Reimagining WASH WATER SECURITY FOR ALL - UNICEF
ReimaginingWASHWATERSECURITYFOR ALLThe world is in a water crisis, and children’s lives and futures are at risk.
Reimagining WASH Water security for allb
ReimaginingWASHWATERSECURITYFOR ALLThe world is in a water crisis, and children’s lives and futures are at risk.
Reimagining WASH Water security for all2
Reimagining WASH Water security for allFor children, water is life: without it they cannot survive.Safe drinking water is essential for their health and survival,and unsafe water can make them sick or even kill them.3 UNICEF/UN055941/Gilbertson VII PhotoBut a lack of safe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)affects more than just children’s health. It affects theirphysical development, exacerbating malnutrition andstunting. It affects their education, disrupting learningand sometimes forcing them to skip school to walk longdistances to collect water. Water scarcity reduces livelihoodopportunities for their families and communities, leading tomigration, conflict and even child labour.
Reimagining WASH Water security for all450millionchildren1.42 billion peoplelive in areas of high or extremelyhigh water vulnerability.Today, 1.42 billion people – including 450 millionchildren – live in areas of high or extremely highwater vulnerability.1Less than 3 per cent of the world’s waterresources is freshwater, and it is growingincreasingly scarce.i Decades of misuse, poormanagement, over-extraction of groundwaterand contamination of freshwater supplieshave exacerbated water stress. At the sametime, demand for water is rising due to rapidpopulation growth, urbanization and increasingwater needs from a range of sectors, notablyagriculture, industry and energy.Climate change is also compounding waterscarcity through changing precipitation patternsand increased water demand. Many changesin climate are felt through water – droughts,floods and rising sea levels – and extremeweather events can damage vital water andsanitation infrastructure and services inhomes, communities, schools, health-carefacilities and food supplies. Rising sea levels1can lead to saltwater intrusion, contaminatingdrinking water supplies. Rapid melting ofglaciers changes the river flow patterns in thedownstream areas, contributing to risks offlooding, damage to infrastructure (includingdam bursts), as well as low flows in rivers,reducing the amount of water available.Water scarcity and climate change arealso drivers of conflict and migration, ascommunities and entire populations competefor shrinking water resources. Families may beforced to leave their homes in search of reliablewater supplies and livelihood opportunities,often moving to urban areas and towns,putting even more pressure on alreadystrained services.The resulting impact on children’s health,development, and safety threatens thesignificant progress made in child survival andsustainable development over the past severaldecades. It is putting children’s lives at risktoday and threatens future generations. ater vulnerability for this analysis relates to physical water scarcity risks (Baseline water stress; inter and seasonal variability;Wgroundwater decline and droughts) and the water service level4
Reimagining WASH Water security for allKEY CONCEPTSWater scarcity2Extreme water scarcityiiiWater scarcity exists where the demand forwater exceeds supply and where available waterresources are approaching or have exceededsustainable limits. Water scarcity can either bephysical or economic.Occurs where annual water supply availabilityis less than 500 cubic metres per personper year. However, this metric has beendeveloped as a global average, applied invarying contexts and includes differentuses of water, not only domestic.Physical water scarcityOccurs where water resources are overexploited for different uses and no longer meetthe needs of the population.Water securityWhere poor governance, limited capacity,infrastructure and limited investments areamong the drivers of economic water scarcity.This type of water scarcity may occur incountries with adequate water resources.The capacity of a population to safeguardsustainable access to adequate quantities ofand acceptable quality water for sustaininglivelihoods, human well-being, and socioeconomic development, for ensuring protectionagainst waterborne pollution and water-relateddisasters, and for preserving ecosystems ina climate of peace and political stability.iv,3Water insecurity occurs when any or allof these needs cannot be met.Water stressiiExtreme water vulnerabilityEconomic water scarcityWater stress is an outcome of water scarcityand refers to scarcity in terms of quality andaccessibility. Water stress may manifest inconflict over water resources, over-extraction, orpoor health and disease.Extreme Water Vulnerability is the combinationof the highest levels of physical water scarcityrisks and lowest levels of drinking water servicethat affects a given population (surface water,unimproved or limited water service).4,52 ater scarcity is a relative, dynamic concept, and the local context will determine how and why supply is not meeting demand.WSeveral different definitions for water scarcity exist, which include different methods of measuring levels of water scarcity. Morerecent methods are focused on determining levels of water stress based on temporal (spatial or geographic determinations of wateravailability within a country or region) and seasonal fluctuations in water resources at different times of the year. Primary indicators ofwater scarcity have typically focused on average exposure of water users in each country to baseline water stress, defined as the ratioof total withdrawals to total available supply.3 his is a working definition based on UN-Water’s Water Security and the Global Water Agenda report. UNICEF will contribute to fourTdimensions of water security solutions as outlined at the end of this brief.4 limited water service is an improved source for which collection time exceeds 30 minutes for a roundtrip including queuing (JMP,AProgress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2017)5 UNICEF’s conceptualization based on analysis of the interplay between access and physical water risks.5
Urban peacebuilding through WASH interventions inTripoli, LebanonLocal groups, including the NGO LebaneseRelief Council (LebRelief), intervened bybringing Tripoli communities together toaddress gaps in water service, behaviourchange, and building social cohesion. Thisincluded a WASH fair to raise awareness ofthe poor WASH conditions and their impacton community health and well-being. Youngpeople played a central role in organizing thefair and promoting participation by both the6Alawite and Sunni Muslim communities. Theyalso organized a large community theatricalperformance to communicate key WASHmessages and address everyday experiencesof Tripoli residents.UNICEF brought together community leadersand government service providers to discusswater and sanitation infrastructure andimproving services for all. Tripoli youth fromthe Alawite and Sunni Muslim communitieswere given skills training and employmentopportunities, and many helped implementthe WASH infrastructure improvements.Marginalized youth were also trained torehabilitate spaces used as impromptu dumpsand turn them into child-friendly green spaces,learning skills for future employment.The changes not only brought social cohesionand trust, but also made the water services moresustainable. Residents of these communitiesstarted to pay affordable fees for their safewater supply for the first time in decades. UNICEF/UN076933/Ibarra Sánchez / MeMoIn 2014, Tripoli’s WASH infrastructure andservices were essentially destroyed as aresult of conflict and prolonged neglect.The government water service providertried to connect the water supply from thenewly rehabilitated water networks in thepredominantly Sunni neighbourhood ofQuobbe to deliver water to Jabal Mohsen,predominantly Alawite. But Quobbe residents– motivated by simmering tensions andconflict – filled in the trenches dug by thecontractor and pushed out the governmentwater service provider.
Reimagining WASH Water security for allHOW DOES WATERINSECURITY AFFECTCHILDREN?Access to safe water is not only paramountto children’s survival, it is also an essentialcomponent for other areas of their developmentincluding health, nutrition, education, safety andeventually, employment.Health and nutritionIncreasing water scarcity affects children’shealth. Every day, over 700 children under age5 die from diarrhoea linked to unsafe water,sanitation and poor hygiene.v When children getsick with diarrhoea, they are unable to absorbthe nutrients they need to grow. Over time thiscan lead to stunting and may irreversibly impactchildren's physical and mental development.About 144 million children under 5 worldwideare stunted.viEducation, development and safetyWhen water sources dry up, children may beforced to drop out of school to be able to spendmore time collecting water from sources thatare farther away. Not only does this disrupt theirschooling, it also places a great physical burdenon children as they carry heavy loads of water.When schools do not have adequate water,children are ill equipped for learning, studyingand practicing safe hygiene like handwashing.Water scarcity can have an especially adverseeffect on girls, as the task of collecting watermost often falls on them. Not only does thiscause them to miss school, or to drop out,but also potentially places them in harm’s waywhen they are forced to walk long distances towater sources. During menstruation, girls maybe less likely to attend school if it does not haveadequate water and sanitation facilities to helpthem manage their periods. Data from ruralAfrica show that females born during severedroughts suffer the impacts their whole lives,growing up shorter.viiLivelihoods and futuresYears of consecutive droughts can also have asignificant impact on children and their familiesby limiting household income and the cost ofbasic household items. Of all jobs constitutingthe global workforce, 78 per cent are highlydependent on water.viiiIn areas where the economy is sustained bywater, gross domestic product and economicopportunities are necessarily impacted by waterscarcity. Agriculture is a prime example, aswater scarcity, fluctuating temperatures andrainfall patterns can reduce the productivity ofthe land.As children grow into adulthood, water-scarceareas will pose more challenges for theireconomic opportunities, even forcing them toleave their homes. Water scarcity and youthunemployment together are among the rootcauses of migration.ix7
Groundwater resource identification and Early WarningSystem for the South of MadagascarIn areas where traditional water sources canno longer provide enough water throughoutthe year, new water resources are required.To identify these, UNICEF collaborated withthe European Union Joint Research Centreto identify potential areas of groundwaterdevelopment using remote sensing data.Equally important to finding new waterresources is identifying long-term trendsin groundwater including changes in waterlevels and quality, and understanding howthese are impacted by seasonal variations8in recharge. However, there is currently nonational monitoring system in Madagascar tomonitor groundwater and to try to predict thechanges in water levels for better planning ofwater resources.To address this, UNICEF developed agroundwater early warning system inassociation with the government to warnof possible drought conditions through analert system, and rapidly communicate onpossible water resource shortages and waterquality and issues. This allows UNICEF, thegovernment and partners to take timelyactions to provide water services.The monitoring network generates data frommanual measurements as well as automatedsystems where data are transmitted over thephone network. UNICEF/UN0267014/RaoelisonThe south of Madagascar has the country’slowest water service coverage and isstrongly impacted by the effects of climatechange, including more frequent and intensedroughts. This has caused severe foodinsecurity and malnutrition crises, whichmostly affect children.
Reimagining WASH Water security for allWHAT CAUSESWATER INSECURITY?Climate changeApproximately 74 per cent of natural disastersbetween 2001 and 2018 were water related,including droughts and floods.x The frequencyand intensity of these events are expected toincrease due to climate change.xi When thesedisasters hit, they can destroy or contaminateentire water and sanitation infrastructure.Rising temperatures and sea levels can leadto contamination of freshwater sources,compromising the water resources millions ofpeople rely on. Changes in rainfall patterns andriver flows, as well as increased demand, cancontribute to increased frequency and severityof droughts. Furthermore, when rain does occurin drought-stricken areas, the soil cannot absorbthe much-needed water, leading to floods,reduced aquifer recharge and contaminatedwater resources. Increased temperatures andunpredictable rainfall patterns can also lead toreduced rain-fed growing periods in agriculture,causing farmers to rely more heavily ongroundwater for irrigation, which is oftenused inefficiently.Population growth andincreased demandGlobal water demand is projected to increaseby 20 to 30 per cent per year by 2050.xiiPopulation growth and higher living standards arecontributing to a surge in water demand, as wellas in food and energy demands, which requirelarge amounts of water. Often, this populationgrowth is concentrated in cities, which candeplete and contaminate water resources thatsupply urban areas. In less than 10 years,45 major urban areas with more than 3 millionpeople are projected to be under high orextremely high water stress.xiii Ironically, someof the increased urbanization is due to familiesmoving from rural areas when their livelihoodswere decimated by water scarcity.Conflict and migrationWater scarcity can be both a driver and a resultof conflict and migration.xiv Incidents of waterlinked violence have more than doubled in thepast 10 years,xv and water crises are ranked asthe number one greatest concern in terms ofsocietal risks.xviWater scarcity is one of the root causes ofmigration, and is estimated to remain a primarycause of displacement in the future.xvii,xviiiWhen water resources are scarce, competitioncan elevate tensions and lead to conflict andmigration. Tensions can be further exacerbatedas large influxes of displaced people move tohost communities and create new demandson water supply. And when governments andwater utilities are unable to provide an adequatesupply of drinking water, it can erode publicconfidence in these institutions and createcivil unrest.Water scarcity is compounded during periodsof conflict when water and sanitation servicesare heavily interrupted. This often occurs wheninfrastructure is destroyed or damaged, orwhen access to power or chemical supplies isinterrupted, or even when the conflict preventsthe operators from operating the systems.9
UNICEF/UN046893/Al-IssaReimagining WASH Water security for allIn some cases, water and sanitationinfrastructure has been deliberately damaged,restricted or contaminated by parties to conflict– further impacting communities’ access to safewater supply.xixas is the number of illegal connections. This isa challenge for utilities, which must pump evenhigher quantities of water, sometimes double theneeded amount, to compensate for the waterlost, at substantial financial and energy cost.Poor water management and misuseSimilarly, when countries have shared waterresources like aquifers, lakes and rivers thatstraddle borders, inequitable use can causewater insecurity – particularly for those countriessituated downstream. To date, 60 per cent oftransboundary river basins lack a water useagreement.xx Even where they do exist, they areoften not operational. In the absence of enforcedgoverning treaties over these water resources,and the increase in dam construction, sharingwater resources across multiple states can leadto further uncertainty in water availability, withthe potential to heighten tensions.When water is not perceived as being ascarce resource, or is not adequately regulated,water users are not incentivized to use itmore efficiently.Agriculture accounts for about 70 per cent offreshwater use, and in many parts of the world,agricultural water use is a major driver of waterscarcity, particularly when it is used inefficiently.In several countries, the rate of water lostthrough the networks due to leakage is high,10
Scaling up climate-resilient water services in Nigeria UNICEF/UN0376829/EsieboNigeria faces a range of climate risks includingflooding, saline water intrusion, desertificationand droughts. These extreme climate eventshave become more frequent throughoutthe country in the last two decades, and areexpected to intensify.Nigeria’s rural communities are particularlyvulnerable to climate change because of theirremoteness, their dependence on naturalresources for livelihoods, and their poor accessto WASH services. Both droughts and floodingthreaten food security and can cause cropfailures, crop nutrient and yield reductions,and loss of livestock and agriculture land.Increasing aridity, low levels of rainfall andshrinking water levels in the Lake Chad basinhave impacted sustainable agriculture andeconomic opportunities, contributing to theconflict in the region.To address this, UNICEF worked with thegovernment to increase climate-resilientWASH programming. This has included riskassessments in target areas, and incorporatingthese risks into the water and sanitationservices. These interventions also included theinstallation of solar-powered water pumpingsystems for new water systems and to replacediesel-powered systems.While solar systems are more expensive toinstall, the long-term operation costs and easiermaintenance, and their increased reliability,have made them very popular.In 2020, UNICEF-supported programmesprovided climate resilient water services to 1.6million people and climate resilient sanitationservices to 2.5 million people. In addition, 436solar-powered water systems were installed.11
Using renewable energy (solar and wind) to increaseaccess to water in remote areas of ColombiaA seven-year drought between 2010and 2017 affected a large portion of thepopulation of La Guajira, and water shortageslimited access to food, causing migration,malnutrition and even death for somechildren. Surface water reservoirs have driedup and the communities now rely on drillingprogressively deeper boreholes to extractwater of unknown quality. They also musttravel farther to collect water – sometimesup to 7 hours round trip – increasing localtensions over water access.12UNICEF worked with Colombia’s Ministries ofForeign Affairs and Public Works and Oxfam toimprove and sustain the WASH infrastructure,expand access to WASH services and promotehygiene practices like handwashing.Solar- and wind-powered pumping systemswere selected for the project because of theiraffordability and reliability and have increasedthe volume of water available. The work onthe water systems was complemented byactivities to promote key hygiene behaviourslike handwashing.The systems were installed prior to October2016, when Hurricane Matthew causedextensive damage in the area. The systemshave withstood storms and extreme weather– including Hurricane Matthew – without anymajor damage or malfunction. UNICEF/UN0351977/The Department of La Guajira is consideredparticularly vulnerable to climate change anddesertification. The rural population has oneof the lowest rates of access, with 16 per centreported to have access to ‘at least a basic’water service in Colombia.
Reimagining WASH Water security for allWHERE IS WATERINSECURITY A PROBLEM?Though water scarcity is a problem in many partsof the world, water insecurity is overwhelminglyan issue among the most vulnerable populations.As some water services are more vulnerable towater scarcity than others, UNICEF undertookan analysis of where areas of physical waterscarcity overlap with areas where peoplehave a poor water service or even no service,meaning that they depend on untreated surfacewater, unimproved sources or it takes morethan 30 minutes to collect water. This analysiswas undertaken using water risk data from theWorld Resources Institute (WRI), United NationsEnvironment Programme (UNEP), WHO/UNICEFJoint Monitoring Programme (JMP) and populationdensity maps using data from Gridded Populationof the World version 4 (GPWv4) and WorldPop.The analysis revealed that 1.42 billion people –including 450 million children – live in such areasof high or extremely high water vulnerability.Map of areas of high or extremely high water vulnerability66 ater stress, interannual variability, seasonal variability, and groundwater table decline were derived from the WRI Aqueduct WaterWRisk Atlas, drought events derived from the UNEP Global Data Risk Platform, and drinking water service level data were derivedfrom the JMP data set.13
Reimagining WASH Water security for allAnalysing this data, in terms of the absolute numbers and proportion of children affected, has highlightedhotspot areas as follows:7Table of countries with high or extremely high water vulnerability, by population andpercentage of population#of childrenexperiencingHigh WaterVulnerability%of childrenexperiencingHigh WaterVulnerability#of childrenexperiencingExtremelyHigh WaterVulnerability%of childrenexperiencingExtremelyHigh WaterVulnerabilityTotal #of childrenexperiencingHigh/ExtremelyHigh WaterVulnerabilityTotal %of childrenexperiencingHigh/ExtremelyHigh otswanaBurkina FasoCentral 1042%ChinaDemocratic Republicof Congo (the) onesia,Federated States 92827%IndiaIran (IslamicRepublic 06,9278%26,069,81834%Papua New 4,43458%226,1164%3,570,54962%South a, UnitedRepublic %3,009,91240%5,514,95373%7 Hotspots countries are those in which UNICEF has programmatic response, which also meet any one of the following criteria: 60%High Water Vulnerability; 40% Extremely High Water Vulnerability; 40% children in High and Extremely High Water Vulnerability; 2M people in High and Extremely High Water Vulnerability14
Reimagining WASH Water security for allProtecting communities from saline intrusionof groundwater in coastal areas of Bangladesh UNICEF/UN0139601Climate change is leading to rising sealevels and more extreme weather events inBangladesh, which can destroy WASH facilitiesand cause saltwater to flow into freshwateraquifers (saline intrusion). In coastal areas ofBangladesh, approximately 20 million peopleare exposed to the threats of increasing salineintrusion of surface and groundwater sources.In response to the crisis, UNICEF and partnershave piloted and scaled-up Managed AquiferRecharge (MAR), a technique which collectsand treats water from ponds and roofs(rainwater) and injects it underground forstorage and future use. Each MAR systemcan serve hundreds of people and can bemaintained by the communities themselveswith periodic support and maintenance frompartners. This scalable, resilient technologyoption is an ideal solution in particulargeological contexts to ensure sustainableaccess to safe water in coastal communitiesaffected by climate change.15
Reimagining WASH Water security for allACHIEVING WATERSECURITY FOR ALLThe world’s water crisis is one of thegreatest risks to society. And climate change,urbanization and increasing competition forwater are only exacerbating water insecuritywith each passing year. For children, waterinsecurity is putting their lives at risk today,and putting their futures at risk tomorrow.To address this, UNICEF has set an ambitiousgoal to reach 450 million children and theirfamilies (1.42 billion people) living in areas ofhigh or extremely high water vulnerability withresilient solutions by 2025. And by 2030,for all children to have access to a safe andaffordable water supply and to live in watersecure communities.Addressing climate change and water insecurityglobally is not only the right thing to do forchildren, it is also the smart thing to do forsociety. Climate-resilient WASH will allowcommunities to access water and sanitationnow and in the future, while adapting toclimate change and mitigating its effects.These climate-resilient solutions also reducethe cost of services – particularly those thatdepend upon water resources and energy –and offer enormous opportunities forsustainable livelihoods.We can only achieve water security for everychild when families and communities haveaccess to water that is safe, reliable andaffordable, and resilient to threats likewater scarcity, extreme weather eventsand climate shocks.16To accomplish this, we urgently need toreimagine our approach to water: fromsupply to usage, infrastructure, governanceand management.We envision four dimensions to achievethis goal:1. Safe and affordable drinking waterservices. Provide access to a safe andaffordable water service that is sustainable,close to home and managed professionally.2. Climate-resilient WASH services andcommunities. Ensure that all WASHservices withstand climate-related events,strengthen the resilience and adaptivecapacities of vulnerable communities, andoperate using low-carbon energy sources,such as solar power.3. Prevention of water scarcity crisesthrough early action. Avert waterscarcity crises through water resourcesassessments, sustainable water withdrawal,efficient use, and early warning and earlyaction to prevent situations where watersupplies are fully depleted.4. Water cooperation for peace andstability. Work with communities and keystakeholders so that equitable managementof water resources and WASH servicescontribute to increased social cohesion,political stability and peace; and in conflictzones to prevent attacks on water andsanitation infrastructure and personnel.
Reimagining WASH Water security for allBut we cannot do it alone. Achieving watersecurity for the most vulnerable populationsrequires effort from all of society and sectors,working with governments, donors, internationaland national organizations, research institutions,the private sector and critically, communitiesthemselves.The efforts need to galvanize other key UnitedNations agencies and UN-Water effortsto accelerate progress across SustainableDevelopment Goal 6.8 This will require thefollowing four strategies: Advocate for political commitment andpolicy change. Governments to integrateWASH priorities into climate policies,strategies and plans such as the NationalAdaptation Plans and Nationally DeterminedContributions. Promote improved watercooperation between different users andintegrate conflict sensitivity into plans forwater supply systems. Activate young people as championsand agents of change. Young people arepowerful advocates and agents of change forsustainable use and management of water,protection of the environment, and brokersof peace building and conflict-prevention.Future WASH volunteers and workforce canbe expanded with skilled, energized youngpeople acting to strengthen local socialand human capital. Environmental clubs inschools can help raise awareness and fosterindividual behaviour change for more efficientwater use at the household level. UNICEF/UN0218208 Accelerate financing and capacitydevelopment. Scaling up action on watersecurity will require additional financial andhuman resources. Support is needed to buildlocal capacity to better identify climate risks,develop and manage resilient WASH servicesand develop project pipelines to attractfinancing, including climate finance sources. Mobilize business and innovations. Theprivate sector can be a key partner to testand scale innovations and to professionalizethe services. Technology innovations inhotspots can improve both water useefficiency, quality and treatment, andreuse as well as early warning and earlyaction systems to avert water scarcitycrises and help find new sources of waterto bring more equitable and affordablesolutions. Philanthropists, corporations,foundations and other private sector partnerscan support UNICEF by investing in flexiblefunds for water and sanitation, or fundingspecific ‘hotspot’ country programmes.8 As described in the Sustainable Development Goal 6 Global Acceleration Framework.17
Given their small size, unique geographyand fragile water resources, Pacific Islan
countries with adequate water resources. Water stressii Water stress is an outcome of water scarcity and refers to scarcity in terms of quality and accessibility. Water stress may manifest in conflict over water resources, over-extraction, or poor health and disease. Extreme water scarcityiii Occurs where annual water supply availability
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