Fundamentals Of Computer Architecture: Hardware - Illinois State Board .
Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Unit: Coding Problem Area: Basics of Computing Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Student Learning Objectives. Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives: 1 2 3 4 Identify the parts of the computer. Explain how a computer operates. Explain the purpose, operation and care of devices and components. Identify storage options. Resources. The following resources may be useful in teaching this lesson: E-unit(s) corresponding to this lesson plan. CAERT, Inc. http://www.mycaert.com. “10 Types of Computers” How Stuff Works. Accessed July 22, 2019. puter.htm. “Computer Architecture Study Guide.” Webopedia. Accessed July 22, 2019. https://www.webopedia.com/quick ref/computer-architecture-study-guide.html. “Computer Science: How Computers Work.” Khan Academy. Accessed August 22, 2019. ence/how-computers-work2. “Computer – Input Devices.” Tutorials Point – Simply Easy Learning. Accessed July 23, 2019. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer fundamentals/computer input devices. Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 1 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
“How a Wireless Mouse Works.” Tech-FAQ. Accessed July 24, 2019. html. “Computer – Output Devices.” Tutorials Point – Simply Easy Learning. Accessed August 13, 2019. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer fundamentals/ computer output devices. “How Computers Work: A Journey into the Walk-Through Computer, hosted by David Neil.” Accessed August 13, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v CoxQLJkLq1c. “Your Cell Phone Is 10 Times Dirtier Than A Toilet Seat. Here’s What to Do About It.” Times. Accessed August 22, 2019. https://time.com/4908654/cell-phone-bacteria/. “Hard Disk Drive (HDD) vs. Solid State Drive (SSD): What’s the Diff?” Backblaze. Accessed August 26, 2019. s-the-diff/. Equipment, Tools, Supplies, and Facilities ü Overhead or PowerPoint projector ü Visual(s) from accompanying master(s) ü Copies of sample test, lab sheet(s), and/or other items designed for duplication ü Materials listed on duplicated items ü Computers with printers and Internet access ü Classroom resource and reference materials Key Terms. The following terms are presented in this lesson (shown in bold italics): personal computer supercomputer hardware computer server software data wearable bit laptop microprocessor central processing unit desktop mouse motherboard notebook keyboard RAM tablet screen printer handheld touchscreen monitor mainframe input thumb drive PDA output USB workstation touchpad Interest Approach. Use an interest approach that will prepare the students for the lesson. Teachers often develop approaches for their unique class and student situations. A possible approach is included here. Engage students with discussion after watching the following video on How Computers Work: A Journey into the Walk-through Computer Hosted by David Neil at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v CoxQLJkLq1c . Computers are everywhere nowadays. Everywhere! Computers are in cellphones, (smartphones), televisions, on top of desks (desktop computers) at school, Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 2 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
home and work, in our hands (tablets and pads), on our laps (laptops, notebooks), on our wrists (the Apple Watch), in large companies (supercomputers, servers, workstations). There are ten iterations of computer architecture as will be discussed in this lesson. They include the personal computer, the laptop, the desktop, notebook or tablet, handheld, mainframe, workstation, supercomputer, server, and most recently, the wearable computer. What makes each of these devices constitute a computer? How does a computer operate? What makes a computer a computer? This lesson identifies and explains what a computer is and how it operates. Continue with the lesson. CONTENT SUMMARY AND TEACHING STRATEGIES Objective 1: Identify the parts of the computer. Anticipated Problem: What are the parts of the computer? I. Just what is a computer? A computer is a device that allows you to put in data or information, processes the data for you, then puts out information in the form of an answer or solution to your data entered. Computers consist of hardware and software. The hardware of the computer is its’ physical and hard components, rather than the computer’s software which are the intangible instructions fed to the computer. For example, a keyboard, a monitor, or a disk drive is computer hardware; Microsoft Office Word, the Google search browser is representative of computer software. Computer programmers write the software instructions in computer languages that translate to electronic pulse patterns that travel along the circuitry board wiring from the monitor to the motherboard to the printer. These precise instructions are what drive the industry of computers in our lives today. A. When we type on the computer, we are using computer software output instructions that allow that. Once a computer program such as Microsoft Office Word is stored in the computer, and you click on its icon on the desktop screen, this software becomes physical electronic pulse patterns that show up on the visual displays or monitors. Amazing! Open a computer (one that is no longer in use, of course) and see that there are circuitry boards, all connecting each of the devices to allow us to use it, communicate with it. B. There are many types of computers in the world today. They affect our lives in a variety of ways. You may hear some refer to computers as PCs or personal computers. A personal computer is a computer that sits on top of a table or desk (a desktop) differentiated in earlier computing days as having its own operating system, small enough for office or home use by one person. Before the advent of the personal computer, mainframe computers existed. A mainframe Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 3 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
C. D. E. F. G. computer is a large computer system that processes huge amounts of data, used primarily by large corporations and the United States government. In many schools and businesses, workstation computers are desktop computers networked or connected to a mainframe or server computer, allowing each user at the terminal or workstation to access computer information stored on the mainframe or server. A server is a computer that allows or serves data between computers on a network. A supercomputer is a type of mainframe computing system, having the fastest processors of all computer types, capable of crunching lots of data at the fastest speeds. President Barack Obama in 2012 signed an executive order to establish the National Strategic Computing Initiative. This initiative, led by the Departments of Energy, Defense and the National Science Foundation, to build the world’s fastest supercomputer, faster than China’s Tianhe-2 supercomputer. Notebook computers are compact computers weighing less than six pounds and easily fit into a briefcase or bag. Tablets are even smaller laptop computers that use the computer’s screen as a touchscreen input device; a touchscreen allows the user to finger touch the screen to type or point to information on the computer. Touchscreen technology is on some handheld computers also. Handheld computers are cellphones that have computers inside them, also known as smartphones. Other handhelds are PDAs (personal digital assistants) storing information such as addresses and phone numbers, and small notebooks with touchscreens that require the use of a stylus pen for input, such as is used by FedEx or UPS services such as when a package is delivered and requires a signature. Wearables are computers worn strapped on the body, such as smart watches, fitness trackers, heart monitors, and thermometers. Whether it is an Apple watch, smartphone, desktop computer, laptop, tablet, or supercomputer, the basic architecture of a computer are its input, microprocessor and output devices. Information is input or put in the computer, manipulated by the microprocessor and output or put out of the computer, in a format that is useful to the computer user. The requested information may come out to the computer device’s screen or it may come out to a printer. There are many input devices used to get information inside the computer. These may come in the form of the mouse, touchpad on the laptop, the keyboard, touch screen, joystick, trackball, scanner, camera, microphone, or a thumb drive. The mouse input device resembles a mouse with a tail. The mouse tail connects to an input board via a port slot in the back or side of the computer and transmits clicks and points to the computer, such as when you point to a file folder on your Window’s desktop and click on it to open it. Even the wireless mouse without a tail connects to the computer transmitting points and clicks as RF or radio frequency waves. Some computer input devices come in the form of the navigation pad. A touchpad is that square-like area on a laptop computer right below the keyboard, that acts just like the mouse but allows you to use your finger as input to press, click, point and scroll. The keyboard, one of the earlier input devices for personal computers and laptops, is also used to type or key information in the computer for Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 4 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
processing, in a combination of letters and/or numbers, symbols, and special keys. Built-in keyboards are also located in computers such as smartphones and smart-TVS. H. Touch screens are devices that allow information to be put in the computer by touching the laptop, desktop, smartphone, iPad and other computer device screens; touching may be done with a finger, or special stick, or even another computer device, to receive the data. Joysticks are input devices that provide input movements like up, down, right, left, forward, backward when playing computer games. I. Thumb drives or flash drives operate as input devices when files on the drive are copied from it to the computer. A thumb drives is a portable device that fits in the computer’s USB or universal serial bus port, allowing for computer files to be copied, stored or output to it. When the thumb drive is placed in the USB port to retrieve a file, it then operates as a input device. Teaching Strategy: Many techniques can be used to help students master this objective. Display VM–A and VM–B. Have students create a padlet account at https://padlet.com and provide video, image or website examples of each of the key terms, along with a description or definition of each. See LS–A. Objective 2: Explain how a computer operates. Anticipated Problem: How does a computer operate? II. Once information inputs to the computer, what happens to it? Where does the information go, once inside the computer? The information transforms via electrical pulse patterns, into bit or binary digit language from the keyboard or input device, which matches up with the physical transportation of the information. Each pulse pattern represents a translated code of the inputted information. This information transports, via electrons to the brain of your computer called the motherboard or circuit board. Wiring or buses transmit the information to the microprocessor on the motherboard. Circuit boards have circuits or wiring, that carries the information in the form of bit or binary digit coded pulse patterns, from the keyboard to the motherboard, from the motherboard to the monitor or printer. The microprocessor is the central processing unit or CPU, sometimes referred to as the brain of the computer which handles calculations and information. All the microprocessor does is think! A. Once the microprocessor processes the information fed to it, the results of the information requested is pulsed via the electronic buses again. This pulsed information can now either be stored on a memory storage device such as a flash drive; the computer’s hard drive (may also be referred to as the C: drive); or in RAM or random-access memory which is temporary memory on your computer. The information requested processes into a readable language such as English and output to an output device. Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 5 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
B. Output devices are what make the current generation of the computer one that is useful to anyone. Output devices put powerful knowledge at the fingertips, eye level of anyone who can read a language such as English. Just as there are myriad input devices to get information into the computer for processing, there are many output devices. The job of the output device is to receive the processed data and put that data or information back into readable format, using a language that the computer user can understand. Examples of output devices are the computer monitor, all types of printers, plotter, any visual display unit such as on a smartphone or a fitness tracker. The most common output devices are printers which output information on paper. Inkjet printers use ink in cartridges to translate digital images to paper. Laser printers use a laser beam to translate digitally charged images to paper. The computer monitors and other visual display units convert processed data or information to dot matrix images, readable, viewable to the computer user in an understandable language such as English. Teaching Strategy: Many techniques can be used to help students master this objective. Display VM–C. Have students watch the video Computer Basics at parts-of-a-computer/1. See LS–A. Objective 3: Explain the purpose, operation and care of devices and components. Anticipated Problem: How can knowing the purpose, operation and care of computer devices enhance the computer user’s experience? III. We now know that the CPU or central processing unit is the most prominent computer device in a computer system, also known as the brain of the computer. The CPU drives the main purpose of the computer, that is, to receive information and know how to process that information and return a resulting answer to the computer user. For example, the CPU knows how to process math problems and algorithms given to it. Inside the CPU are circuitry wiring on boards or chips that can process the thinking information we send to it. It takes in the information, following commands given to it, manipulates that information, and sends the results back in readable output results. Knowing how the computer enhances our thinking world lives is important to the operation and care of computer devices and components, including input devices, output devices and hardware components inside the computer. A. We now know that input devices carry information from the computer user’s keying or typing, clicking, touching on those devices to get the data or information into the computer’s CPU for processing. How we care for those input devices is important to the most efficient use of a computer system. Care for the keyboard input device involves unplugging it from the computer from time to time and turning it upside down to shake out any debris or dust that may have accumulated between and under the keys. Wipe the keyboard down with a soft non-static cloth and alcohol. Keep food and liquids away from the keyboard, as once that gets inside, it may harden and short out the circuitry that is carrying the information Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 6 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
you type, to getting to the computer’s CPU. Spray canned air to remove dust particles. Care for the mouse input device may involve taking the trackball out and wiping it down with alcohol. Clean an optical mouse with alcohol, also. Clean and care for touchscreen input devices by using a lint-free cloth and water or alcohol to wipe down the device gently. Use the same process for cleaning smartphone and tablet screens. Clean as often as you can, as it has been researched that touchscreen input devices, especially the smartphone, may have as many germs on them as what you would find on a toilet seat! Suggestion is that you do not use your smartphone while using the bathroom amenities. B. Output devices such as the CRT or LCD monitors require proper use and care. Clean both types with a soft lint-free cloth. The CRT is made of glass, so use water to clean it. LCDs are made of special materials; clean those with a lint-free cloth. Clean printers with a cloth and alcohol. Use canned air to remove dust particles. C. Handle preventative care and maintenance for the computer housed inside a tower or laptop with canned air to remove dust from around the vent areas. Dust and heat are the physical computer’s worst enemies, as a collection of dust can cause the computer to overheat, especially when the fan clogs with dust, and the vent areas cover with dust. Be careful though, opening the computer components may require handling by a technician. If you open the computer components, first unplug from electrical outlets. Use canned air to remove dust from in and around the circuitry boards. D. There are ten ways to take good care of your computer devices and components. 1. Install anti-virus software to guard against computer virus attacks 2. Keep software updated, such as Microsoft Office, or Windows 10. Those updates contain fixes to software problems, as well as protection against virus attacks. 3. Back-up your files on external storage devices such as a flash drive, or a separate drive designed for backing up the entire computer. 4. Defrag your hard drive. That is, run a systems defragmentation tool that will delete unused spaces on your hard drive and re-arrange your files for faster access. 5. Delete old files that you are no longer using. There is usually a disk clean-up tool available in your systems tools to help get rid of temporary, unused files. 6. Always make sure your anti-virus software includes an activated firewall option against getting viruses from the Internet. 7. Remove external devices such as a flash drive safely. Most recent computers allow you to gently take the device out of the computer. Some computers have an eject feature for safely removing external devices. 8. Keep your computers clean, with a soft lint-free cloth; remove any dirt or dust. 9. If using a laptop, extend the life of the battery by unplugging the laptop, if the battery is charged 100%. 10. Use a surge protector to plug in your computers. This prevents voltage spikes that may short out or kill your computer. Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 7 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
Teaching Strategy: Many techniques can be used to help students master this objective. Display VM–D and VM–E. Have students create a padlet account at https://padlet.com and provide video, image or website examples of each of the key terms, along with a description or definition of each. See LS–A. Objective 4: Identify storage options. Anticipated Problem: What are the various types of storage options? IV. There are six popular types of storage options. The external hard drive, the SSD or solid state drive, network attached storage (NAS), USB or universal serial bus thumb or flash drive, CD/DVD or compact disc/digital video disc storage, and cloud storage. As shown in the table below, each option is recommended based on the type of computer used, and the amount of storage required. For every day computer users such as students, parents, teachers, and business workers, the thumb drive or flash drive seems to be the most used. Thumb drives or flash drives provide a portable back-up of files saved in more than one place, such as on the business computer at work or on the home computer. A flash drive allows for transport of data files, so that those files can be accessed on any laptop or desktop computer. A. If data files are larger than 64GB, then another back up device would need to be used such as a solid state drive or SSD. SSDs provide backup storage for 64GB to 256G of data. SSDs are also known as flash drives, due that the working inside parts are non-movable using integrated circuitry and computer chips to hold the data inside. Unlike SSDs, the other type of hard drive for storage are external hard drives. These have been around for many years. Its working parts consist of hard discs, a read/write head that scratches (saves) the data or information onto the discs. Think of an old record player that has an arm on it with a needle that ‘reads’ the music from the album disk or record. Storage Device Best Uses Storage Capacity/ Connection Advantages Disadvantages External hard drive Laptop – 2.5 /desktop computers 3.5 160 GB to 3TB Reliable; for lots of data; Connects through USB or cheaper per GB SATA Can be damaged if dropped; or through electrical surge Solid State Drive Laptops/mobile devices 64 GB to 256 GB Faster, reliable, portable Expensive; less storage than magnetic drives Stored as one or more hard drives in an array storage Good for backing up networks and small businesses; always connected for scheduling backups More expensive than external drives 4GB to 64GB Connects through USB Portable, can fit on a keychain; robust Expensive; useful for storing small amounts of data Connects through USB or SATA Network Attached Storage (NAS) USB Thumb Drive or Flash Drive backup a network Small storage for laptops/desktops Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 8 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017 Onsite storage, so can be stolen or damaged due to flooding, etc.
Storage Device CD/DVD Cloud Storage Best Uses Storage Capacity/ Connection Storing songs, media, music, software for laptops/desktops CD – 650MB to 900MB Back up data to an Internet-accessible data center Storage space provided per subscription amount requested. Advantages Disadvantages Inexpensive cost per disc Shorter lifespan; one damaged disc in the pack can prevent a good back up. Off-site back up. Must have Internet to access backed up data. Slower. Pay for ongoing subscription. DVD – 4.7 GB to 17.08 GB Source: http://typesofbackup.com/types-of-storage/ Review/Summary. Use the student learning objectives to summarize the lesson. Have students explain the content associated with each objective. Student responses can be used in determining which objectives need to be reviewed or taught from a different angle. If a textbook is being used, questions at the ends of chapters may also be included in the Review/Summary. Application. Use the included visual master(s) and lab sheet(s) to apply the information presented in the lesson. Evaluation. Evaluation should focus on student achievement of the objectives for the lesson. Various techniques can be used, such as student performance on the application activities. A sample written test is provided. Answers to Sample Test: Part One: Matching 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. f j a g e c i b h d Part Two: Completion 1. supercomputer 2. surge protectors 3. anti-virus software Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 9 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
4. SSD (or solid state drive) 5. External hard drives Part Three: True/False 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. F T F T T T F F T T Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 10 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
Sample Test Name Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware u Part One: Matching Instructions: Match the term with the correct definition. a. b. c. d. e. personal computer workstation CPU notebook mainframe f. g. h. i. j. wearable thumb drive RAM USB touchscreen 1. smart watches 2. finger touch 3. table top computer 4. portable back-up device 5. computer system of large corporations 6. computer’s brain 7. universal serial bus 8. networked terminal desktops 9. temporary storage 10. smaller than a briefcase Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 11 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
u Part Two: Completion Instructions: Provide the word or words to complete the following statements. 1. A has the fastest processors of all computer types. 2. prevent voltage spikes that can short out a computer. 3. It is important to install and update to guard against computer virus attacks. 4. If files are larger than 64GB, storage is recommended for laptops and mobile devices. 5. are reliable and cheaper per GB for lots of data storage. u Part Three: True/False Instructions: Write T for true or F for false. 1. The most common output devices are plotters. 2. SSDs provide backup storage for 64GB to 256G of data. 3. SSD is good for backing up networks and small businesses. 4. Circuit boards have circuits or wiring, that carries the information in the form of bit patterns. 5. Computers consist of hardware and software. 6. The basic architecture of a computer are its input, microprocessor and output devices. 7. Your anti-virus software does not need a firewall to guard against getting viruses from a thumb drive or the Internet. 8. Some computer output devices come in the form of the navigation pad. 9. Extend the life of the battery by unplugging the laptop, if the battery is charged 100%. 10. There is usually a disk clean-up tool available in your systems tools to help get rid of temporary, unused files. Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 12 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
VM–A BASIC COMPUTER COMPONENTS Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 13 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
VM–B EXAMPLES OF INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 14 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
VM–C CLOSE-UP OF A MICROPROCESSOR ON A COMPUTER’S MOTHERBOARD Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 15 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
VM–D USING CANNED AIR TO REMOVE DUST PARTICLES Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 16 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
VM–E HOW TO PHYSICALLY CLEAN YOUR COMPUTER [SIMPLE GUIDE] Watch the YouTube video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v ZKYkKx4yQ5k. Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 17 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
LS–A Name Computer Architecture Padlet Purpose The purpose of this activity is to create a padlet wall and post the computer architecture terminology on the wall, along with video, image, or website examples of each of the following key words, along with a description or definition of each. Objectives 1. Identify the parts of the computer. 2. Explain how a computer operates. 3. Describe the types of computer architecture. Materials t YouTube tutorial on how to use Padlet at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v bt6orv2QfZw. Procedure 1. First, watch the video on Computer Basics – Basic Parts of A Computer at parts-of-a-computer/1/. 2. Watch the Padlet YouTube video on how to use a padlet. 3. Go to padlet.com and using your email or a Google account, sign up. 4. Create a Padlet wall that contains an image, video, or website URL for each of the key terms in the lesson: personal computer, computer, data, laptop, desktop, notebook, tablet, handheld, mainframe, PDA, workstation, supercomputer, server, wearable, microprocessor, mouse, keyboard, screen, touchscreen, input, output, touchpad, hardware, software, bit, central processing unit, motherboard, RAM, printer, monitor, thumb drive, USB. 5. To get started, click on Make A Padlet and select a wall. Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Page 18 u www.MyCAERT.com Copyright by CAERT, Inc. Reproduction by subscription only. L780017
6. Change wallpaper by selecting from the wallpaper on the right. 7. Click on title and add the title ‘My Computer Architecture Padlet’ 8. Double click the wall to post each of the key terms. 9. For each key term post: a. add a description or definition of the term b. go to YouTube.com and search for a video of the term, copy the link URL and paste it in on the post OR c. copy and paste an image of the term on the post OR d. copy and paste a website URL on the post. 10. After posting all of the key terms, click on the Share/Export button to the right to share the padlet. 11. See an example at https://padlet.com/jwilliams134/owd83zu3z91p. Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer A
Computer Architecture: Hardware Unit: Coding Problem Area: Basics of Computing Lesson: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture: Hardware Student Learning Objectives. Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives: 1 Identify the parts of the computer. 2 Explain how a computer operates.
What is Computer Architecture? “Computer Architecture is the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals.” - WWW Computer Architecture Page An analogy to architecture of File Size: 1MBPage Count: 12Explore further(PDF) Lecture Notes on Computer Architecturewww.researchgate.netComputer Architecture - an overview ScienceDirect Topicswww.sciencedirect.comWhat is Computer Architecture? - Definition from Techopediawww.techopedia.com1. An Introduction to Computer Architecture - Designing .www.oreilly.comWhat is Computer Architecture? - University of Washingtoncourses.cs.washington.eduRecommended to you b
Paper Name: Computer Organization and Architecture SYLLABUS 1. Introduction to Computers Basic of Computer, Von Neumann Architecture, Generation of Computer, . “Computer System Architecture”, John. P. Hayes. 2. “Computer Architecture and parallel Processing “, Hwang K. Briggs. 3. “Computer System Architecture”, M.Morris Mano.
- HARDWARE USER MANUAL - MANUEL DE L'UTILISATEUR HARDWARE . - HARDWAREHANDLEIDING - MANUALE D'USO HARDWARE - MANUAL DEL USUARIO DEL HARDWARE - MANUAL DO UTILIZADOR DO HARDWARE . - 取扱説明書 - 硬件用户手册. 1/18 Compatible: PC Hardware User Manual . 2/18 U.S. Air Force A -10C attack aircraft HOTAS (**) (Hands On Throttle And .
Any computer system can be divided into two basic components: 1. Hardware Components 2. Software Components 2.1.3.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS Computer Hardware can be defined as: "Electronic and mechanical devices that make up the computer are called the hardware" Computer hardware refers to all the physical, tangible components related to computers.
1. P. K. Sinha & Priti Sinha :Computer Fundamentals (BPB) 2. V. Rajaraman : Computer Fundamentals 3. Moris mano: Computer Organization & Architecture 4. Malivno & Leach : Digital Principals & Applications(TMH) 5. Thomas Bartee: Digital Computer Fundamentals(TMH) 6. Tanenbaum :
1. Computer Fundamentals by P.K.Sinha _ Unit I: Introduction to Computers: Introduction, Definition, .Characteristics of computer, Evolution of Computer, Block Diagram Of a computer, Generations of Computer, Classification Of Computers, Applications of Computer, Capabilities and limitations of computer. Unit II: Basic Computer Organization:
and is referred to as hardware. A computer system consists of three elements. Fig 1.1.1 Components of a Computer System 1. Hardware 2. Software 3. People Hardware : The physical components which you can see, touch and feel in the computer system are called hardware Eg monitor, keyboard, mouse etc.
A01 , A02 or A03 Verification of prior exempUcivil after exempt service must be on file with the X appointment (when appointing power. there is no break in service). A01 , A02 or A03 (to Copy of employee's retirement PM PPM X a permanent release letter from PERS must be 311.5, 360.3 appointment) after a on file with the appointing power.
