Directory Of Cyclotrons Used For Radionuclide Production In . - IAEA
IAEA-DCRP/2006Directory of Cyclotrons used forRadionuclide Production inMember States2006 UpdateOctober 2006
The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was:Industrial Applications and Chemistry SectionInternational Atomic Energy AgencyWagramer Strasse 5P.O. Box 100A-1400 Vienna, AustriaDIRECTORY OF CYCLOTRONS USED FORRADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION IN MEMBER STATES:2006 UPDATEIAEA, VIENNA, 2006IAEA-DCRP/2006ISBN 92-0-111506-7 IAEA, 2006Printed by the IAEA in AustriaOctober 2006
FOREWORDThe present directory of cyclotron facilities used for the production of radionuclides in MemberStates is an update of the one compiled by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in late2001 and published in 2002. This directory was prepared through information collected byquestionnaires that the IAEA sent to known institutions operating cyclotrons for radionuclideproduction. Technical as well as administrative data supplied to the IAEA as of November 2005 weretaken into account.The directory is considered to include most of the cyclotrons of the world that are used at leastpartially for radionuclide production. There are 262 entries for cyclotrons operating in 39 MemberStates of the IAEA. This is an increase of 7% over the 246 reported in the 2002 cyclotron directory.This can be compared to the 350 or so cyclotrons believed to be presently operating in the world,which are involved in some aspects of radionuclide production. The increase has been in the numberof cyclotrons in developed countries, but even more so in the developing countries. The increase innumber during the last four years was driven by several factors, i.e. advent of advances in medicalimaging, introduction of compact, user friendly medical cyclotron, and a recent decision that costs for15O-oxygen position emission tomography (PET) studies in Japan and 18F-FDG PET studies inGermany and the United States of America are eligible for reimbursement by government or healthinsurance companies. There is no doubt that the fastest growing segment of the market is in thecommercial distribution of FDG to local hospitals.The IAEA is promoting cyclotron technology as applied to nuclear medicine. Requests forcyclotron technology is steadily increasing; many developing Member States are interested in thistechnology. There is need to stimulate, build and maintain consulting capability in interesteddeveloping Member States. There are good reasons to believe that the number of cyclotron facilitiesdedicated to the production of PET tracers will continue to grow in the near future, so the need tofurther update the directory will be assessed in due course, depending on comments and suggestionsreceiving from users of the directory. This directory will help decision makers and specialists inMember States to draft mid and long term strategies regarding the implementation of cyclotrontechnology for radioisotope production and their medical applications, as well as for selection of themost suitable alternative.The IAEA wishes to thank D.J. Schlyer of the Brookhaven National Laboratories, USA, for hisanalysis of the data. The IAEA officer responsible for the compilation of the directory was M. HajiSaeid of the Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences.
EDITORIAL NOTEThis CD-ROM has been prepared from the original material as submitted by contributors. Neither theIAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for the information contained on this CDROM.The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by thepublisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities andinstitutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries.The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) doesnot imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsementor recommendation on the part of the IAEA.
CONTENTSSUMMARY . 11. Argentina. 72. Australia. 113. Austria. 174. Belgium. 215. Brazil. 376. Canada. 417. China. 598. Czech Republic . 779. Denmark. 8110. Egypt . 8511. Finland . 8712. France. 9513. Germany. 10714. Hungary. 15315. India . 15516. Indonesia . 15917. Iran, Islamic Republic of. 16118. Israel. 16319. Italy . 16720. Japan . 19321. Kazakhstan. 26522. Korea, Republic of . 26723. Mexico . 29724. Netherlands . 29925. Norway. 31926. Philippines. 32127. Poland . 32328. Romania . 32729. Russian Federation. 32930. Saudi Arabia. 34731. Slovakia. 34932. South Africa . 35133. Spain . 35334. Sweden. 36335. Switzerland . 36536. Syrian Arab Republic. 37137. Turkey . 37338. United Kingdom. 37739. United States of America . 391
SUMMARYThe directory of cyclotrons used for radionuclide production in Member States containstechnical, utilization and administrative information supplied to the IAEA as of November 2005. Itwas prepared through information collected by questionnaires sent to institutions that either have acyclotron or were identified to be in the process of installing a cyclotron.Included in the directory are a significant fraction of the cyclotrons of the world that are used atleast in part for radionuclide production. If replies were not received from institutions, it was assumedthat the cyclotron is still being used for similar tasks as it was at the time of the last survey. Someinstitutions reported that older cyclotrons had been shut down and replaced with newer cyclotrons. Thequestionnaire was, in general, not completed by institutions that have cyclotrons dedicated to physicsand/or material science activities. Certain of the institutions constructing superconducting cyclotronsfor medical and nuclear physics applications responded even though they are not yet involved inradionuclide production initiatives.The directory is organized alphabetically by Member States and by institutes. There areindividual entries for each cyclotron even for institutions having more than one cyclotron. The names,title/position of the persons listed in position in the entries for individual countries were taken directlyfrom the answers in the questionnaires.There are 262 entries for cyclotrons operating in 39 Member States of the IAEA. This is anincrease of 7% over the 246 reported in the 2002 cyclotron directory. This can be compared to the 350or so cyclotrons believed to be presently operating in the world, which are involved in some aspects ofradionuclide production. The increase has been in the number of cyclotrons in developed countries, buteven more so in the developing countries. Large concentrations of cyclotrons for radionuclideproduction are located in the United States of America, Japan and Germany. The largest number ofcyclotrons for a single country is in the United States of America. However, taken collectively thereare more cyclotrons located in the European Union countries that are used for medical radionuclideproduction.The number of institutions which distribute radiopharmaceuticals and 18F-FDG, in particular, issignificant and growing. In this sample, 75% of the cyclotrons are being used to produce FDG, eitherfor internal use or for distribution. This is certainly an underestimate as the commercial suppliers areunder represented in this survey.The expansion in the number of cyclotrons during the last 10 years has been driven by theadvent of advances in medical imaging instrumentation (PET, SPECT and more recently PET/CT);introduction of user friendly compact medical cyclotrons from several companies that manufacturecyclotrons; and recent decisions that some PET radiopharmaceuticals are eligible for reimbursementby government or insurance companies. There is no doubt that the fastest growing segment of themarket is in the commercial distribution of 18F-FDG to local hospitals. Many centers have begundistributing FDG and at present at least 36% of the centers producing FDG are distributing it. Againthis is a lower limit rather than an accurate assessment. The satellite approach is cost-effectivebecause it is not necessary for every medical imaging centre to own a cyclotron as a source of shortlived radiopharmaceuticals. 18F-FDG is gaining widespread clinical acceptance for a variety of diseasestates.The number of types of cyclotrons available commercially is quite large and growing. Theenergies range from a few MeV for only PET isotope production to a few hundreds MeV for protontherapy or production of radioisotopes requiring these high energies. The beam currents range upwardsfrom 40 µ to over 1 mA. The characteristics of the machines available for commercial acquisition areshown in Table I.1
TABLE I.CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL CYCLOTRONSCompanyCTI, Inc.Ebco TechnologiesD.V. Efremov InstituteGeneral ElectricIon Beam ApplicationsJapan Steel WorksOxford Instrument Co.Scanditronix Medical ABModelRDS 111RDS 112TR 14TR 19TR 19/9TR30TR30/15MGC-20MiniTracePETraceCyclone 3Cyclone 10/5Cyclone 18/9Cyclone 18 Cyclone 30Cyclone 235BC168BC1710BC2010NBC2211BC3015OSCAR 12MC17MC30MC32NIMC40MC50MC60K130Sumitomo Heavy IndustriesKIRAMS2CYPRIS 325CYPRIS 370HM 18HM 12480 AVFAVF 680AVF 715AVF 750AVF 930AVF 1000Ring Cyclotron 400Ring Cyclotron 540C235Kirams-13Description11 MeV H-, 60µA11 MeV H-, 60µA11-14 MeV H-, 100µA14-19 MeV H-, 160µA19 MeV H-, 9 MeV D-, 160µA30 MeV H-, 100µA30 MeV H-, 15 MeV D-, 160µA18 MeV H-, 10 MeV D-, 160µA9.6 MeV H-, 50µA16.5 MeV H-, 8.6 MeV D-, 80µA3.8 MeV D-, 60µA10 MeV H-, 5 MeV D-, 60µA18 MeV H-, 9 MeV D-, 80µA18 MeV H-, 80µA30 MeV H-, 15 MeV D-, 400µA240 MeV H16 MeV H , 8 MeV D , 50µA17 MeV H , 10 MeV D , 60µA20 MeV H-, 10 MeV D-, 60µA22 MeV H , 11 MeV D , 60µA30 MeV H , 15 MeV D , 60µA12 MeV H-, 60µA17.2 MeV H , 8.3 MeV D , 60µA12 MeV 3He , 16.5 4He , 60µA30 MeV H , 15 MeV D , 60µA15-32 MeV H-, 8-16 MeV D-, 60µA11-23 MeV 3He , 15-31 4He , 60µA10-40 MeV H , 5-20 MeV D , 60µA13-53 MeV 3He , 10-40 4He , 60µA18-52 MeV H , 9-25 MeV D , 60µA24-67 MeV 3He , 18-50 4He , 60µA50 MeV H , 60µA6-90 MeV H-, 10-65 MeV D-, 60µA16-173 MeV 3He , 20-130 4He 16 MeV H , 8 MeV D , 60µA16 MeV H , 10 MeV D , 60µA18 MeV H-, 10 MeV D-, 60µA12 MeV H-, 6 MeV D-, 60µA30 MeV H , 60µA40 MeV H , 60µA50 MeV H , 60µA70 MeV H , 60µA90 MeV H , 60µA80 MeV H , 60µA400 MeV H (K 400), 60µA240 MeV H (K 540), 60µA240 MeV H-, 60µA13 MeV H , 100 113Plan103252
Of the respondents to the survey, the number of existing cyclotrons broken down by energylevel is given in Fig. 1.180Number of Cyclotrons160140120100806040200 10 MeV10-20 MeV20-30 MeV30-40 MeV 40-100 MeV 100 MeVEnergy DistributionFIG. 1. Distribution of proton energies as reported by respondents to the IAEA survey.The preponderance of low energy cyclotrons can be clearly seen from the distribution which isvery similar to the distribution from the 2002 edition of the directory. Another interesting aspect is thedistribution of time being devoted to radioisotope production. This distribution is shown in Figure 2.80Number of Instutions706050403020100 5 hrs5-15 hrs15-25 hrs25-35 hrs35-100 hrs 100 hrsRadioisotope Production Hours per weekFIG. 2. Distribution of hours of radioisotope production from the respondents to the IAEA survey.3
One interesting aspect of this distribution is that many institutions are spending a very smallfraction of the available time in radioisotope production. The cyclotron is idle for a significant fractionof the week. This implies that the cyclotron is not the slow step in clinical applications and that asingle cyclotron can support several PET or PET/CT cameras.The other interesting trend is in the compounds that are being synthesized with theseradioisotopes. A graph of the number of centres that responded synthesizing these compounds is givenin Fig. 3.250Number of aterCompoundFIG. 3. Number of reporting institutions that use a particular compound.This figure clearly shows that 18F-FDG is the most widely produced compound at cyclotronfacilities world wide. It is now used in many applications in diagnostic nuclear medicine.TABLE II. EXPECTED PRODUCTION YIELDS (MCI) OF SYNTHETIC PRECURSORS OF PETRADIOPHARMACEUTICALS WITH SELECTED PROTON AND DEUTERON ENERGIES ANDIRRADIATION AT 20 TO 35 ΜA AS RECOMMENDED BY THE MANUFACTURER OF 5O215OC15OCO15OH218 F18FF412 MeV p only150010001250750200100050050075070010 MeV p 5 MeV d1000350350250100 150/min. 75/min. 150/min.200 50018 MeV p 9 MeV d28001400700120045012007007001000800300
One of the areas of current research is on the development of very high current targets that canproduce several curies of fluorine-18 for synthesis of 18F-FDG. This type of target is advantageous forproduction facilities where distribution of 18F-FDG is being carried out on a routine basis.5
1. misión Nacional de Energia Atómica (CNEA)Avenida del Libertador 82501429 Buenos Aires 54 11 4379 8250rocco@cae.cnea.gov.ar 54 11 4480 0615Mr. Carmelo RoccoHead of the FacilityMr. Ortega Daniel, in charge of Operation and MaintenanceMr. Guevara Ernesto, in charge of RadiochemistryYEAR OF:(I) INSTALLATION:1994(II) UPGRADE:Beam current increaseTELEPHONE NO.:E-MAIL ADDRESS:FAX NO.:[2]PERSON IN CHARGE:POSITION:OTHER SENIOR STAFF:NAME/POSITION[3]TYPE OFIsochronous,CYCLOTRON:negative ionMANUFACTURER:The CyclotronCorporationCP - 42MODEL:[4]CYCLOTRON CHARACTERISTICS:1234HHHeHeDual BeamsBeam energies (MeV)25/42YesNoMaximum beam available (µA)150Typical beam employed (µA)100[5]CYCLOTRON OPERATION:Total hours (h)/ weekh/week for radionuclideh/week forh/week forh/week /weekh/week[6]CYCLOTRON APPLICATIONS:Radiobiology:Radiography:Materials science:Proton therapy:Physics:Neutron therapy:Activation analysis:Other (specify)[7]IS THE CYCLOTRON USED TO PRODUCE:Calibration sources? (specify which & quantity)YesNoMössbauer sources? (specify which & quantity)YesNoX ray sources? (specify which & quantity)YesNoIntense neutron beam? (specify average En ?)YesNo[8]RADIONUCLIDES AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PLANNED TO BE PRODUCED IN THE NEXT 1-3 YEARS (specify):123 123I, I iodide and other compounds, 67Ga, 111In[9]Do you supply radionuclides to other institutions?YesNoIf yes and available, name of institution/s and how often?[10]Are clinical studies and/or medical research using cyclotron radiopharmaceuticalsYesNocarried out on-site?[11]TYPE OF IMAGING EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE ON-SITENumber511 KeV coincidenceGamma cameraSingle photon tomography (SPET)Positron emission tomography (PET)–Clinical–Small animal–Plant biochemistry[12]Are cyclotron radionuclides/labelled compounds used or planned to be used forYesNoagricultural applications such as plant biochemistry/research?[13]Is the cyclotron used for nuclear reaction cross-section measurements?YesNo[14]Is the cyclotron used for targetry development?YesNo[15]Is the cyclotron used for education and training in nuclear sciences, health physics, etc.? YesNo[16]Does your institute accept IAEA research fellows for training/experience?YesNo71
18F RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTIONProductionTypical% Isotopicproductionenrichment18yield (GBq)O usedTarget Volume1818O (p, n) 18F2595Ne (d, α) 18F16O (α, d) 18F18F RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PRODUCEDNameYield on batch Frequency of(list)(GBq)production18FDG154 weeklyOH2 (ml)Usage/year18O2 (ml)1.718OH2 (g)18Do yourecycle18OH2?O2 (l)45YesNo20Used on NoYesNoYesNoPrice/GBqU S Distribution/SalesYesNoNoYesYesNoPrice/GBq11C RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PRODUCEDNameYield on batch Frequency of(list)(GBq)productionUsed on siteYesYesYesYesNoNoNoNo13N RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PRODUCEDNameTypical yieldFrequency of(list)on batch, GBq production15Nuclear reaction usedO RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PRODUCEDNameTypical yield on batchFrequency of productionNuclear reactionPrice/(list)(GBq)usedGBqOTHER ISOTOPES PRODUCEDNameYield on batch Frequency ofUsed on No124IYesNoYesNo201Tl372 monthlyYesNoYesNoUS 324211AtYesNoYesNoCOMMENTS: (e.g. you may include names of additional labelled compounds/radiopharmaceuticals beingproduced)The production of high purity 123I is a project that was carried out under the IAEA’s Technical Co-operationProgramme (ARG/4/085). The IAEA supported the CNEA efforts to set up required facilities including differentsystem provision of expert and personnel training.28
2005[1]COUNTRY:INSTITUTE:ARGENTINAARG-2Fundación Escuela de Medicina NuclearGaribaldi 405, CP 5500Mendoza 1429 54 261 4201 615 (1ext. 564; 2ext. 562; 3 ext. 508)enoya@fucsmen.edu.ar 54 261 4203 288Ing. Enrique R. NoyaElectronic Engineer – Head of Operation and MaintenanceDr. Fernando Spigatin2, Head of Radiochemical LaboratoryIng. Norma Acosta3, Head of Radiological SecurityYEAR OF:(I) INSTALLATION1997(II) UPGRADE:TELEPHONE NO.:E-MAIL ADDRESS:FAX NO.:[2]PERSON IN CHARGE:POSITION:OTHER SENIOR STAFF:NAME/POSITION[3]TYPE OFNegative ion hospitalCYCLOTRON:cyclotronMANUFACTURER:CTI, Inc.MODEL:RDS 112[4]CYCLOTRON CHARACTERISTICS:This cyclotron is not self-shielded. This is installed inside a bunker. All the support equipment is located indifferent rooms.1234HHHeHeDual BeamsBeam energies (MeV)11YesNoMaximum beam available (µA)50Typical beam employed (µA)20-40[5]CYCLOTRON OPERATION:Total hours (h)/ weekh/week for radionuclideh/week forh/week forh/week 6]CYCLOTRON Materials science:Proton therapy:Physics:Neutron therapy:Activation analysis:Other (specify)[7]IS THE CYCLOTRON USED TO PRODUCE:Calibration sources? (specify which & quantity)YesNoMössbauer sources? (specify which & quantity)YesNoX ray sources? (specify which & quantity)YesNoIntense neutron beam? (specify average En ?)YesNo[8]RADIONUCLIDES AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PLANNED TO BE PRODUCED IN THE NEXT 1-3 YEARS (specify):15O, 11C[9]Do you supply radionuclides to other institutions?YesNoIf yes and available, name of institution/s & how often?[10]Are clinical studies and/or medical research using cyclotron radiopharmaceuticals carriedYesNoout on-site?[11]TYPE OF IMAGING EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE ON-SITENumber511 KeV coincidence1Gamma camera1Single photon tomography (SPET)1Positron emission tomography (PET)1– Clinical1– Small animal– Plant biochemistry[12]Are cyclotron radionuclides/labelled compounds used or planned to be used forYesNoagricultural applications such as plant biochemistry/research?[13]Is the cyclotron used for nuclear reaction cross-section measurements?YesNo[14]Is the cyclotron used for targetry development?YesNo[15]Is the cyclotron used for education and training in nuclear sciences, health physics, etc.?YesNo[16]Does your institute accept IAEA research fellows for training/experience?YesNo93
18F RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTIONProductionTypicalproductionyield (GBq)% Isotopicenrichment18O usedTarget Volume1818O (p, n) 18F20 97Usage/year18OH2 (ml)O2 (ml)0.330Ne (d, α) 18F16O (α, d) 18F18F RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PRODUCEDNameYield on batchFrequency of(list)(GBq)production18FDG105/week18OH2 (g)18Do yourecycle18OH2?O2 (l)100YesNo20Used on NoNoPrice/GBqNoNoNoNo11C RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PRODUCEDNameYield on batchFrequency of(list)(GBq)productionUsed on esNoPrice/GBqNuclear N RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PRODUCEDNameTypical yield on Frequency of(list)batch (GBq)productionAmmonia46/weekNuclear reaction usedp H2015O RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PRODUCEDNameTypical yield on batch (GBq)(list)OTHER ISOTOPES PRODUCEDNameYield on 201Tl211AtFrequency of productionFrequency ofproductionUsed on NoNoCOMMENTS: (e.g. you may include names of additional labelled compounds/radiopharmaceuticals being produced)410
2. NE NO.:E-MAIL ADDRESS:FAX NO.:PERSON IN CHARGE:POSITION:OTHER SENIOR STAFF:NAME/POSITIONNAME/POSITIONTYPE n and Repatriation Medical CentreStudley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 61 3 9496 3995htd@austin.unimelb.edu.au 61 3 9496 5892Dr. Henri Tochon-DanguySenior RadiochemistDr. John Sachinidis, RadiochemistDr. Uwe Ackermann, RadiochemistMr. Stan Poniger, Cyclotron/Robotic EngineerYEAR OF:1992(I) INSTALLATION(II) UPGRADE:1996 (new sources)2001 (remote start-up &control)Negative ionacceleratorIBA, s.a.Cyclone 10/5CYCLOTRON CHARACTERISTICS:1H1050252H52083He4HeDual BeamsBeam energies (MeV)Yes NoMaximum beam available (µA)Typical beam employed (µA)[5]CYCLOTRON OPERATION:Total hours (h)/ weekh/week for radionuclideh/week forh/week forh/week [6]CYCLOTRON Materials science:Proton therapy:Physics:Neutron therapy:Activation analysis:Other (specify)[7]IS THE CYCLOTRON USED TO PRODUCE:Calibration sources? (specify which & quantity)YesNoMössbauer sources? (specify which & quantity)YesNoX ray sources? (specify which & quantity)YesNoIntense neutron beam? (specify average En ?)YesNo[8]RADIONUCLIDES AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PLANNED TO BE PRODUCED IN THE NEXT 1-3 YEARS (specify):124I,[9]Do you supply radionuclides to other institutions?YesNoIf yes and available, name of institution/s & how often?[10]Are clinical studies and/or medical research using cyclotron radiopharmaceuticals carriedYesNoout on-site?[11]TYPE OF IMAGING EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE ON-SITENumber511 KeV coincidenceGamma cameraSingle photon tomography (SPET)4Positron emission tomography (PET)– Clinical2– Small animal– Plant biochemistry[12]Are cyclotron radionuclides/labelled compounds used or planned to be used forYesNoagricultural applications such as plant biochemistry/research?[13]Is the cyclotron used for nuclear reaction cross-section measurements?YesNo[14]Is the cyclotron used for targetry development?YesNo[15]Is the cyclotron used for education and training in nuclear sciences, health physics, etc.?YesNo[16]Does your institute accept IAEA research fellows for training/experience?YesNo115
18F RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTIONProductionTypicalproductionyield (GBq)% Isotopicenrichment18O usedTarget Volume1818O (p, n) 18F3790Usage/year18OH2 (ml)O2 (ml)1Ne (d, α) 18F16O (α, d) 18F18F RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PRODUCEDNameYield on batchFrequency of(list)(GBq)production18FDG247/week18F MISO21/week18FLT22/month18FA8538021/week11C RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PRODUCEDNameYield on batch Frequency o15178822/monthCholine22/monthPK1119522/month13N RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PRODUCEDNameTypical yield on Frequency of(list)batch (GBq)production18OH2 (g)18Do yourecycle18OH2?O2 (l)200YesNo20Used on siteYesYesYesYesNoNoNoNoUsed on siteYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNuclear reaction GBqDistribution/SalesYesNoYesNoPrice/GBqNuclear reactionused14N[d, n] YesNoYesNoYesNoYesNoYesNoYesNoPrice/GBq15O RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PRODUCEDNameTypical yield on batch (GBq)(list)Water1/minOTHER ISOTOPES PRODUCEDNameYield on 201Tl211AtFrequency of production1/weekFrequency ofproductionUsed on NoNoCOMMENTS: (e.g. you may include names of additional labelled compounds/radiopharmaceuticals being produced)612
2005[1]COUNTRY:INSTITUTE:AUSTRALIAAUL-2Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organization(ANSTO)Radiopharmaceutical DivisionNew Illawarra Road 61 2 9717 9079stuart.carr@ansto.gov.auTELEPHONE NO.:E-MAIL ADDRESS:FAX NO.:[2]PERSON IN CHARGE:Dr. S. CarrPOSITION:Director, RadiopharmaceuticalsOTHER SENIOR STAFF:D. ArnottNAME/POSITION[3]TYPE OFNegative ionYEAR OF:CYCLOTRON:(I) INSTALLATION1991MANUFACTURER:IBA, s.a.(II) UPGRADE:1997MODEL:Cyclone 30[4]CYCLOTRON CHARACTERISTICS:1234HHHeHeDual BeamsBeam energies (MeV)Yes NoMaximum beam available (µA)Typical beam employed (µA)[5]CYCLOTRON OPERATION:Total hours (h)/ weekh/week for radionuclideh/week forh/week forh/week 010[6]CYCLOTRON Materials science:Proton therapy:
Of the respondents to the survey,the number of exi sting cyclotrons brokendownby energy levelisgiveninFig.1. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 10 MeV 10-20 MeV 20-30 MeV 30-40 MeV 40-100 MeV 100 MeV Energy Distribution Number of Cyclotrons FIG. 1. Distribution of proton energies as reported by respondents to the IAEA survey.
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