Soil Stabilization By Rice Husk Ash And Waste Coir Material - IJIET
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET) http://dx.doi.org/10.21172/ijiet.81.039 Soil Stabilization by Rice Husk Ash and Waste Coir Material T. Murali Krishna Associate Professor in Civil Engineering. Vishnu Institute of Technology, Bhimavaram K. Madan Kumar III. B.Tech Student Vishnu Institute of Technology, Bhimavaram Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to explore the use of Rise Husk Ash and Waste Coir material in Geotechnical Engineering applications and to evaluate the effects of Rice Husk Ash and Waste Coir material on the shear strength of unsaturated soil samples by carrying out Direct Shear Tests and Unconfined Compression Strength Tests. The results obtained are compared and inferences are drawn towards the usability and effectiveness of Rise Husk Ash and Waste Coir material reinforcement as a replacement for deep foundation or raft foundation, as a cost effective approach. Keywords: Rise Husk Ash, Waste Coir material, Direct Shear Test and Unconfined Compressive Strength Test I. INTRODUCTION For any land-based structure, the foundation is very important and has to be strong to support the entire structure. In order for the foundation to be strong, the soil around it plays a very critical role. So, to work with soils, proper knowledge about their properties and factors which affect their behavior is essential. The process of soil stabilization helps to achieve the required properties in a soil needed for the construction work. From the beginning of construction work, the necessity of enhancing soil properties has come to the light. Ancient civilizations of the Chinese, Romans and Incas utilized various methods to improve soil strength etc., some of these methods were so effective that their buildings and roads still exist. In India, the modern era of soil stabilization began in early 1970’s, with a general shortage of petroleum and aggregates, it became necessary for the civil engineers to look at the means to improve soil rather than replacing the entire poor soil at the building site. Soil stabilization was used but due to the use of obsolete methods and also due to the absence of proper technique, soil stabilization lost favor. In recent times, with the increase in the demand for infrastructure, raw materials and fuel, soil stabilization has started to take a new shape. With the availability of better research, materials and equipment, it is emerging as a popular and cost-effective method for soil improvement. Different methods can be used to improve and treat the geotechnical properties of the problematic soils (such as strength and the stiffness) by treating it in situ. These methods include densifying treatments (such as compaction or preloading), pore water pressure reduction techniques (such as dewatering or electro-osmosis), the bonding of soil particles (by ground freezing, grouting, and chemical stabilization), and use of reinforcing elements (such as geotextiles and stone columns) Here, in this study, soil stabilization has been done with the help of rice husk ash and randomly distributed waste coir fibers .The improvement in the shear strength parameters has been stressed upon and comparative studies have been carried out using different methods of shear resistance measurement. II. PREPARATION OF SOIL SAMPLES Following steps are carried out while mixing the rice husk ash and coir to the soil 1. All the soil samples are compacted at their respective maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC), corresponding to the standard proctor compaction test 2. The rice husk ash is added at 1%, 2%, and 3% 3. The content of coir in the soil is herein decided by the following equation: Where, ρf Ratio of coir material Volume 8 Issue 1 – February 2017 287 ISSN: 2319 - 1058
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET) http://dx.doi.org/10.21172/ijiet.81.039 Wf Weight of the coir W Weight of the air-dried soil The different values adopted in the present study for the percentage of coir material are 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15. In the preparation of samples, if rice husk ash and coir are not used then, the air-dried soil was mixed with an amount of water that depends on the OMC of the soil. If rice husk ash was used, the adopted quantity of rice husk ash was first mixed into the air – dried soil by hand, so that a fairly homogeneous mixture is obtained, and then mixed with an amount of water that depends on the OMC of the soil. If coir reinforcement was used, the adopted content of coir was first mixed into the air-dried soil in small increments by hand, making sure that all the coir was mixed thoroughly, so that a fairly homogenous mixture is obtained, and then mixed with an amount of water that depends on the OMC of the soil. III.PROPERTIES OF UNREINFORCED SOIL SAMPLE S.N O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DESCRIPTION VALUE Specific Gravity Free Swell Index Liquid Limit Plastic limit Plasticity Index Maximum Dry Density Optimum Moisture Content Cohesion Angle of Internal friction Unconfined compressive strength 2.53 13% 38% 22% 16% 1.85 gm/cm3 16.2% 0.225 Kg/cm2 22.10 0.122 a IV.EFFECT OF RICE HUSK ASH ON SHEAR STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF SOIL Rice husk ash was first mixed into the air – dried soil by hand, so that a fairly homogeneous mixture is obtained, and then it is mixed with an amount of water that depends on the OMC of the soil. Later the soil sample is compacted up to the maximum dry density. The direct shear test and the unconfined compressive strength test were conducted on those soils samples. Rice husk ash (%) 1 2 3 Cohesion (Kg/cm2) 0.237 0.249 0.267 Angle of internal friction 23.20 24.80 27.10 Unconfined compressive Strength (Mpa) 0.145 0.170 0.183 V.EFFECT OF COIR MATERIAL ON SHEAR STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF SOIL Coir material was first mixed into the air-dried soil in small increments by hand, making sure that the coir was mixed thoroughly, so that a fairly homogenous mixture is obtained, and then mixed with an amount of water that depends on the OMC of the soil. Later the soil sample is compacted up to the maximum dry density. The direct shear test and the unconfined compressive strength test were conducted on those soils samples. Volume 8 Issue 1 – February 2017 288 ISSN: 2319 - 1058
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET) http://dx.doi.org/10.21172/ijiet.81.039 Coir material (%) 0.05 0.10 0.15 Cohesion (Kg/cm2) 0.258 0.276 0.294 Angle of internal friction 24.10 26.30 27.80 Unconfined compressive Strength (Mpa) 0.139 0.171 0.194 VI.INFERENCES FROM DIRECT SHEAR TEST 1). Due to 1% rice husk ash the cohesion value of soil increases from 0.225 Kg/Cm2 to 0.237 Kg/Cm2, a net of 5.33 %. 2). Due to 2% rice husk ash the cohesion value of soil increases from 0.225 Kg/Cm2 to 0.249 Kg/Cm2, a net of 10.67 %. 3). Due to 3% rice husk ash the cohesion value of soil increases from 0.225 Kg/Cm2 to 0.267 Kg/Cm2, a net of 18.67 %. 4). Due to 1% rice husk ash the angle of internal friction of soil increases from 22.10 to 23.20 , a net of 4.97 %. 5). Due to 2% rice husk ash the angle of internal friction of soil increases from 22.10 to 24.80 , a net of 12.27 %. 6). Due to 3% rice husk ash the angle of internal friction of soil increases from 22.10 to 27.10 , a net of 22.62 %. 7). Due to 0.05% coir fiber the cohesion value of soil increases from 0.225 Kg/Cm2 to 0.258 Kg/Cm2, a net of 14.67 %. 8). Due to 0.10% coir fiber the cohesion value of soil increases from 0.225 Kg/Cm2 to 0.276 Kg/Cm2, a net of 22.67 %. 9). Due to 0.15% coir fiber the cohesion value of soil increases from 0.225 Kg/Cm2 to 0.294 Kg/Cm2, a net of 30.67 %. 10). Due to 0.05% coir fiber the angle of internal friction of soil increases from 22.10 to 24.10 , a net of 9.05 %. 11). Due to 0.10% coir fiber the angle of internal friction of soil increases from 22.10 to 26.30 , a net of 19.00% . 12). Due to 0.15% coir fiber the angle of internal friction of soil increases from 22.10 to 27.80 , a net of 25.08 %. VII.INFERENCES FROM UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST 1). Due to 1% rice husk ash the Unconfined compression strength value of soil increases from 0.122 Mpa to 0.145 Mpa, a net of 18.85 %. 2). Due to 2% rice husk ash the Unconfined compression strength value of soil increases from 0.122 Mpa to 0.170 Mpa, a net of 39.34 %. 3). Due to 3% rice husk ash the Unconfined compression strength value of soil increases from 0.122 Mpa to 0.183 Mpa, a net of 50.00 %. 4). Due to 0.05% of coir fiber the Unconfined compression strength value of soil increases from 0.122 Mpa to 0.139 Mpa, a net of 13.94 %. 4). Due to 0.10% of coir fiber the Unconfined compression strength value of soil increases from 0.122 Mpa to 0.171 Mpa, a net of 40.16 %. 6). Due to 0.15% of coir fiber the Unconfined compression strength value of soil increases from 0.122 Mpa to 0.194 Mpa, a net of 59.02 %. Volume 8 Issue 1 – February 2017 289 ISSN: 2319 - 1058
0.3 0.28 Angle of Internal friction Cohesion in Kg/Cm2 International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET) http://dx.doi.org/10.21172/ijiet.81.039 18.67 % 10.67% 0.26 5.33 % 0.24 0.22 0.2 0 1 2 3 4 22.62% 28 12.22 % 26 4.97 % 24 22 20 0 1 2 Fig : 2 Fig : 1 Angle of Internal friction Cohesion in Kg/Cm2 0.32 30.67 % 0.3 22.67 % 14.67 % 0.26 0.24 0.22 30 25.80 % 28 19.00 % 26 9.05 % 24 22 20 0 0.2 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 Percentage of Coir fibre 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 Percentage of Coir fiber 0.2 Fig : 4 Fig : 3 0.24 0.2 Unconfined compressive strength Mpa Unconfined compressive strength Mpa 4 Percentage of Rice husk ash Percentage of Rice husk ash 0.28 3 50.00 % 0.18 39.34 % 0.16 18.85 % 0.14 0.12 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 0.22 59.02% 0.2 40.16% 0.18 0.16 13.94 0.14 0.12 0.1 0 Percentage of Rice husk ash 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 Percentage of Coir Fiber Fig : 5 Fig : 6 VIII.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. 2. Based on direct shear test on soil sample, with rice husk ash percentages of 1%, 2% and 3%, the increase in cohesion was found to be 5.33%, 10.67% and 18.67% respectively (illustrated in fig : 1). The increase in the internal angle of friction (φ) was found to be 4.97%, 12.27% and 22.62% respectively (illustrated in fig : 2). Since the net increase in the values of c and φ were observed to be 18.67%, from 0.225 kg/cm2 to 0.267 kg/cm2 and 22.62%, from 22.10 to 27.10 degrees respectively, for this soil, the rice husk ash is recommended for this soil stabilization. Based on direct shear test on soil sample with coir reinforcement of 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.15%, the increase in cohesion was found to be 14.67%, 26.67% and 30.67% respectively (illustrated in fig : 3). The increase in the internal angle of friction (φ) was found to be 9.05%, 19.00% and 25.08% respectively (illustrated in fig : 4). Volume 8 Issue 1 – February 2017 290 ISSN: 2319 - 1058
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET) http://dx.doi.org/10.21172/ijiet.81.039 3. 4. Since the net increase in the values of c and φ were observed to be 30.67%, from 0.225 kg/cm2 to 0.294 kg/cm2 and 25.08%, from 22.10 to 27.80 respectively, for this soil, randomly distributed coir reinforcement is recommended for this soil stabilization. Based on unconfined compressive strength test on soil sample with rice husk ash of 1%, 2% and 3%, the increase in unconfined compression strength was found to be 18.85%, 39.34% and 50.00% respectively (illustrated in fig : 5). This increment is substantial and applying it for soils similar to this soil sample is effective. Based on unconfined compressive strength test on soil sample with coir of 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.15%, the increase in unconfined compression strength was found to be 13.94%, 40.16% and 59.02% respectively (illustrated in fig: 6). This increment is substantial and applying it for soils similar to the this soil sample is effective. IX.CONCLUSIONS Overall it can be concluded that the rice husk ash and coir fiber can be considered to be good in ground improvement technique specially in engineering projects on weak soils where they can act as a substitute to deep/raft foundations, reducing the cost as well as energy. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] S. A. Naeini and S. M. Sadjadi ,(2008) ,” Effect of Waste Polymer Materials on Shear Strength of Unsaturated Clays”, EJGE Journal, Vol 13, Bund k,(1-12). Yetimoglu, T., Inanir, M., Inanir, O.E., 2005. A study on bearing capacity of randomly distributed fiber-reinforced sand fills overlying soft clay. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 23 (2), 174–183. Chaosheng Tang, Bin Shi, Wei Gao, Fengjun Chen, Yi Cai, 2006. Strength and mechanical behavior of short polypropylene fiber reinforced and cement stabilized clayey soil. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 25 (2007) 194–202. Mahmood R. Abdi, Ali Parsapajouh, and Mohammad A. Arjomand,(2008),” Effects of Random Fiber Inclusion on Consolidation, Hydraulic Conductivity, Swelling, Shrinkage Limit and Desiccation Cracking of Clays”, International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 4, (284-292). Consoli, N. C., Prietto, P. D. M. and Ulbrich, L. A. (1999). ‘‘The behavior of a fibre-reinforced cemented soil.’’ Ground Improvement, London, 3(1), 21–30. IS 2720 – part (xiii) 1980-87 Volume 8 Issue 1 – February 2017 291 ISSN: 2319 - 1058
replacing the entire poor soil at the building site. Soil stabilization was used but due to the use of obsolete methods and also due to the absence of proper technique, soil stabilization lost favor. In recent times, with the increase in the demand for infrastructure, raw materials and fuel, soil stabilization has started to take a new shape.
Non-parboiled milled rice (polished or white rice) 0.20 mg/kg (200 ppb) Parboiled rice and husked rice (brown rice) 250 ppb Rice waffles, rice wafers, rice crackers and rice cakes 300 ppb Rice destined for the production of food for infants and young children 100 ppb
fine grained soil by chemical stabilization is a more effective form of durable stabilization then densification. Chemical stabilization of non cohesive, coarse grained soil with greater than 50% by weight coarser than 75micron is also profitable if a substantial stabilization reaction achieved in the soil (Dallas and Syam, 2009). 2.
rice cooker. Plug the rice cooker into an Pr Pre Close the lid securely. available outlet. ess the Power button to turn on the rice cooker. ss the WHITE RICE or BROWN RICE button, depending upon the type of rice being cooked. The POWER button turns the rice cooker on and off. The DELAY remove cap-LC button allows for rice to be
Rice straw waste has been known as one of the biggest problems in agricultural countries [1]. Since the rice straw is a byproduct of rice, the existence of rice straw relates to the production of rice. Rice straw is part of the rice plant (See Fig. 1). Rice straw is obtained after the grain and the chaff have been removed. Rice straw is the
Rice hull (or husk) is the outermost layer covering the rice grain. It is commonly detached during milling and most oftenly burnt and turned into waste. At PhilRice, researchers have found that these unwanted rice hull can be carbonized for different purposes. Carbonized rice hull (CRH) is made from incomplete or partial burning of rice hull.
additives for soil stabilization to protect the environment. The main objective of soil stabilization is to iprove the strength m and stability of soil and maily to lower the construction cost. n This paper analyse the effectiveness of adopting soil-stabilisation technique to improve the geotechnical properties of soft soil.
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