Clicking Clean A Guide To Building The Green Internet
May 2015greenpeace.org2015 UpdateClicking Clean:A Guide to Buildingthe Green Internet
For more information contact:greeninternet@greenpeace.orgLead Author:Gary Cook, GreenpeaceCo-author: David PomerantzResearch: Kassie Rohrbachand Brian JohnsonEditor: Joe SmythDesign by:www.arccommunications.com.auPublished in May 2015by Greenpeace Inc.702 H Street, NWSuite 300Washington, D.C. 20001United Statesgreenpeace.org2
ContentsExecutive Summary5Company Scorecard8Cloud Power: Streaming Video On The Rise11Renewable Power for the Cloud: Drivers and Barriers15Road Map to a Green Internet23Powering Data Centers with Renewable Energy: A User Manual29Colocation Operators: The Landlords of the Internet35Your Online World: Dirty or Clean?37Appendix I: Methodology38Appendix II: Company Scores Explained40Appendix III57Notes68
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DreamstimeGreenpeaceUSAClicking CleanA Guide to Buildingthe Green InternetExecutiveSummaryExecutive SummaryThe internet is rapidly working its way into nearlyevery aspect of the modern economy. Longunshackled from our web browser, we now findthe internet at every turn, and ready to play abigger role in our lives with each passing day.Today, the internet is rapidly transforming howyou watch TV. Tomorrow, the internet may bedriving your car and connecting you to highdefinition video from every corner of the planetvia your watch.The magic of the internet seems almost limitless. But eachnew internet enabled magic trick means more and moredata, now growing over 20% each year.1 The emergence ofcheap smartphones means that internet traffic from mobiledevices will soon exceed what is delivered over wiredconnections. Global mobile data was estimated to increaseby a whopping 69% in 2014, and is expected to maintainits breakneck growth through at least 2019, due to therapid increase of video streaming to mobile devices and asmore of the world’s population gains basic access to theinternet via smartphones. The online population topped 3billion in 2014, and mobile broadband subscriptions areexpected to jump to a staggering 7.6 billion by 2020.2“While there may be significant energy efficiency gains frommoving our lives online, the explosive growth of our digitallives is outstripping those gains. Publishing conglomeratesnow consume more energy from their data centers thantheir printing presses. Greenpeace has estimated that theaggregate electricity demand of our digital infrastructureback in 2011 would have ranked sixth in the world amongcountries.3 The rapid transition to streaming video models,as well as tablets and other thin client devices that supplanton-device storage with the cloud, means more and moredemand for data center capacity, which will require moreenergy to power.The transition to online distribution models, such as videostreaming, appears to deliver a reduction in the carbonfootprint over traditional models of delivery. However,in some cases, this shift may simply be enabling muchhigher levels of consumption, ultimately increasing thetotal amount of electricity consumed and the associatedpollution from electricity generation. Unless leading internetcompanies find a way to leapfrog traditional, pollutingsources of electricity, the convenience of streaming couldcause us to increase our carbon footprint.If having the audacity to rely on grid power now puts a company atrisk for public shaming, then the day is coming when every company’senergy usage will be viewed through a moral filter – similar to how itslabor practices and foreign investments are viewed today.David Crane, NRG CEO4”5
GreenpeaceUSAClicking CleanA Guide to Buildingthe Green InternetExecutiveSummaryThe Internet Can and Must Be GreenHolding The Green Internet BackThe internet has already enabled positive changes andbetter lives for people around the world, and has thepotential to serve as a critical foundation for sustainableeconomic growth, but we cannot make the transitionto a renewable powered society fast enough to avoidcatastrophic climate change unless the internet is also aplatform to transition the world toward a renewable energyfuture.Monopoly electric utilities which sell electricity that’spowered by mostly coal, and very little renewable energy,are the sole energy providers to several critical datacenter hubs, which continue to attract significant newdata center investment. Prominent examples of suchutilities - including Duke Energy (North Carolina), DominionResources (Virginia), and Taiwan Power Company (Taiwan)- have all recently established green electricity tariffsto provide a renewable electricity option for their largecustomers, but they have not yet attracted customersdue to their poor design and locked-in price premium,even though renewable energy is increasingly at paritywith, if not superior to, traditional sources of generation.These utilities represent the biggest obstacles to building agreen internet, and will require collaborative pressure fromdata center operators and other electricity customers tosecure the policy changes needed to open the market upto competitors that offer meaningful options for renewableenergy.The good news is that a growing number of companieshave begun to create a corner of the internet that isrenewably powered and coal free, with over a half dozenmajor internet companies now committed to being 100%renewably powered, including major operators such asApple, Facebook and Google. Renewable commitmentsby internet companies have had a big impact in drivingrenewable power in several key markets, as a growingnumber of utilities have begun to shift their investments torenewable energy to meet this new demand.A second tier of major data center operators and internetcompanies have now begun to explore options forincreasing their renewable energy supply. While colocationdata center operators still lag far behind consumerfacing data center operators, several have begun to shiftto explore how they can best increase their supply ofrenewable electricity, as an increasing number of theircustomers are asking that their cloud be powered byrenewable energy.“An energy efficient facility isgood, but a 100% renewableenergy facility is better.Apple Environment report56”
GreenpeaceUSAClicking CleanOvercoming Obstaclesto a Green InternetExecutiveSummaryKey Findings: Apple continues to lead the charge in powering its cornerof the internet with renewable energy even as it continuesto rapidly expand. All three of its data center expansionsannounced in the past year will be powered withrenewable energy. Apple is also having a positive impacton pushing major colocation providers to help it maintainprogress toward its 100% renewable energy goal. Colocation companies continue to lag far behindconsumer-facing data center operators in seekingrenewable energy to power their operations, but Equinix’sadoption of a 100% renewable energy commitment andoffering of renewably hosted facilities is an important stepforward. Google continues to match Apple in deploying renewableenergy with its expansion in some markets, but its marchtoward 100% renewable energy is increasingly underthreat by monopoly utilities for several data centersincluding those in North and South Carolina, Georgia,Singapore and Taiwan. Amazon’s adoption of a 100% renewable energy goal,while potentially significant, lacks basic transparencyand, unlike similar commitments from Apple, Facebookor Google, does not yet appear to be guiding Amazon’sinvestment decisions toward renewable energy and awayfrom coal. The rapid rise of streaming video is driving significantgrowth in our online footprint, and in power-hungry datacenters and network infrastructure needed to deliver it. Microsoft has slipped further behind Apple and Googlein the race to build a green internet, as its cloud footprintcontinues to undergo massive growth in an attempt tocatch up with Amazon, but has not kept pace with Appleand Google in terms of its supply of renewable electricity. Data center operators committed to renewable energygoals will need to redouble their efforts to work togetherto push policymakers for changes that allow them toprocure renewable energy, overcoming the resistance ofmonopoly utilities.7
Company nergyTransparencyRenewableEnergyCommitment& Siting PolicyEnergyEfficiency &MitigationRenewableEnergyDeployment& ocation 0%BBBD18%27%27%15%CDCD(a) Clean Energy Index and Coal Intensity are calculated based on estimates of power demand for evaluated facilities. See Appendix III: Facilities Table. (b) Akamai’s energyconsumption is spread across 1,300 data centers around the world, making individual tracking difficult. Regional demand and renewable energy data are from CDP data and informationprovided by company. (c) Greenpeace provided AWS with facility power demand estimates to review. AWS responded that the estimates were not correct, but did not providealternative data. Using conservative calculations based on public records, Greenpeace has used the best information available to derive power demand. See Appendix II: Methodology,for more information. Greenpeace invites AWS to provide more accurate data for its facility power demands.8
Frank van biemen / EvoSwitch / GreenpeaceEvoSwitch data centeruses green energy topower the system. Thisenergy efficient data centerhosts providers, publicinstitutions and privatecorporations.9
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GreenpeaceUSAClicking CleanA Guide to Buildingthe Green InternetSectionone01Cloud Power:Streaming Videoon the RiseCloud Power: Streaming Videoon the RiseFrom the now omnipresent fields of streaming music andvideo, to the nascent “Internet of Things,” our online worldcontinues to transform our offline lives with ever increasingspeed. Internet data is now growing at 20% per year.6Big data’s massive growth is expected to continue withthe emergence of cheap smartphones: nearly 80% of theplanet’s adult population will be connected to the internetby 2020, and the total number of devices connected tothe internet will be roughly twice the global population by2018. Internet traffic from mobile devices increased 69%in 2014 alone with the rapid increase of video streamingto mobile devices, and mobile traffic will exceed what isdelivered over wired connections by 2018. The primaryengine behind all of this growth is consumer traffic, whichrepresents more than 80% of internet traffic currently, andis expected to maintain this high share through 2018.7Expected internet consumer traffic: 2018 776%File sharing16%8%Web/EmailVideoCisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology,2013–2018.By far and away, the biggest driver of that consumerinternet data is online video. Consumers bought nearly100 million internet connected TVs in 2014, and the steadyincrease of video-enabled mobile devices has dramaticallychanged how and where we watch TV and movies.YouTube, Netflix, Hulu and other video streaming servicesthat have suddenly become a regular staple in our dailylives already make up more than 60% of consumer internettraffic, and that number is expected to grow to 76% by2018.811
GreenpeaceUSAClicking CleanA Guide to Buildingthe Green InternetSectiononeElectricity demand growth of the ICT sector3,50012.0%Worst CaseWorst CaseExpected Case11.0%Expected Case3,000Best CaseBest 14201520162017Percentage of global electricity consumption due to CE-ICT forbest/expected/worst case scenarios. From “Emerging Trends inElectricity Consumption for Consumer 7Global electricity consumption in TWh/yr forbest/expected/DataCentersworse case scenarios.in Electricity20% From “Emerging TrendsNetworksConsumption for Consumer ICT”ManufacturingMain components of electricity consumption for the ICT sector2012201718%16%47%15%DevicesData Centers20%NetworksManufacturingMain components of electricity consumption for the IT sector,2012. From “Emerging Trends in Electricity Consumption forConsumer ICT”16%1234%21%Devices29%Data Centers34%21%Devices29%Data CentersNetworksManufacturingMain components of electricity consumption for the ITsector, 2017 estimate. From “Emerging Trends in ElectricityConsumption for Consumer ICT”
GreenpeaceUSAClicking CleanA Guide to Buildingthe Green InternetWhile there may be some significant environmental andcarbon benefits from moving much of our lives online,this explosive growth in our digital lives requires massiveamounts of electricity, particularly for the data centers thatserve as the factories of the digital economy. InternationalData Corporation predicts that the total number of datacenters is expected to decline slightly by 2017, as morebusinesses shut down their smaller data centers and shiftto the cloud, and larger data centers tend to be significantlymore efficient. However, the shift by consumers to smartphones and tablets that depend on constant access tothe cloud will increase the overall energy required to deliverthese services, outweighing any efficiency gains realized byshifting to the cloud. The number of larger data centers isexpected to increase dramatically, with mega data centersaccounting for more than 70% of data center constructionin 2018.9SectiononeGood data on the energy demand of data centers andthe other infrastructure behind our digital world has beenfew and far between. Despite significant improvements intransparency from some companies since 2012, estimatesof the energy demand of our growing number of electronicdevices and the online world to which they are connectedhave varied widely in their methodology and scope. Recentstudies estimate that the collective electricity consumptionof our devices, data centers, and networks will jump from7.4% of global electricity consumption in 2012 to between7% and 12% by 2017.1013
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Clicking CleanA Guide to Buildingthe Green InternetSectiontwo02Renewable Power for theCloud: Drivers and BarriersThe transition to a clean energy economy isunderway, driven by the increasingly competitiveprice of renewable electricity. Electricity isby far the biggest cost for data centers, andconcerns about long-term energy costs, alongwith brand or customer driven concerns aboutthe environmental impact of online services,is driving data center operators to considerrenewable energy alongside energy efficiency asthe core strategies for meeting their data centerelectricity needs. Among North American datacenter operators, 84% recently identified theneed to consider renewable energy for meetingfuture energy needs.11Evidence of RenewableEnergy’s Recent Rise 51,000 MW of wind was added globally in2014 (a 44% increase over 2013).12 Solar and wind provided 55% of new electricitygeneration capacity in the US during 2014.14 China invested 90B USD in renewable energyin 2014, a 32% increase over 2013.15Despite this dramatic growth in renewable energy,significantly higher levels of investment are needed if weare to transition away from fossil fuels in time to limit theamount of global warming to 2 degrees Celsius and avoidthe worst effects of climate change. While global cleanenergy investment rebounded in 2014 to reach 310 billionin 2014,16 according to the IEA, clean energy investmentlevels need to exceed 500 billion annually by 2020, anddouble to 1 trillion each year by 2030, to keep us withinthe 2 degree envelope that scientists say is required toavoid catastrophic climate change.17 Unfortunately, it hasbecome clear that most electric utilities are not leadingthis charge, so it is critical that large energy-consumingcorporations step forward to help shift energy policy andincrease the market demand for renewableenergy to help close the gap.46%17%16%-9% 500bn-7% 310bn 294bn17% 268bn32% 318bn 272bn 206bn 205bn 175bn 128bn 88bnClean energy investment neededto address climate threat 1 Trillion Solar costs have fallen 80% globally since 2008.13 60bn DreamstimeGreenpeaceUSA0.5%36%46%2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Historical data from Bloomberg New Energy Finance, future estimatednecessary investment from Ceres: “Investing in the Clean Trillion”2020203015
GreenpeaceUSAClicking CleanA Guide to Buildingthe Green Internet18Highlightsof IT sectorrenewableenergy dealsin 2014 and2015Sectiontwo192122Finland/SwedenUS (Oregon)UKUS (Illinois)US (Kansas)Jan 2014Apr 2014June 2014July 2014Oct 2014Contracted foroutput of 59 MWof wind energy for10 years to coverthe electricityconsumption ofFinland data center.Purchasedmicro-hydroproject to powerdata centerSigned 440m powerpurchase agreementsfor wind energy,securing funding forconstruction of 2 newUK wind farms.Signed 20-yearPPA for 175 MWof wind energyfor Chicago datacenter.Signs PPA for halfof 48MW windproject to powerNebraska datacenter.BenefitsDrives windenergyinvestment in aregion primarilypowered bynuclear and coal.BenefitsDeveloped withcommunity & localranch.BenefitsDrives new windproject in the regionrather than relyingon old hydropower.BenefitsAddition ofsustainablehydro to grid,as alternativeto large scalehydro.Key Renewable Energy Drivers(1) Government Renewable GoalsGovernment goals for renewable energy have been a keydriver of renewable energy in many parts of the world,providing the critical conditions to drive investment in realenergy solutions. In many areas of the world, governmentsare now moving to strengthen such goals, with Germanyas the biggest economy with ambitious renewable energygoals as it aims to power with 80% renewable energy by2050 under the Energiewende, or German energy plan.31Denmark also stands out for its ambitious plans; windwill produce half of its electricity by 2020, and by 2030Denmark will phase out coal entirely.321620BenefitsDirectly secured100MW of new windenergy in the UK.Although the US does not have a federal renewableportfolio standard (RPS), state level mandates have beena key driver for renewable energy growth in the US. Inleading states, utilities are close to hitting or exceedingcurrent targets, with higher targets now under discussion.In other parts of the US, however, RPS laws have beenunder regular attack by the fossil fuel industry, and utilitiesare resisting efforts to increase them further.33 Data centeroperators, many of which carry major influence with stateand national policymakers, have a key opportunity topush for stronger mandates that will help them meet theirrenewable energy targets, while creating a greener grid forthe broader public as well.
GreenpeaceUSA23Clicking CleanA Guide to Buildingthe Green iana)DenmarkUS (Arizona)US (California)Nov 2014Dec 2014Jan 2015Feb 2015Feb 2015May 2015Purchased outputof a new 62 MWEneco wind farmnear new E600mdata center.Wind power dealfor India datacenter.Signed 150 MWwind power PPAfor 13 years.Currently unclearwhich Amazonfacility this dealwill power.Not finalized,but reaffirmedcommitment to100% RE.Announces newdata center, to be100% powered by70MW solar.BenefitsWaste heatdelivered forresidential heatingto nearby town.BenefitsMajor solar dealwith a utility thathas been otherwisebeen hostile to solardevelopment. 29 850M powerpurchase agreementfor 130MW of solarpower for HQ and CAdata center.BenefitsAvoids using powerfrom controversialnew coal powerplant beingbuilt by RWE inEemshaven.24BenefitsPower is 11-13%cheaper than gridpower(2) Private Sector RenewablePurchases & InvestmentsVoluntary corporate purchases of renewable electricityhave been a critical driver of renewable energy investment,particularly in parts of the US and EU that
Clicking Clean A Guide to Building the Green Internet Executive Summary 5 The internet is rapidly working its way into nearly every aspect of the modern economy. Long unshackled from our web browser, we now find the internet at every turn, and ready
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