Mobile Network Evolution To 5G 17052019 - Vaasan Yliopisto
NMTNordicMobileTelephoneMobile NetworkEvolution to 5GVaasa goes 5G 17.5.2019Matti KeskinenInternal ConsultantMobile Networks
Mobile Networks Evolution in nutshell (Starting with old” Nokia solutions)Digital Mobile NetworksAnalog Mobile Networks(”Old” Nokia solutions)ARPAutoRadioPuhelin1970s3rd Generation Partnership ProjectNMTNordic MobileTelephone1980s1990s2000s .10 years evolution cycle .22010sFocustoday2020s?
4th Industrial Revolution Powered by 5GArtificial intelligence, cloud,robotics, VRSocial & human impact5GEconomic flexibility &social mobilityPCs, automationIndustrial changeMassproductionITElectricityPeople &ThingsMechanizationSteamDriverEnabler17701st Industrialrevolution318702nd Industrialrevolution19703rd Industrialrevolution20204th “Industrial”revolution
4 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014Source: GSMA – The Mobile Economy 2019
Even 6G is knocking while 5G is just starting to ramp upLet start with short view to future:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v T6ubRoZCeVw5 2016 Nokia
Some history materialFrom “old” Nokia
Automatic Telephone Exchange Automatic Telephone exchange was invented by americanmortician Almon B. Strowger in year 1891. According thestory there was two funeral offices in same locality. Wife ofhis competitor was telephonist in the city exchange.Strowgler noticed quite fast, that he is forced to changeoccupation or invent automatic telephone exchange.Strowglers exchange used electromechanical selector,which were set one by one in right position using dial ontelephone set. So it was the caller, who steer exchangesselectors to right position from his own telephone set.When selectors were in proper position, connectionbetween A-subscriber and B-subscriber was formed.In year 1908 Western Electric employee McBerty inventedsolution, where caller itself didn’t control telephoneexchange directly, but number were stored on register.When A-subscriber dialled number, exchange stored it,compared number to information in register and formedconnection throug exchange according registerinformation.Exchanges of both Western Electric and LM Ericsson werebuild according this principle. Fine mechanical structure ofboth those exchanges was still different.These exchanges needed already primitive dataprocessing for dialled number conversion to physicalmovement of selectors.“Program code” and telephone numbers were hardcodedfor long time with help of different levers andelectromagnets literally to hardware level. 7
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT900) based Switching System.1986.Nokia launched NMT900 based SwitchingSystem called ”MTX” Mobile TelephoneExchangeRoaming between Nordic Countrieswas very huge milestone in Mobile Systemdevelopment.900 MHzSW8 Small 8 PCM switch matrix, which was used to connect base stations to DX200NMT exchange. In NMP there wasn’t HW GSM/WCDMA type adaptation layer (BSC,RNC) between base stations and exchange. Base stations were directly connected toDX200 NMT exchange with help of SW8.DSP8 (NMT modem). This PIU was first signalling processor made in Nokia CoreSystems. So this is in a way predessor of current DSP processors. Analog NMT radiochannel signalling (Hagelbarker coding) was implemented with this PIU and loadableDSP software. Analog inband Signalling use 64 bit frame, where it was possible tocorrect errors for some bits. There wasn’t separate signalling channel in NMT (commonchannel signalling), instead call signalling was implemented using this modem andanalog signalling was nicely using same “tube” as speech. That was the reason, thatcoding should be relatively reliable to not produce call signalling from speechinformation.1986DX200NMT9008PSTN
GSM (2G) – first Digital Mobile system.1991. Radiolinja in Finland made the World First GSM Call with Nokia products Three new network elements included in to GSM Network Architecture- MSC (Mobile Switching Exchange)- HLR (Home Location Register)- BSC (Base Station Controller)- Base Statiosn BTS1991DX200BSC9DX200MSCDX200HLRPSTN/PLMN
Mobile Packet Data started (SGSN and GPRS data connection).2000.New member for DX200 Family was born – SGSNfor Packet Switched Core /PLMNGGSNIP
WCDMA (3G).2002DX200 based MSC launced for WCDMA network. IPA2800 platformwas the new base for RNC and MGW. DMX OS was used by PSTN/PLMN
2004 MSC Server architecture – Big Business success in CS VoicesegmentRadioR4 Mobile CorePSTN etc.MAP over IP(SIGTRAN)OrTDM based MAPHLR IPMAP WCDMARNCATM, IPor TDMMGWH.248SIGTRANC7 (ISUP)C7 (ISUP)C7 GCSorMSSGMSCPSTNSwitchIPTDM
Network Architectures - high level viewVoice CoreIMS (VoLTE)4G(LTE, LTE-A)VoiceEvolved PacketCorePacket Core3G(WCDMA)DataRNC2G(GSM)Voice CoreBSC14Voice
2G and 3G still dominating Mobile Voice servicesMobile Subscriptions 8bnNote:Non 3GPP Voice Services(VoIP – like Whatsup )not included5,7bnsubscribers stillusing 2G&3G Voice2,3bnVoLTE subscriptions(Note: Many of them usingCS voice as well)15 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014Source: Ericsson Mobility Report June 2018
Mobile Broadband – First Motivation for 5G Deployment( but not the biggest one in long run)China and India leading in total mobiledata traffic 150.000.000 GB/dayFinland #1 globally in terms of mobile data perperson 1 GB/person/dayMobile data per day [PB]200ChinaIndiaUSANote:The picture is SIM baseddata usage. The SIMpenetration in Finland is200%. So the Mobile Datausage per person is 2 x isEU1501005002017162018
5G “in big picture”&Standarization status
5G –Three Main Segments 10 Gbps100 Mbpspeak data rates 4 msradio latencywhenever neededEnhancedMobileBroadband(eMBB)10 000x more traffic1.000.000 1 msdevices per km2Range164 dB MCL(MaximumCoupling Loss) 15 years 2016 NokiaMassivemachine typecommunication(mMTC)Ultra ReliableLow Latencycommunication(URLLC)Ultra Reliable 10-5 outageon batteryZeromMTCmobilityinterruptionultra low cost18radio latency
3GPP 5G specification schedule2017Q1Q25G NR NSACompletion5G NR SACompletionOption 3 familyOption 2NSA Option 3family ASN.12019Q3Q4Stage 3completion forSARel-15 ASN.1 forSANote: NSA 3x device is not forwardcompatible with SA 2SA 2NSA Option 3familyASN.1 JuneNSA Option 3familyASN.1 SeptemberQ3NSA Non Stand Alone EPC core (“Options 3”) & LTE AnchorSA Stand Alone option 2 (NR 5G Core) and option 5 (LTE 5G Core)For Internal UseQ45G Rel-16Stage 3 completion3AEPCE-UTRA2NSA 3x and SA 2 options will befirst deployments in 5G networks 2018 NokiaQ2Rel-15 ASN.1 foroption 4&73Compatible changes19Q15G NR NSAoptions 4&7Non BackwardNSA 3xSeveral 5Glaunches2018Q4Stage 3 completion forNon-Standalone 5GNRFirst 5GC5GCNRE-UTRANR
20Release 16 timeline2018Q1Rel-15NSA(option-3)freezeQ2Rel-15 NSA(option-3)ASN.1Q4Q3Rel-15 SA(option-2)freeze20202019Q1Rel-15 SA(option-2)ASN.1Rel-15 latedrop freezeQ2Q3Q4Q2Q1Rel-15 latedrop ASN.1Rel-16 SI/WI phaseRel-16L1 freezeRel-16protocolfreezeRel-16ASN.1ASN stands for ”Abstract Syntax Notation”20
Release 16 key themes – 5G RadioEfficiencyenhancements5GRel-16Enhancements for MIMO, dual connectivity & positioningFast Cell Access (MR-DC enh.), Dynamic TDD, RACHEnhancementsUnlicensed 5GIndustry 4.0, smartcity, Private networksNR based IoT UE categoriesIndustrial IoT, URLLC enhancementsIntegrated Access & BackhaulDeployment &operability21Big Data Collection & utilization
3GPP Meeting Attendance has Increased with 5GSlide by Qualcomm August 201722
The quest for new valueThe legacy problem!( B)1,000TVVoice200322322We are reaching the limit ofconsumer value creationNew industrial, infra &enterprise valueSome growth, but not all for TelcosNew DSP markets offer growth( B)997( B)2071342342341945679Data479393155620152015Low orksites 2018 NokiaCities2019Source: GartnerBPaaS Business Processes as a ServiceSaaS Software as a Service1660850VOD/streaming41560Logistics& Transport170HealthConfidential930930Cloud Infra-aaS1590Estimated 2025 value creation potential of the IoT- McKinsey Global InstituteMost consumer focused operators facing long term stagnation – enterprise becomes a key focus233700160SaaS2019* Western Europe, Canada, USA, Japan, South Korea,Singapore, Australia, and NZ. Source: GartnerHigh Estimate1210
5G market will start with extreme mobile broadbandNokia market viewExtreme mobile broadband market startsHigh capacity and coverageUltra high capacity5G Fixed Wireless Access0,4-6 GHz 6GHz20182019E2E solutions for all three markets2020ExtremeMobileBroadbandHigh capacity and coverage Megacity capacity densification 3 to 6GHz 100MHz BW / 1GHz 20MHz BW Dense urban grid2021M2M/MTC 5G markets to start todevelop 2022 24MassiveCriticalEarly competition: NB-IoT/LTE-MmachinemachineMTC IoT needs coverage layer, and communicationcommunicationlarge volumes of low cost devicesVerticals not expected to be earlyadopters for 5G (low expertise)Earlier trials to test technology and define business models 2018 NokiaUltra high capacity Ultra dense use cases cm/mmWave Short range5G Fixed Wireless Access Extension of fiber access cm/mmWave Line of Sight (LOS)
5G Frequencies
5G Spectrum & BandsHigh data rates up to 20 Gbps require bandwidth up to1 GHz which is available at higher frequency bands.5G is the first radio technology that is designed to operateon any frequency bands between 450 MHz and 90 GHz.3,5GHz auction results inFinland (130 MHz/MNO):Telia: 3,410-3,540 GHzElisa: 3,540-3,670 GHzDNA: 3,670-3,800 GHzStretchingHot Spotdata speeds26 GHzCapacityStretching urbanmobile data speedsRSPG “PIONEER” BANDSRSPG Radio Spectrum Policy Group26 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014eg 10 Gb/s at railway stations,airports, sporting events,Factories etc “hot spots”3.6GHzStretching reliable coverage (rural)eg 1-3 Gb/s over alltowns and cities(mobile Gb/s society)700MHzeg 100%coverageof roadsCoverageWorld RadioConference2019
3,5 GHz Auction Results in Finland3410 MHz3540 MHz3670 MHz3800 MHzTelia 130 MHzElisa 130 MHzDNA 130 MHz30.3 M 26.3 M 21.0 M (starting price 23 M )(starting price 21 M )(starting price 21 M ) All existing operators acquired 130 MHz of spectrum Total price was lowest in EUR/MHz/pop out of all 3.5 GHz auctions so far Telia paid most to avoid Russian interference issues and test frequencies (TTO). Alloperators wanted to get the lowest block. Licenses will be available 1.1.2019 and last for 15 years until 31.12.203327
A Band 130 MHzB Band 130 0Frequencies of Test Network (”TTO” allocations) for 3,5 GHzArea B Hervanta (TTY)Area B 60MHzArea C Nokia Campus Tampere (Indoor!!)Area C 60MHzC1 Band 60 MHzA2 Band 60 MHzB2 Band 70 MHzC2 Band 70 MHzArea A1 Area D1 RuskoArea D Rusko Linnanmaa3600354034803410Area D1 100MHzArea D 60MHz[MHz]Secondary useHired band from DNA (year 2019)Area A1 KaraporttiArea A Espoo AreaArea A 60MHzArea B 60MHzArea C 60MHzArea D1 100MHzArea D 60MHzArea A 60MHzArea A 60MHz28Primary useArea A1 KaraporttiArea A Espoo AreaArea A 60MHzB1 Band 60 MHz(Russian radarproblem)C Band 130 MHzArea A1 100MHzA1 Band 70 MHz[MHz]No decision yet!Area D 60MHzArea B Hervanta (TTY)Area C Nokia Campus Tampere (Indoor!!)Area D1 RuskoArea D Rusko LinnanmaaArea A Aalto University - OtaniemiArea A VTT - OtaniemiArea D VTT - Oulu
5G Spectrum in USA – All 5G Flavors on the Table29Fixed wirelessaccessHot spot mobilecapacityMacro capacitywith mMIMONationwidecoverage28 GHz39 GHz2.5 GHz600 MHz Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
5G Key componentsandmore about Architecture
5G Key Technology Components - Radio#2 Massive MIMO#1 New spectrum5G114 GHz100 GHz3 mmMillimeterwavesWi-Fi#3 Flexible frame design inphysical layerCentimeterwaves3 GHz10 cmDfUser #3frequency300 MHz1mDttimeUser #4User #5User #2User #5One tile corresponds to the smallest user allocation31#5 Distributed architecture Lean carrier Flexible size, control,TDD, bandwidth etcUser #2User #3User #110 GHz3 cmLTEUser #130 GHz1 cm#4 Multi-connectivityNote: Growing complexityin BB (Note: L1, Soc)Gateway
Cloud-Native 5G Core radioService Based ArchitectureStateless VNFs using SDLABStates & dataCDVNF businesslogicAnalyticsAPI exposureShared Data LayerControl planeUser planeProgrammable open viceprovidersMultivendor database APICloud infrastructure agnosticMicro-service architectureMonolitic VMArchitectureMicro-servicearchitectureDistributed cloud deploymentMicro-service mapped tobuild Service LogicApp 1App 2OrchestratorApplicationsRegionaldata centerVendor MiddlewareCloud infrastructure agnostic32 Nokia 2018Network SlicingRadioCentraldata centerCoreConfidentialPlatformsInfrastructure
NSA Non-StandaloneSA Standalone5G Architecture Options in Release 15Why Dual Connectivity with NSA?Why Standalone SA?Option 3x LTE 5G under EPCEPCOption 2 SA 5G under 5GCLTE 335G core5GAvailable 6 months earlier than SAExisting EPC core usedExisting LTE idle mode usedData rate aggregation LTE 5GVoLTE in LTE5G 5G end-to-end for new servicesLower latency without LTE legLower setup time in 5GNo need for LTE network upgrades
Option 3x OverviewDual Connectivity with EPC LTE eNB acts as Master and controlswhich S1-U bearers are handled byeach radio( LTE/NR)Based on LTE eNB instructions MMEinforms S-GW where to establish S1-Ubearers towards i.e. LTE or NRIf NR radio quality becomes suboptimal S1-U bearer towards NR maybe either split at NR and sent entirelyover Xx to LTE or alternatively a PATHSWITCH may be triggered where allS1-U’s go to LTE eNB3420/05/2019Nokia ConfidentialEPCPGWHSSMME S11SGWCP UPLTEeNBXxS1-MMENR gNBS1-US-GWEPCS5S6aPathSwitchingeMBBLTE eNB24PDCPXxXxS1 UP1 2 3 4 Used in scenario where LTE coveragereach is superior to that of NR andleverages EPCVoLTESCGsplit bearer VoLTE1 2 3 4Functional OverviewUser Plane OvervieweMBBMCG bearerVoLTEBearereMBB BearerControlPlanegNBNR PDCPOption 3xNRRLCRLCNR RLCMACNR MACLTEMACRB1RB2RB3UE4G LTE5GBearerSplittingPDCP Packet DataConvergenceProtocol
Some details and comparisonbetween 4G - 5G
5G Boosts Cell Capacity by 25x5x More Spectrum and 5x More Efficiency4G LTE1800 MHz3500 MHz20 MHz100 MHz2 bps / Hz4G LTE withtwo transmitterantenna36 Nokia 20175G40 Mbpscell throughputUp to25 xUp to 10 bps/HzUp to 1 Gbpscell throughput5G withbeamformingantenna
Innovations at Base Station Site with New Antennas and RF1. Separate RFand antenna12. Active antenna RF antenna23. Multi-band RFfor high integration34. Massive MIMOwith many RF4User specificbeamforming3 bands in20 liter37Less site space, lower power consumption, better radio performance Nokia 2017
Massive MIMO technology – Active Adaptive Antennas 45o polarityNumber of transmittersdefine the number ofsimultaneous beams thatcan be created. More transmitters givesmore capacityTRX1But more transmitters alsoincreases weight, powerconsumption & costTRX2 TRX633,5GHzAntennaFilters38 Nokia 2017TRX643,5GHzAntenna8 vertical dipoles Number of antennaelements defines theantenna gain whichcontrols coverage. More antenna elementsgives more coverage But more antennaelements increases thesize of the antennaespecially at lowfrequencies
Innovations for Low Latency Radio Transmission – 1 millisecond in 5GMinimumtransmission timeRound trip time2 ms20-30 msHSPA1 msLTE5G39 Nokia 201710-15 ms0.125 ms1 ms
Latency in Mobile NetworksEnd-to-end latency2520BTS processingUEUE processing15 ℎEPC/NGCSchedulingms105Buffering Uplink transmission Downlink transmission0340 represents the total latencyTransport coreHSPALTE5G Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014Strong evolution in latencywith new radios3G HSPA latency 20-30 msLTE latency 10-15 ms5G latency 1 msLow 5G latency requiresnew radio and also newarchitecture with local contentEndpointInternet
5G Device Penetration based on LTE HistoryLTE penetration hits 50%iPhone5 with LTESeptember 2012KoreaSep 2013AUS Dec2014USA March2015UK Dec2015France2016LTE201220132014201520165G penetration hits 50%iPhone with 5G5G202020212022202320245G device penetration will hit 50% in most markets during 20232024 if we simply follow LTE history42
Supplemental Uplink for Enhanced Coverage5G3500 downlink5G3500 uplinkUELTE1800 downlink5G1800 uplinkLTE1800 uplink5G and LTE uplink shared in frequencydomain at 1800 MHz to match 3.5 GHzdownlink45BTS Uplink coverage is shorter thandownlink coverage. Therefore,uplink in weak signal should uselow band. Solution: 5G FDD for uplink and5G 3.5 GHz TDD for downlink 5G and LTE multiplexed in FDDin frequency domain
Speed of Light is the Limit – Content Must be Close to the Radio 5G target is 1 ms round trip time 100 km two-way propagation delay inoptical fiber is to 1 ms 10 km propagation delay to 0.1 msRound trip time in fiber101msUE0,1gNBEdge CloudL1/L2Low0,011000 km100 km10 kmL2/HighL3 .MECContent must be close to the radio (within a few 10 km) to get full benefit from the1-ms round trip time in the radio Þ Multi access Edge Computing (MEC/vMEC)and Local break out will be needed46
IAB – Integrated Access and Backhaul (Rel. 16)47
5G chipsets and devices, launching commercially from 2019First waveSecond waveChipset vendors targeting“early adoption”Chipset vendors targetingthe volume marketXCommercialchipsetsNSACommercial chipsetsNSA SANSA CommercialChipNSA SA Commercial ChipCommercial UENSACommercial UENSA SANSA Mobile HotspotNSA SmartphoneNSA CPE (sub6)2018 Nokia 20192019NSA SA SmartphoneNSA SA CPE (sub6/mmwave)2020
5G Device Chip 5MediatekM705 Gbps6 Gbps6 Gbps7 Gbps4.7 GbpsTDDTDDTDD FDDTDD FDDTDD FDD2H/20182H/20182H/20192H/20192H/2019Support 100 100 MHz
Radio going to Cloud
Current status of Telco Cloudification in rough (2G & 3G)Core Cloud(Voice & Data)Radio Netw.Evolution TrendCloud RAN51“PSTN/MN”Cloud RAN willbe devided to 1-3Cloud hierarcylevel
From classical to cloud – supporting all deployment strategiesCommon cloud-native SW acrossall different product typesOpen Interfaces allowing multivendor capabilities1ClassicalBTSRT/NRT L2 splitTowards 4G5X2Stand alone solutionfor small scale 5GAdaptive antennaCloud BTSZero touch and full automation through open API intoanalytics, AI and xRAN controller1Radios connected viaAirScale to radio cloudAI & AnalyticsManagement &OrchestrationNon cloud or virtualized2F1AdaptiveantennaAirscaleRealTime BBTowards 4GCore Cloud –Data CenterX2CloudoptimizedBTSAll-in-CloudBTSRT functions incloud52Radios connect directlyto radio cloud – RTfunction embedded in theAAS34Adaptive antenna L2RT BBOpenEcosystemNetworkData Center orEdge Cloud1Radios connected directlyto radio cloudCollaborateInnovateEdge Cloud –RT enabledOpen APIAdaptive antenna1 Adaptive Antenna2Airscale System module w. real-time baseband4 Cloud optimized 5G RF antenna (w. L1, L2 RT )5Airscale System module w. real-time and non-real-time baseband 2019 NokiaxRANControllerE1F13 Airframe with 5G VNF (non-realtime baseband)EthernetCPRI or EthernetCo-createCustomize
Cloud RAN addresses growing need of 5G market opportunities at EdgeRemoves HW limitationwith Cloud enabledsolutionOptimized and harmonizedtransport networkArchitectureEnabler for new enterprisemarket at Edge CloudFar Edge data centersFronthaulCompetitive Advantagewith 5G and Time tomarketEdge / Central data centersNRT F1Lowest latency / high throughputOpen Edge2RU, 2 ServerOpen Edge, 3RU, 1/35RacksSites/Cells/SiteFootprint10000’s / 24 cellsSmallestPowerVery LowDistance0 km ( 50us RTT)Far edge D-RANvRAN RT Func
NSA Non Stand Alone EPC core (“Options 3”) & LTE Anchor SA Stand Alone option 2 (NR 5G Core) and option 5 (LTE 5G Core) 2017 NSA Option 3 family ASN.1_June NSA Option 3 family ASN.1_September Non Backward Compatible changes 2019 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Rel-15 ASN.1 for SA 5G NR NSA options 4&am
Evolution 2250e and Evolution 3250e are equipped with a 2500 VApower supply. The Evolution 402e and Evolution 600e are equipped with a 4400 VA power supply, and the Evolution 403e and Evolution 900e house 6000 VA power supplies. Internal high-current line conditioning circuitry filters RF noise on the AC mains, as well as
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Mobile 3G/4G, pushing wireless boundaries to enable the best mobile experiences 2 Mobile connectivity is an amazing technical achievement, 4 critical to the mobile experience Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to mobile powered by Mobile 3G/4G technologies Appreciating the magic of mobile requires un
