Mastering The Ergo Tools (2).ppt - BeaconLive
Mastering the Tools of the Ergonomics Trade David Alexander, PE, CPE Auburn Engineers, Inc. 2012 www.ergopage.com
About Dave Alexander . . . Entrepreneur, Pioneer, Author, Inventor Auburn Engineers, Inc. Texts Founder, President Since 1987 Consultant to industry & Industrial Ergonomics: A government Eastman Kodak 13 years experience Ergonomics Management Consulting Software & Technology Registered Professional Engineer Certified Professional Ergonomist Peer Recognition eTools Shop, eTools Office, eTools Design Patent Holder IIE - Fellow 1990 , Ergonomics Division Award, 1986 HFES - IE Technical Group Award, 1993 2012 Practitioner’s Guide The Practice and Management of Industrial Ergonomics Industrial Ergonomics: Case Studies Ergonomics Design Guidelines Applied Ergonomics - Case Studies Volumes 1, 2 & 3 Pivotable Pommel Culinary Decorator Applied Ergonomics Conference Series www.ergopage.com Founder and Chair
THANKS TO OUR CLIENTS KELLWOOD 2012 w wenvelope w . e r g o p of a g ergonomics e.com who permit us to push the around the world.
Mastering the Tools of the Ergonomics Trade Presentation Objective: To provide an overview of the tools available to an ergonomics practitioner for the evaluation of work Topics: 1. How much is too much? 2. What tools are available? 3. Using some common tools 4. Freeware 5. The next generation of tools 6. Questions/Answers 2012 www.ergopage.com
What Is an Ergonomics Job Evaluation? Look at these workers. Will their work result in injury? Lifting, carrying, use of hand tools, stooped postures and other issues will result in acute or overuse injuries. More importantly, can we predict which injuries will occur, how serious they might be, and at what frequency? Note that there are other safety and health issues as well. Credit: “Grape Pickers”, Lew Keller, US Post Office, St. Helena, CA (Works Project Administration Art Project 1932) 2012 www.ergopage.com
Tools of the Ergonomics Trade AIHA Ergonomic Assessment Toolkit ACGIH TLVs CTD Risk Assessment Metabolic Rate GM-UAW Ergonomic Checklist Liberty Mutual NIOSH Lifting Guide Occupational Repetitive Action OSHA Screening/VDT Checklists PLIBEL Rodger’s Muscle Fatigue Assessment Strain Index Utah Back Compressive Force Washington State Caution & Hazard Zones, Lifting Calculator 2012 University of South Florida Ergonomics Analysis Methods Anthropometry Reach Envelope Percentiles Static Work Analysis Estimation of Metabolic Work Dynamic Work Analysis Washington Department of Labor & Industries Rapid Upper Limb Assessment RULA Rapid Entire Body Assessment REBA Rodger’s Muscle Fatigue Assessment Whole Body Vibration ACGIH TLVs Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Tools Utah Back Compressive Force NIOSH Lifting Guide www.ergopage.com
Tools of the Ergonomics Trade AIHA Ergonomic Assessment Toolkit http://www.aiha.org/insideaiha/volunteergroups/Er gonomics/Documents/ECToolkit.pdf University of South Florida Ergonomics Analysis Methods index.html 2012 www.ergopage.com
Tools of the Ergonomics Trade Shop or Office? Anthropometric Size Special Populations Musculoskeletal Force Repetition Posture Physiological Sensory Environmental 2012 Fatigue Endurance Light Sound Heat Vibration www.ergopage.com Upper Extremities Low Back
Some Common Ergonomics Job Evaluation Tools Qualitative Quantitative Specialized: single body part Rapid Upper Limb Assessment - RULA Ovako Working Posture Analysis - OWAS Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation Borg Scale for Rating of Perceived Exertion Rapid Entire Body Assessment - REBA Comprehensive: many risk factors; many body parts 2012 ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity OSHA Checklists WISHA Checklists www.ergopage.com Lifting Index Strain Index Energy Expenditure Prediction Program 3D Static Strength Prediction Program Liberty Mutual Tables for Lifting, Carrying, Pushing & Pulling
Practitioner’s Dilemma: What Tool to Use? How Many to Use? Rapid Upper Limb Assessment RULA Strain Index Liberty Mutual Tables for Lifting, Carrying, Pushing & Pulling Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation Rapid Entire Body Assessment REBA WISHA Checklist Screening: Qualitative 2012 Analysis: Quantitative www.ergopage.com
From the Grape Pickers: What do our ergonomics tools tell us? Rapid Upper Limb Assessment RULA Strain Index Liberty Mutual Tables for Lifting, Carrying, Pushing & Pulling Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation Rapid Entire Body Assessment REBA WISHA Checklist Screening: Qualitative 2012 Investigate 7 15.7 32.6 Very High Risk Hazard Analysis: Quantitative www.ergopage.com
Measuring Ergonomics Risk Factors – 2nd Generation Tools Qualitative Tools WISHA Screening Tool Visual Observations Semi-Quantitative Tools REBA & RULA ACGIH TLV for Hand/Arm Vibration Liberty Mutual MMH Tables Rogers Muscle Fatigue Assessment Quantitative Moore-Garg Strain Index NIOSH Lifting Guideline Anthropometry Tables 2012 www.ergopage.com
(WISHA) Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act Qualitative 2012 www.ergopage.com
WISHA - Awkward Posture No No No 2012 www.ergopage.com
WISHA - Awkward Posture X (Not shown in graphic) Picking grapes requires bending knees to pick up box from ground X X 2012 www.ergopage.com
WISHA - Hand Force -- Pinch X (Not shown in graphic) Picking grapes requires pinching, often in bent wrist postures 2012 X www.ergopage.com
WISHA - Hand Force -- Grasp X Carrying containers of grapes 2012 www.ergopage.com
WISHA - Highly Repetitive Motion Cutting grape stems X Not applicable 2012 www.ergopage.com
WISHA - Repeated Impact Not Applicable Not Applicable 2012 www.ergopage.com
WISHA - Lifting Analysis 45 2012 www.ergopage.com
Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) Semi-Quantitative 2012 www.ergopage.com
RULA Uses body posture diagrams and three scoring tables to quantify risk factors Considers Body Part Postures Arm and Wrist Neck, Trunk & Leg Muscle Use Force Demands 2012 www.ergopage.com
RULA - Rapid Upper Limb Assessment 2012 www.ergopage.com
RULA -- Total Grand Score Step 5: a) Cross reference Score C Score D b) Use Table C to look up Grand Score 2012 www.ergopage.com
RULA -- Total Grand Score Step 5: a) Cross reference Score C Score D b) Use Table C to look up Grand Score Upper arm 2 Lower arm 1 A Wrist 3 Use Table A Posture Score A Muscle 0 3 Force 3 Use Table C Wrist twist 1 Neck 5 B Trunk 4 Grand Score 7 Use Table B Posture Score B 8 Muscle 1 Legs 2 2012 Score C 6 www.ergopage.com Force 3 Score D 12
RULA -- Action Levels Level 1 (Score of 1 or 2) Posture acceptable if not maintained or repeated for long periods Level 2 (Score of 3 or 4) Further investigation needed; changes may be required Level 3 (Score of 5 or 6) Investigation & changes required soon Level 4 (Score of 7) Investigation & changes required immediately 2012 www.ergopage.com
Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) Semi-Quantitative 2012 www.ergopage.com
REBA - Rapid Entire Body Assessment 2012 www.ergopage.com
REBA Uses body posture diagrams and three scoring tables to quantify risk factors Considers Body Part Postures Neck, Trunk & Leg Arm and Wrist Muscle Use Force Demands 2012 www.ergopage.com
Activity Score - REBA Step 1: a) Score Group A: neck, trunk, leg; look up in Table A, add force load to get score A b) Score Group B: upper arm, lower arm, wrist; look up in Table B ¾ total in Posture Score B Neck 3 Trunk 3 A Leg 3 Use Table A Posture Score A 7 Force/Load 2 Score A 9 Use Table C Upper Arm 1 B Lower Arm 1 Activity 2 Use Table B Posture Score B 1 Coupling 1 Wrist 1 2012 Score C 9 www.ergopage.com Score B 2 Final REBA Score 11
REBA -- Action Levels 1 2 or 3 4 to 7 8 to 10 11 2012 Negligible risk Low risk, change may be needed Medium risk, further investigation, change soon High risk, investigate and implement change Very high risk, implement change www.ergopage.com
RULA & REBA -- Summary 9Simple surveys that target upper limb and/or entire body MSD risks 9Good for screening large numbers of employees quickly 9Identifies if further analysis is needed (low thresholds – most tasks are “investigate”) 2012 www.ergopage.com
Manual Handling Tasks NIOSH Lifting Guideline (Quantitative) Liberty Mutual MMH Tables (Semi-Quantitative) 2012 www.ergopage.com
Chosing The Right Model Frequency Biomechanical Physiological Psychophysical Load/Force 2012 www.ergopage.com
NIOSH Lifting Guidelines THE 1991 NIOSH EQUATION FOR THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF MANUAL LIFTING TASKS 2012 www.ergopage.com
Weight 45 lb. H horizontal distance from mid-point between ankles to hands. H 9 inches V 30 inches D 40 inches V vertical distance of hands above floor. A 30 degrees D vertical travel distance A angular displacement of load from sagittal plane (i.e. twisting). F average number of lifts during 15 min. F 1 lift/5 min. Dur 10 hours 10” when standing C Fair (small) 9” 35” C quality of hand to object coupling. 2012 www.ergopage.com
Calculations 29 lbs 24” 15” 0 40” 8 3 Poor RWL 51 x HM x VM x DM x AM x FM x CM RWL LI 51 X X Object Weight (L) X X RWL 2012 www.ergopage.com X X Lbs.
Who Is At Risk? LI Object Weight RWL LI 1.0 LI 2.0 DESIGN OBJECTIVE 2012 www.ergopage.com LI 3.0
eLIFT http://www.ergopage.com/Freeware (Visitors from 165 countries last year) 2012 www.ergopage.com
eRULA http://www.ergopage.com/Freeware 2012 www.ergopage.com
eREBA http://www.ergopage.com/Freeware 2012 www.ergopage.com
Summary & Closing There are many ergonomics job evaluation tools. Knowledge and skills are required for their use. Interpretation is important. Different tools may provide conflicting results. Using the wrong tool can provide incorrect answers. 2012 www.ergopage.com
A 3rd Generation of Ergonomics Tools Is Emerging A set of tools that work easily together. Screening and evaluation use similar data. The output is visual: Red, Yellow, Green An “non-expert” user can deliver quality results. Analysis leads directly to targeted, specific solutions. An analogy: 1st Generation – Bulky satellite telephone 2nd Generation – Cellular telephone 3rd Generation – Smart phone 2012 www.ergopage.com
Mastering the Tools of the Ergonomics Trade Questions/Answers 2012 www.ergopage.com
IIE - Fellow 1990 , Ergonomics Division Award, 1986 HFES - IE Technical Group Award, 1993 Texts Industrial Ergonomics: A Practitioner's Guide The Practice and Management of Industrial Ergonomics Industrial Ergonomics: Case Studies Ergonomics Design Guidelines Applied Ergonomics - Case Studies Volumes 1, 2 & 3 .
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