The Grammaring Guide To English Grammar
The GrammaringGuide to EnglishGrammarWritten by Péter SimonProofread by Thomas A.Williams
ContentsIntroductionAcknowledgementsAbout the authorAbout the proofreaderPretestChapter 1: Time, tense and aspectChapter 2: ModalsChapter 3: Conditionals and unrealtensesChapter 4: Indirect speechChapter 5: Passive voice andcausative structuresChapter 6: Non-finite verb formsChapter 7: Relative clausesChapter 8: Inversion
Chapter 9: ArticlesChapter 10: Countable anduncountable nounsChapter 11: The subjunctiveAppendixList of quotesGlossarySymbols used in this bookBibliographyCopyrightAfterword
IntroductionWhat is this book and whois it for?The Grammaring Guide to EnglishGrammar by Péter Simon is a resourcebook on the grammar of Standard BritishEnglish. It is intended for intermediate toadvanced students of English as asecond or foreign language who havealready studied the basic grammar ofEnglish as well as for their teachers. Itcovers the most important areas ofEnglish grammar and concentrates on
structures which may cause difficulty atan intermediate level or above.How the book is organisedThe book starts with a pretest that helpsyou identify areas that you need to workon. This is followed by eleven chapters,broken down to a number of subchaptersthat each deal with a specific grammarpoint. The explanations are accompaniedby example sentences, diagrams andquotes. If a similar point or the samepoint is discussed in a different part ofthe book, you will find cross-referencesto that point. Where appropriate, thechapters are introduced with guidingquestions and concluded with revision
questions. At the end, there is anappendix that contains a list of the mostcommon irregular verb forms andspelling rules; a list of the quotes thatappear in the book; and a glossary thatexplains grammatical terms that arefrequently used in the explanations.How to use this bookThe chapters in this book are notarranged in order of difficulty, so it canbe used for quick reference on specificpoints of interest, as well as forsystematic study, either as a self-studygrammar book or as additional materialin an ESL/EFL course. No matter whichway you use the book, it is
recommended that you follow the crossreferences, which will lead you tofurther discussion of a specific item.What is "grammaring"?When I decided to create a websitebased on the first version of this book, Iwanted to find a unique domain namethat would make it different from thehundreds of other grammar sites. In amoment of inspiration, the word"grammaring" occurred to me. At thattime, I thought it was a non-existentterm: a play on the noun "grammar" usedas a verb. I felt the -ing form wouldreflect the idea that grammar should notmerely be considered as a field of study
but rather as an activity in whichlanguage learners are dynamicallyengaged. Thus, in 2009, I launchedwww.grammaring.com.It was not until a few years later that,while browsing the Internet, I learnedthat "grammaring" was actually anexisting term coined by Diane LarsenFreeman well before my discovery. Inher Teaching Language from Grammar toGrammaring, she defines it as the fifthskill (besides reading, writing, speakingand listening), something more than justan area of knowledge: "the ability to usegrammar structures accurately,meaningfully and appropriately".
Although I did not have this exactdefinition in mind when I chose thedomain name for the site, I thought it wasvery close to my understanding ofgrammar and so I decided to keep thename and later adopt it for the title ofthis book.
AcknowledgementI started writing the first version of thisbook while I was teaching Englishgrammar to English teacher trainees atthe Juhász Gyula Teacher TrainingFaculty of the University of Szeged inSzeged, Hungary. I would like to thankall my students who have studied fromthis book since then for their usefulfeedback on the material. I am alsograteful to my colleagues for their helpand encouragement.Special thanks go to my colleague TiborBorbás, who worked with me in theinitial stage of the project and
contributed greatly to the first version ofthe text.Finally, I would also like to thank theproofreader Thomas A. Williams for hismeticulous corrections and helpfuladvice.
About the authorPéter Simon is a teacher of English as aforeign language and the creator ofwww.grammaring.com. He has beeninvolved in the training of EFL teachersat the Juhász Gyula Teacher TrainingFaculty of the University of Szeged inHungary, where he has offered variouscourses ranging from General English toEnglish Grammar, Phonetics, ListeningSkills, Reading Skills and PresentationSkills to FCE and CPE ExamPreparation. He has also taught BusinessEnglish to students in a variety ofprofessional training courses and hasbeen an ERASMUS guest lecturer in
Hamar (Norway), Istanbul (Turkey) andKlagenfurt (Austria). He is the co-authorof International BusinessCommunication, an online module inBusiness English developed at theJuhász Gyula Teacher Training Facultyof the University of Szeged. He is acertified TELC examiner in English,LCCI examiner in Business English, andCity & Guilds interlocutor in English.
About theproofreaderThomas A. Williams is an instructor atthe Department of English LanguageTeacher Education and AppliedLinguistics of the University of Szegedin Hungary, where he has taught coursesin grammar and the four language skillsas well as in translation, English forAcademic Purposes, Academic Writingand Business English. His areas ofinterest include the link betweenculture(s) and language teaching andlearning, task-based language teachingand learning, researching speaking and
postmethod pedagogies. He has alsoseen an English test prep book and otherwritings of his in print.
PretestThe following test contains 50 multiplechoice questions related to variousfields of English grammar covered inthis book. For each question, choose thebest answer from the three choices listedand note it down for yourself. Thequestions get harder as you progress,from beginner to advanced level. Don'tworry if you don't know all the answers.At the end of the test you will find ananswer key that also provides links tothe chapters that will explain eachanswer for you.1. Mary is . teacher.
2.3.4.5.1. 2. a3. an. go for a walk?1. Would you like to2. Would you like3. Do you likeI . in the morning.1. drink a tea usually2. drink usually a tea3. usually drink a teaMy sister . in Canada.1. live2. lives3. livingWhere .1. does Peter work?2. Peter does work?
6.7.8.9.3. works Peter?I don't have . problems.1. some2. any3. muchI like . early in summer.1. get up2. getting up3. to getting upTom can . the piano.1. play2. to play3. playsCome on, I . you with thosebags.1. 'm going to help2. 'll help3. 'm helping
10. I . for you all day yesterday.1. looking2. was looking3. have been looking11. Let's take an umbrella. .1. It rained.2. It rains.3. It's raining.12. Sorry, I can't meet you tonight. I. out with some friends.1. am going2. go3. will go13. When I . home, I . to bedstraight away.1. was getting / went2. got / went3. got / had gone
14. Last week, I stayed with mysister . a few days.1. during2. since3. for15. I . on the computer all day. Myeyes are sore.1. been working2. was working3. have been working16. If I . in New York at that time, I. to the show.1. were living / would go2. had been living / would havegone3. lived / would have gone17. Tim should spend . time on thecomputer.
18.19.20.21.1. less2. fewer3. a fewHe wanted to know .1. who I was waiting for.2. who was I waiting for.3. for who I was waiting.The question was . to answer.1. enough difficult2. too difficult3. difficultyThere is something you want tosay, .1. isn't there?2. isn't it?3. doesn't it?I really . give up smoking.1. need
22.23.24.25.2. must3. oughtWhen I met Philip in 1980, he saidhe . to Brunei.1. had never been2. has never been3. never beenThe wind was blowing throughthe . living room window.1. breaking2. broken3. brokeI regret to inform you that yourapplication .1. has been rejected.2. has rejected.3. rejected.What's the last film . you saw?
26.27.28.29.1. what2. who3. thatHave you ever . China?1. been in2. been to3. gone toWho . to?1. belongs this bag2. this bag belongs3. does this bag belong. a lot of cheese.1. French eat2. The French eat3. The French eatsI wish . nearer. Then we couldmeet more often.1. living
30.31.32.33.2. I would live3. I livedI'll never forget . her for thefirst time.1. to have met2. to meet3. meetingThe guide . visiting the RoyalPalace.1. suggested2. agreed3. promisedJ. K. Rowling is rumoured . anew book.1. that she is writing2. to be writing3. writingSmokers are more likely . lung
cancer compared to non-smokers.1. to develop2. that they develop3. developing34. Here .1. the postman comes.2. comes she.3. comes the bus.35. It . have been Carla you saw thismorning. She is away on holiday.1. mustn't2. can't3. needn't36. . as compensation.1. 500 was paid the customer2. The customer was paid for 5003. The customer was paid 500
37. The student apologised . theprofessor . being late.1. to / for2. to / of3. for / of38. We haven't heard from him forten years. He .1. had to die.2. should have died.3. might have died.39. . this morning.1. My hair had cut2. I had cut my hair3. I had my hair cut40. By next week, they . paintingthe rooms.1. have finished2. will finish
41.42.43.44.3. will have finishedIt's high time I . a new pair ofjeans.1. buy2. bought3. had boughtI took the phone back to theshop, but they . me areplacement.1. wouldn't give2. shouldn't give3. can't have givenMike insisted . his new muffinrecipe.1. trying2. on that I try3. that I should tryMr Jones . at the meeting, but
he had to cancel because of hisillness.1. was speaking2. was to speak3. was to have spoken45. Knowing a little Russian, I had nodifficulty . myself understood.1. to make2. making3. about making46. If you . smarter, you . money inthe first place.1. were / wouldn't haveborrowed2. were / didn't borrow3. are / wouldn't borrow47. Not only . the speed limit, but hehad also consumed alcohol.
1. he exceeded2. did he exceed3. he did exceed48. If only it . snowing.1. would stop2. stopped3. stops49. You . that again.1. not do2. are not do3. are not to do50. Where would you rather .1. I'll sleep?2. I'd sleep?3. I slept?
Answer key1. Mary is . teacher. (b) a (SeeArticles)2. . go for a walk? (a) Would youlike to (See Non-finite verb forms)3. I . in the morning. (c) usuallydrink a tea (See Present simple)4. My sister . in Canada. (b) lives(See Present simple)5. Where . (a) does Peter work?(See Present simple)6. I don't have . problems. (b) any(See Countable and uncountablenouns)7. I like . early in summer. (b)getting up (See Non-finite verb
8.9.10.11.12.13.14.forms)Tom can . the piano. (a) play(See Modals)Come on, I . you with thosebags. (b) 'll help (See Future time)I . for you all day yesterday. (b)was looking (See Past continuous,Present perfect continuous)Let's take an umbrella. . (c) It'sraining. (See Past simple, Presentsimple, Present continuous)Sorry, I can't meet you tonight. I. out with some friends. (a) amgoing (See Future time)When I . home, I . to bedstraight away. (b) got / went (SeePast time)Last week, I stayed with my
15.16.17.18.19.sister . a few days. (c) for (SeePast simple)I . on the computer all day. Myeyes are sore. (c) have beenworking (See Past continuous,Present perfect continuous)If I . in New York at that time, I. to the show. (b) had been living/ would have gone (SeeConditionals)Tim should spend . time on thecomputer. (a) less (See Countableand uncountable nouns)He wanted to know . (a) who Iwas waiting for. (See Indirectspeech)The question was . to answer.(b) too difficult (See The use of the
20.21.22.23.24.25.infinitive)There is something you want tosay, . (a) isn't there? (See Subjectauxiliary inversion)I really . give up smoking. (b)must (See Modals)When I met Philip in 1980, he saidhe . to Brunei. (a) had never been(See Indirect speech)The wind was blowing throughthe . living room window. (b)broken (See The use of theparticiple)I regret to inform you that yourapplication . (a) has beenrejected. (See Passive voice)What's the last film . you saw?(c) that (See Relative clauses)
26. Have you ever . China? (b) beento (See Present perfect)27. Who . to? (c) does this bagbelong (See Present simple)28. . a lot of cheese. (b) The Frencheat (See The definite article(THE))29. I wish . nearer. Then we couldmeet more often. (c) I lived (SeeConditionals and unreal tenses)30. I'll never forget . her for thefirst time. (c) meeting (See Verbsfollowed by the TO-infinitive orgerund)31. The guide . visiting the RoyalPalace. (a) suggested (SeeCommon reporting verbs, The useof the gerund)
32. J. K. Rowling is rumoured . anew book. (b) to be writing (SeePassive voice with reporting verbs)33. Smokers are more likely . lungcancer compared to non-smokers.(a) to develop (See Other modalexpressions)34. Here . (c) comes the bus. (SeeSubject-verb inversion)35. It . have been Carla you saw thismorning. She is away on holiday.(b) can't (See Categories ofmeaning expressed by modals)36. . as compensation. (c) Thecustomer was paid 500 (SeePassive voice)37. The student apologised . theprofessor . being late. (a) to / for
38.39.40.41.42.(See Common reporting verbs, Theuse of the gerund)We haven't heard from him forten years. He . (c) might havedied. (See Categories of meaningexpressed by modals). this morning. (c) I had my haircut (See Causative structures)By next week, they . paintingthe rooms. (c) will have finished(See Future time)It's high time I . a new pair ofjeans. (b) bought (See Conditionalsand unreal tenses)I took the phone back to theshop, but they . me areplacement. (a) wouldn't give
43.44.45.46.47.(See Categories of meaningexpressed by modals)Mike insisted . his new muffinrecipe. (c) that I should try (SeeCommon reporting verbs, The useof the gerund)Mr Jones . at the meeting, buthe had to cancel because of hisillness. (c) was to have spoken(See Other modal expressions)Knowing a little Russian, I had nodifficulty . myself understood.(b) making (See The use of theparticiple)If you . smarter, you . money inthe first place. (a) were / wouldn'thave borrowed (See Conditionals)Not only . the speed limit, but he
had also consumed alcohol. (b)did he exceed (See Subjectauxiliary inversion)48. If only it . snowing. (a) wouldstop (See Conditionals and unrealtenses)49. You . that again. (c) are not to do(See Other modal expressions)50. Where would you rather . (c) Islept? (See Conditionals and unrealtenses)
Chapter 1: Time,tense and aspectGuiding questions: time, tense andaspectThe difference between times andtensesAspectsState verbs and action verbsPast timePresent timeFuture timeTenses in indirect speech
Guiding questions:time, tense andaspectHow many tenses are there inEnglish?How many aspects are there inEnglish?Can a present tense refer to past orfuture time?What kind of verbs can not be usedin continuous tenses?
The differencebetween times andtensesTime is a concept which is related to ourperception of reality. There are threetimes: past, present and future. Tense is agrammatical category which is markedby verb inflection and expresses whenan event or action happens in the flow oftime.Strictly speaking, only two Englishtenses are marked by the inflection of theverb:
past (talked)present (talks)Other tenses are marked by auxiliaries(be, have):past continuous (was/were talking)past perfect (had talked)past perfect continuous (had beentalking)present continuous (am/are/istalking)present perfect (have/has talked)present perfect continuous(have/has been talking)As future time is expressed with themodal will infinitive and not withinflection, the forms with will (will talk,
will be talking, will have talked, willhave been talking) are not considered tobe tenses. However, for the sake ofconvenience, we refer to them as suchthroughout this book.Therefore, the twelve basic tenses ofEnglish turesimpleContinuous PastPresentFuturecontinuous continuous perfect
continuous continuous continuNote that certain tenses in English mayrefer to a different time than thatexpressed by their names. For example,the present continuous tense may refer toeither present or future time:"What are you doing?" "I'mreading." (present reference)"What are you doing on Wednesdayevening?" "I'm visiting mygrandma." (future reference)
AspectsThe aspect of a verb does not indicatewhen an action takes place in time; itrather shows the relationship betweenthe action and the passage of time asseen from the speaker's point of view.There are two aspects in English: thecontinuous (also called progressive)aspect expresses duration; the perfectaspect expresses completion. Thecombination of these two aspects makesthe perfect continuous.The continuous aspectThe perfect aspectThe perfect continuous aspect
The continuous aspectBE PRESENT PARTICIPLE (VERBING)The continuous aspect is expressed withthe auxiliary be and the presentparticiple -ing form of the verb.Depending on the time of the action, weuse the past (was, were), present (am,are, is) or modal infinitive (e.g. willbe) form of be.The continuous aspect focuses on theduration of an event. It expresses that theaction was, is or will be in progress at aspecific point of time or over a period oftime. The point of time may be definedby a time expression (now, at 5 o'clock
yesterday, this time tomorrow) or aclause (when I came home, when I comehome). For the period of time, we canalso use a time expression (all dayyesterday) or a clause (while she wasreading).Examples of the continuous aspect:Are you enjoying yourself? (now)At 9 o'clock, I was sitting on thetrain.When I came home, he wassleeping.She must be waiting for me. (now)Rob was hiking all day yesterday.While she was reading, Bill wasworking on the computer.
In January, I'll be living at mybrother's.
Quotes:Success usually comes to thosewho are too busy to be looking forit. - Henry David ThoreauWe are all in the gutter, but some ofus are looking at the stars. - OscarWildeRelated topics:The present participle used to form
the continuous aspectPast continuousPresent continuousFuture continuousThe forms of the infinitiveThe forms of the participle
The perfect aspectHAVE PAST PARTICIPLEThe perfect aspect is expressed with theauxiliary have and the past participleform of the verb. Depending on the timeof the action, we use the past (had),present (have, has), modal infinitive(e.g. will have) or -ing (having) form ofhave.The perfect aspect focuses on thecompletion of an event. It expresses thatthe action had, has or will have beencompleted by a specific point of time.This point of time may be defined by atime expression (by 5 o'clock) or a
clause (by the time you get home, when Iarrived).Examples of the perfect aspect:I've lived here for ten years. (from10 years ago until now)By 5 o'clock, he had finished theletter. (at some time before 5o'clock)When I arrived, they had alreadyleft. (at some time before I arrived)Have you seen my new bike? (atany time up to now)I will have done the ironing by thetime you get home. (between nowand when you get home)He might have missed the train. (at
some time before now)Having taken the wrong turn, heended up in a dangerousneighbourhood. (he turned beforehe found himself in a dangerousneighbourhood)
Quotes:I have not failed. I've just found10,000 w
The Grammaring Guide to English Grammar by Péter Simon is a resource book on the grammar of Standard British English. It is intended for intermediate to advanced students of English as a second or foreign language who have already studied the basic grammar of English as well as
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