Pecco Sn 406 . 103Figure 40: Crane 15 - Pecco PC 3000 . 103xi
List of AppendicesAppendix A: Crane Cycle Equations . 91Appendix B: Charts Showing Significance Ratings for Relationships . 93Appendix C: Crane Load Charts . 96xii
1Chapter 1IntroductionIntroductionTall building construction is increasing around the world as urban center population grows anddensification is required. Tall buildings are defined subjectively according to their height relativeto the height of surrounding buildings, their footprint to height ratio, and the technologies beingused (Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, 2018). Although tall building constructionallows a more efficient use of the land parcels, many challenges are introduced during theplanning, construction and operation phases of the building.Some of these challenges were recognized by the Building Tall research group and turned intoresearch initiatives, including the analysis of cladding systems, a benchmarking of the permittingprocess for the construction of tall buildings in Toronto, and stack effect management. Thisresearch focuses on the optimization of site logistics planning for the construction of tallbuildings in urbanized areas.With congested construction sites and smaller land parcels, there is less area at the exterior of thebuilding footprint to store materials during construction. This was investigated through a reviewof the literature. Through interviews with industry professionals, it was found that storage duringthe construction phase of a building was only one logistic that needed to be improved. There wasno established industry method for site planning. Instead, each company and expert has their ownprocess that evolved over time and is passed from person to person informally. This researchfocuses on evaluating the literature, interviewing industry professionals, and collecting site datato create a tool for site logistics planning that streamlines the process across the industry.Construction logistics consists of decisions across multiple stakeholders, domains and trades.The project manager is tasked with coordinating the trades, clients, engineers and architects, andthe government. Every decision that is made in any domain has an impact on the options that areavailable for other decisions in the project. As there is currently no standardized or documented
2way for site planning to occur, the best decisions for each project entirely rely on the experienceof the project manager.1.1 ObjectivesThe purpose of this research is to produce a method for construction site logistics planning thataids project managers to make decisions. This is to improve communication betweenstakeholders in the early stages of the construction project, reduce costs by decreasing changeorders during the construction process, and ensure a project meets its goals.The main goals are to:1. Compare methods currently used for construction planning in literature and in the fieldand summarize the findings2. Observe site operations on various projects in Toronto and identify planning proceduresfor high-rise construction in Toronto3. Create a tool that visually shows the impact of decisions across multiple domains for anydecisions with multiple stakeholders, summarizes common site logistics planning stepsacross sites and supports decision making4. Apply the tool to construction logistics planning in TorontoThe scope of this research focuses on decision-making for construction logistics for high-risebuildings in Toronto. The current trends for construction planning and material storage in urbanareas are explored. Further details about the scope can be found in chapter 3.3.1.2 MethodologyThis research sought to incorporate findings in the academic literature with the experience ofindustry professionals to formulate a construction site logistics planning process. First, theliterature was reviewed to summarize the research that exists. Topics of interest included interiorstorage, identifying model types and their features, equipment planning methods, project
3management techniques, and decision-making tools. The shortcomings and strengths of thesetopics are outlined in the following chapters.Industry professionals were interviewed to identify perceived areas of research. It wasestablished that there is no industry-wide process used by project managers to plan a project, andthat most decisions were made based on learned knowledge. Once this gap was identified,decision-making tools were analyzed to apply a tool for logistics planning use. There were notools that achieved what was required for project planners, so an interaction diagram was created.Factors impacting site logistics decisions for vertical transportation of materials were identifiedthrough interviews and site visits. These were applied in the creation of the site logistics planninginteraction diagram. The interaction diagram was reviewed by industry professionals andrevisions were made for ease of use and specificity. The diagram was then validated throughsurveys and feedback from planners.The final interaction diagram for construction site logistics is presented and applied to a casestudy. Decisions made without the interaction diagram are compared to show how it simplifiesdecision making for project managers, supplies reasoning for decisions, and summarizes theimpact of a decision on other domains. Future research is identified at the end of this thesis.1.3 Industry PartnersThe Residential Construction Council of Ontario (RESCON) is a board of directors thatrepresents builders, developers, and its other members on construction issues and purses researchto improve construction efficiency. In this research, RESCON is the industry partner, along withits members The Daniels Corporation and Menkes Developments. Site logistics planning inurban areas was identified as requiring a more efficient process as tall building constructionintroduces new challenges in planning.1.4 Organization of ThesisThis document is a paper-based thesis comprising three independent paper chapters, anintroductory chapter that explains the overall research, a chapter that provides guidance in the
4form of pseudocode for the development of a software to support the automation of planning forvertical transportation, and a conclusions chapter that summarizes the findings and contributions.Due to the paper-based format, there exists some repetition but efforts have been made tominimize it.Chapter 2 comprises a paper entitled Challenges of Site Logistics for Tall Building Construction,which was presented at and published in the 2016 CSCE Conference proceedings. It summarizesthe limitations found in storage research and practices on construction sites currently, identifiesexisting model features in the literature, analyzes their uses, and presents a proposed frameworkfor a model to automate site planning.Chapter 3, entitled Interaction Diagrams for Multi-Domain Decision Making Processes, presentsa method for multi-domain decision making in planning, construction and operations. This is theinteraction diagram, a graphical model that shows the impacts of a decision in one domain ondecisions or factors within the same and other domains. An interaction diagram is constructed forconstruction site logistics planning with a focus on vertical transportation and a case study ispresented to compare decisions made by using the interaction diagram to decisions that werecarried out during the project. This paper is expected to be submitted to Journal of EngineeringEducation.Chapter 4, Site Logistics Planning with an Interaction Diagram, details the construction logisticsplanning interaction diagram developed in Chapter 3 with a focus on the vertical transportationof materials and personnel. It explains situations for each factor and the impact it can have on therest of the project, as well as presenting steps to take when plann
research consists of evaluating the literature regarding construction planning techniques, decision-making models, constraints in the current construction industry and holding interviews with domain experts to summarize their implicit knowledge regarding construction site logistics planning.
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