COMPUTER APPLICATION FOR MASS MEDIA UNIT-I Block Diagram Of A Computer .
B.A. (HONS.) Mass Communication II Semester Sub. – Computer Application for Mass Media COMPUTER APPLICATION FOR MASS MEDIA UNIT-I Introduction to Computers – Block diagram of a computer, History and generation of computers, types of computer – Analog, Digital, Hybrid, parts of computer – hardware & software, input and output devices, Storage Devices, Memory, characteristics of computer, types of software. Operating System – Introduction, functions, types. UNIT-II Introduction to Windows – features of Windows 95, 98, XP. Internet – Introduction to Internet, usefulness of Internet, Advantages and Disadvantages. UNIT-III MS – Word – Word Processor, various editing features, various menus – File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tools, Table, Window, Help and options available, Hyperlink, Header Footer, Mail Merge, Table feature, Inserting Objects, advantages of word processor. UNIT-IV MS – Excel – Spread Sheet, various packages – Lotus 1-2-3, Excel. Features of spread sheet, Inserting chart, Hyperlink, Header and Footer, Data Functions, Goal seek, Pivot Table & Report, Auditing features. UNIT-V MS – PowerPoint – Introduction to PowerPoint, Various types of slides, various animation features, effects, Inserting objects in a slide, various slide show reviewing options, slide design, slide design, slide show, slide Transition. 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 1
B.A. (HONS.) Mass Communication II Semester Sub. – Computer Application for Mass Media UNIT-I COMPUTER Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms: Takes data as input. Stores the data/instructions in its memory and can use them when required. Process the data and convert it into useful information. Output the information. Control all the above four steps. Block diagram of computer Components of Computer System Computer system is made up of a number of components. These are 1. Input devices 2. Memory unit 3. Central processing unit 4. Output devices 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 2
B.A. (HONS.) Mass Communication II Semester Media Sub. – Computer Application for Mass Advantages HIGH SPEED Computer is a very fast device. It is capable of performing addition of very big data. The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond and even the picoseconds. It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who can spend many months for doing the same task. ACCURACY In addition to being very fast, computer is very accurate. The computer has performed calculations 100% error free. Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy. STORAGE CAPABILITY Memory is a very important characteristic of computers. The computer has much more storage capacity than human beings. It can store large amount of data. It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and any other type. DILIGENCE Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness and lack of concentration. It can work continuously without creating any error and boredom. It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy. VERSATILITY A computer is a very versatile machine. A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done. This machine can be used to solve the problems relating to various different fields. RELIABILITY A computer is a reliable machine. Modern electronic components have failure free long lives. Computers are designed to make maintenance easy. AUTOMATION Computer is a automatic machine. Automation means ability to perform the task automatically. Once a program is given to computer i.e stored in computer memory, the program and instruction can control the program execution without human interaction. REDUCTION IN PAPER WORK The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in paper work and speeds up the process. As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required,the problem of maintenance of large number of files gets reduced. REDUCTION IN COST Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high but it substantially reduces the cost of each of its transaction. 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 3
B.A. (HONS.) Mass Communication II Semester Media Sub. – Computer Application for Mass Disadvantages NO I.Q A computer is a machine and has no intelligence of its own to perform any task. Each and every instruction has to be given to computer. A computer can not take any decision on its own. DEPENDENCY It can perform function as instructed by user.So it is fully dependent on human being. ENVIRONMENT The operating environment of computer should be dust free and suitable to it. NO FEELING Computer has no feeling or emotions. It cannot make Judgement based on feeling, taste, experience and knowledge unlike a human being. Computer Generations Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system. There are totally five computer generations known till date. Following are the main five generations of computers S.N. Generation & Description 1 First Generation The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vaccum tube based. 2 Second Generation The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based. 3 Third Generation The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based. 4 Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based. 5 Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation : 1980-onwards.ULSI microprocessor based First Generation The period of first generation was 1946-1959. First generation of computer started with using vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU(Central Processing Unit). These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large organizations. 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 4
B.A. (HONS.) Mass Communication II Semester Media Sub. – Computer Application for Mass In this generation mainly batch processing operating system were used. In this generation Punched cards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape Input & Output device were used. There were Machine code and electric wired board languages used. The main features of First Generation are: Vacuum tube technology Unreliable Supported Machine language only Very costly Generate lot of heat Slow Input/Output device Huge size Need of A.C. Non portable Consumed lot of electricity Some computer of this generation were: ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC IBM-701 IBM-650 Second Generation The period of second generation was 1959-1965. This generation using the transistor was cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this generation assembly language and high level programming language like FORTRAN, COBOL was used. There was Batch processing and Multiprogramming Operating system used. The main features of Second Generation are: Use of transistors Reliable as compared to First generation computers Smaller size as compared to First generation computers Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation computers Faster than first generation computers Still very costly A.C. needed Support machine and assmebly languages Some computer of this generation were: IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 Third Generation CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 5
B.A. (HONS.) Mass Communication II Semester Media Sub. – Computer Application for Mass The period of third generation was 1965-1971. The third generation of computer is marked by the use of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single I.C has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The I.C was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. In this generation Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multi-programming Operating System were used. High level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation. The main features of Third Generation are: IC used More reliable Smaller size Generate less heat Faster Lesser maintenance Still costly A.C needed Consumed lesser electricity Support high level language Some computer of this generation were: IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series PDP(Personal Data Processor) IBM-370/168 TDC-316 Fourth Generation The period of Fourth Generation was 1971-1980. The fourth generation of computers is marked by the use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits.VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth Generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution. In this generation Time sharing, Real time, Networks, Distributed Operating System were used. All the Higher level languages like C and C , DBASE etc. were used in this generation. The main features of Fourth Generation are: VLSI technology used Very cheap Portable and reliable Use of PC's Very small size Pipeline processing No A.C. needed Concept of internet was introduced Great developments in the fields of networks Computers became easily available Some computer of this generation were: 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 6
B.A. (HONS.) Mass Communication II Semester Sub. – Computer Application for Mass Media DEC 10 STAR 1000 PDP 11 CRAY-1(Super Computer) CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer) Fifth Generation The period of Fifth Generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the Higher level languages like C and C , Java, .Net etc. are used in this generation. AI includes: Robotics Neural networks Game Playing Development of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations. Natural language understanding and generation. The main features of Fifth Generation are: ULSI technology Development of true artificial intelligence Development of Natural language processing Advancement in Parallel Processing Advancement in Superconductor technology More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates Types of Computer On the basis of working principle a) Analog Computer An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form of computer that uses continuous physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved. .Example: Thermometer, Speedometer, Petrol Pump Indicator, Multimeter b) Digital Computer A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system. 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 7
B.A. (HONS.) Mass Communication II Semester Sub. – Computer Application for Mass Media c) Hybrid Computer (Analog Digital) A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in both digital and analog signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost effective method of performing complex simulations. On the basis of Size a) Super Computer The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration. b) Mainframe Computer A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. In the hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor (in watches, for example) at the bottom and moves to supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below supercomputers. c) Mini Computer A midsized computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie between workstations and mainframes. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstations. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously d) Micro Computer i. Desktop Computer: a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a desk. ii. Laptop Computer: a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and keyboard. It is generally smaller in size than a desktop computer and larger than a notebook computer iii. Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs: a hand-sized computer. Palmtops have no keyboard but the screen serves both as an input and output device. e) Workstations A terminal or desktop computer in a network. In this context, workstation is just a generic term for a user's machine (client machine) in contrast to a "server" or "mainframe." Software Computer software is also known as computer programs. Software is the non-tangible component of computers. Computer software communicates with hardware and get the work done. Computer software includes all computer programs regardless of their architecture; for example, executable files, libraries and scripts are computer software. 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 8
B.A. (HONS.) Mass Communication II Semester Sub. – Computer Application for Mass Media Types of Software The computer software can broadly divide into two types. They are as follows: System software Application software \ 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 9
B.A. (HONS.) Mass Communication II Semester Sub. – Computer Application for Mass Media System software is a program that manages and supports the computer resources and operations of a computer system while it executes various tasks such as processing data and information, controlling hardware components, and allowing users to use application software. Systems software works as a bridge between computer system hardware and the application software. Systems software is of three types. They are as follows: System management programs:These are programs that manage the application software, computer hardware, and data resources of the computer system. System support programs :These are the programs that help the operations and management of a computer system. They provide a variety of support services to let the computer hardware and other system programs run efficiently. The major system support programs are system utility programs, system performance monitor programs, and system security monitor programs System development programs These are programs that help users develop information system programs and prepare user programs for computer processing. These programs may analyze and design systems and program itself. The main system development programs are programming language translators, programming environment programs, computer-aided software engineering packages. Application software Application software consists of programs that direct computers to perform specific information processing activities for end users. Application software is further divided into two types they are as follows: General purpose software Application specific software Language Translator: High level languages have been designed to give a better programming efficiency. High level language permits humans to write complex programs without going step-by-step. High level languages are application oriented. This is simplest and most widely used language for application development which overcomes the problem associated with assembly languages. It needed a translator to translate high-level language to machine codes (i.e. compiler and interpreter) Special software used to translate high level language to machine language for the operation of a computer before executing a program. Assembler: - A computer will not understand any program written in a language, other than its machine language. The programs written in other languages must be translated into the machine language. Such translation is performed with the help of software. A program which translates an assembly language program into a machine language program is called an assembler. If an assembler which runs on a computer and produces the machine codes for the same computer then it is called self assembler or resident assembler. 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 10
B.A. (HONS.) Mass Communication II Semester Sub. – Computer Application for Mass Media Translates the assembly code into machine code; it also “assembles” the machine code into the main memory of the computer and makes it ready for execution. Compiler - Compiler is a system program which translates a high-level language program into machine language program is called a compiler. Compiler also checks error of the program to be executed. Features of the compiler: Compiler is more powerful than assembler. Limitation of the compiler: Take longer time to produce result. It occupies more memory space. Low speed and low efficiency of memory utilization. Interpreter - It is also a translator which translates a high-level language program into object code, statement wise. It doesn’t translate the entire program at a time. It takes up one statement of a highlevel language program at a time, translates it and then executes it and then takes up the next statement and repeats the whole process till end. Features of the Interpreter: Interpreter is cheaper than compiler. It occupies less memory space. Limitations of the Interpreter: Slower than compiler. Suitable only for small programs. Input devices : Input devices are those device by which we can give input or information. Keyboard, The keyboard is an example of an input device that accepts data and translates it into electronic signals. The keyboard consists of a set of keys. There is one key switch for each letter, number, symbol etc, much like a typewriter. Most common keyboard is called QWERTY keyboard as the alphabets in the first row are placed like commonly used typewriters. When a key is pressed, the key switch is activated. For example when you press the alphabet A on the keyboard, it is translated into the electronic code 0100001, which is sent to the Computer. Similarly, the number 0 is translated into the electronic code 00111001. Mouse Mouse is a pointing device which can be moved on a smooth surface to simulate the movement of cursor that is desired on the display screen. Mouse could be optical; offering quite and reliable operation, or mechanical which is cheaper. There are 2 keys and scrolling facilities available in mouse. 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 11
B.A. (HONS.) Mass Communication II Semester Sub. – Computer Application for Mass Media Light Pen This is a pen shaped device allowing natural movement on the screen. The pen contains the Light receptor and is activated by pressing the pen against the display screen. Receptor is the scanning beam, which helps in locating the pen's position. Voice / Speech Input One of the most exciting areas of research is in recognizing human voices / speech so that this could form input to computer directly Voice recognition techniques along with several other techniques to convert the voice signals to appropriate words and derive the correct meaning of words are required for a commercially viable comprehensive speech recognition system. . Scanners Scanners facilitate capturing of the information (an image, text document, a drawing or a photograph) and storing them in graphic format for displaying back on the graphical screen. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR): These devices are generally used by the banking industry to read the account numbers on cheques directly and do the necessary processing. 2. Optical Mark Recognition (OMR): These devices can sense marks on computer readable papers. The optical mark recognition devices then directly read these answers sheets and the information sent to a computer for processing. The entrance tests and some of the assignments are being marked by OMR. 3.Optical Bar Code Reader (OBR): These scans a set of vertical bars of different widths for specific data and are used to read tags and merchandise in stores, medical records, library books, etc. These are available as hand held devices. Output Devices An output device is a part of the computer system which is used to show results. Display Devices One of the most important peripherals in computer is the display device. Graphic display is made up of a series of dots called 'pixels' (picture elements) whose pattern produces the image. There are three categories of display screen technology; 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 12
B.A. (HONS.) Mass Communication II Semester Sub. – Computer Application for Mass Media 1. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 2. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 3. Light Emitting Diaode(LED) 4. Projection Displays CRT Displays The CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitor receives video signals from the computer and displays the video information as dots on the CRT screen. The main unit to the CRT monitor is the CRT itself; it is usually called a picture tube. The CRT is an evacuated glass tube with a fluorescent(phosphor) coating on the inner front surface, called screen. An electron gun at one end (neck) emits an electron beam. This beam is directed towards the screen. When the beam strikes the screen, the phosphor coating on the screen produces Illumination at the spot where the electron beam strikes. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) First introduced in watches and clocks in 1970s, LCD is now applied to display devices of a computer. The major advantage of LCD is the low energy consumption.,. The CRT is replaced by liquid crystal to produce the image. These also have colour capability but the image quality is relatively poor. Light Emitting diaode (LED) A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for general lighting. Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. Projection Displays A large screen upon which images are projected replaces the personal size screen of the previous displays. These are normally used for large group presentation. These systems can be connected to computer and whatever appears on the computer terminal gets enlarged and projected on e large screen. Printers Printer is a very common and popular output device. It accepts text and graphic output from a computer and transfers the information to paper, usually to standard size sheet of paper. Printed output provides permanent record and is easy to copy and distribute. Generally we divide printers into two categories: impact and non-impact. Impact Printers Impact printers are printers that create characters by striking a print page with a print hammer (like in typewriter). The impact printers developed for use with computers work in much the same way as typewriters. 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 13
B.A. (HONS.) Mass Communication II Semester Sub. – Computer Application for Mass Media 1. Dot Matrix Printer This is also a character printer. In the dot-matrix printer, an arrangement of tiny hammers strikes to produce the desired characters. Each hammer prints a small dot on the paper. 2. Line Printer It prints a line at a time. In the line printer, raised characters extend the length of the drum. There are as many bands of type as there are printing positions. Each band contains all the possible characters. The drum rotates rapidly, and one revolution is required to print eachline. A fast acting hammer opposite each band strikes the paper against the proper character as its passes. Thus, in one rotation, hammers of several positions may “fire” when the A row appears, several others may strike to imprint D's, etc. At the end of the rotation, the line has been printed. Non Impact Printers As their name implies, non-impact printer employ some process other than hammers or similar “percussion type'' mechanisms to form characters on a print page. It uses techniques such as ink spray, heat, Xerography or laser to form printed copy, i.e., characters are not formed by mechanical impact. Usually, non-impact printers are quieter than impact printer. 1. Inkjet Printer It is a non-impact character printer. It fires a fine jet of dots of quick drying ink onto the paper to form character or dot graphics by using an electrostatic field. When Continuous stream inkjet printers are used, droplets of ink are electronically charged after leaving a nozzle. 2. Laser Printers They are page printers, i.e., print a whole page at a time. Laser printers write the desired output image on a copier drum with a light beam that operates under computer control. A difference in a electric charge is created on those parts of the drum surface exposed to the laser beam. Central Processing Unit (CPU) The central processing unit (CPU) is where the actual processing takes place. This is where the calculations are performed and logical functions are carried out. There are broadly three parts of Central Processing Unit. Control Unit controls all the operations in computer. All the arithmetic and logic operations are performed in Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU). A set of registers is used for temporarily storing data or instructions in CPU. It is to be noted that the central processor is controlled by the instructions it gets from main memory. Computer Memory There are different types of memories, which are used in computer. 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 14
B.A. (HONS.) Mass Communication II Semester Sub. – Computer Application for Mass Media Main Memory Data and instructions are required to be stored in main memory from where it can be retrieved by central processing unit for processing results. Main memory serves as a temporary storage area for data and instructions. It is made up of a large number of cells, with each cell capable of storing one bit. The cells may be organized as a set of addressable words, each word storing a sequence of bits. The time to store and retrieve a word is independent of the address of the word. This organization is also called RAM or Random Access Memory. The main memory is very fast. Its storage capacity is in megabytes. Nowadays most of the Computers have minimum of 128 Mbytes of RAM. All the modern computers are now built with semiconductor main memory because of its fast access time, low cost, small physical size and low power consumption. RAM is further classified as either dynamic RAM (DRAM) or static RAM (SRAM) Secondary Memory The programs & data that are required to be used again & again are kept in auxiliary or secondary memory. Floppy disk, Hard disk are the examples of it. The present day capacity of Hard disk is 300 Giga bytes. Because of its relatively slow speed auxiliary storage is used for storing programs and data not immediately needed by the Computer. Examples of Secondary memory are floppy disk, hard disk, magnetic tapes, charge-coupled devices, magnetic bubble memories, optical memories etc. Floppy Disk The floppy disk gets its name from the fact that it is made out of a flexible plastic material. The plastic base is coated with an iron-oxide recording substance that's similar to the material applied to the plastic ribbon of a magnetic tape. Data are recorded as tiny invisible magnetic spots on this coating. Hard Disk The disk described so far is the type of disks which can be removed from the disk drive and carried from place to place. Some disks however, are built into the computer or a special disk drive. Hard disks can store anywhere from 20 MB to more than 40GB. Hard disks are also from 10 to 100 times faster than floppy disk. Magnetic Tapes Magnetic tapes are mounted on reels or a cartridge or a cassette of tape to store large volumes or backup data. These are cheaper and since these are removable from the drive, they provide unlimited storage capacity. CD-ROM 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind P
of computers, types of computer - Analog, Digital, Hybrid, parts of computer - hardware & software, input and output devices, Storage Devices, Memory, characteristics of computer, types of software. Operating System - Introduction, functions, types. UNIT-II Introduction to Windows - features of Windows 95, 98, XP. Internet - Introduction
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