CURRENT BULLETIN - FEBRAURY 2020 SOCIAL ISSUES
CURRENT BULLETIN - FEBRAURY 2020SOCIAL ISSUESHigher Education Leadership Development Programme Context:UKIERI Phase 3 (2016-2021) aims to promoteinstitutional and individual excellence ineducational practices, research, andemployability.The Ministry of Human ResourceDevelopment (MHRD) has launched 'Higher University Grants Commission: The UGC was established in 1953 and madeEducation Leadership Developmentinto a statutory organisation with the UGCProgramme for Administrators' in NewAct in 1956.Delhi. UGC is responsible for coordinating,Details:determining and maintaining standards of The programme is a joint initiative ofhigher education.University Grants Commission (UGC) and the The University Grants Commission providesBritish Council under the auspices of UKrecognition to universities in India andIndia Education and Research Initiativedisburses funds to such recognised(UKIERI).universities and colleges. Objective: To train the senior and middlelevel academic administrators to enable The UGC has its Head Office in New Delhithem to bring about systemic changes withand six regional offices:renewed approaches, capacity, tools and Bengaluruskill in Universities in India. Bhopal The programme is a step towards Guwahatiinstitutional development in line with HyderabadGovernments' commitment to improve the Kolkataquality of education being imparted in PuneUniversities. The UGC will conduct this program incollaboration with Advance HE as the State of Pneumonia in Indiatraining partner with globally recognized Context:institutional expertise and leadership According to a recently released report byexcellence from the UK, which is beingInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation,enabled by the British Council in India.14% of under-five deaths in India UK-India Education and Research Initiative:approximately 1,27,000 deaths annually happen due to pneumonia. According to the report, the currentpneumonia mortality rate in India is five per1,000 live births and the target is to reducethis to less than three by 2025.UK-India Education and Research Initiative(UKIERI) was started in April, 2006 with theaim of enhancing educational linkagesbetween India and the UK. UKIERI has been recognized as a key multistakeholder programme that hasstrengthened the research, leadership,education and now skill sector relationsbetween the two countries. Current scenario: 114% of under-five deaths in India approximately 1,27,000 deaths annually happen due to pneumonia.
CURRENT BULLETIN - FEBRAURY 2020 India had the second-highest number ofdeaths of children under the age of five in2018 due to pneumonia The years have seen some positiveimprovement, and the numbers havelowered a little from 1,78,000 in 2013. It is estimated that half of these deaths arein the northern belt of the country. According to a study by the Institute forHealth Metrics and Evaluation, outdoor airpollution contributes to 17.5 % or nearly onein five pneumonia deaths among childrenunder five worldwide. Household pollution from the indoor use of solid cooking fuels contributes to anadditional 1,95,000 (29.4 %) deaths.Need of the hour: Right diagnosis and prescribing the righttreatment would create 'a ripple effect' thatwould prevent 5.7 million extra child deathsfrom other major childhood diseases at thesame time, underscoringneed for Classical Swine fever vaccineContext: integrated health services.Right treatment also means addressing themajor causes of pneumonia deaths likemalnutrition, lack of access to vaccines andantibiotics, and tackling the more difficultchallenge of air pollution. Onlyacost-effective,preventative treatment which are able toreach children where they are will be ableto truly save millions of lives.About Pneumonia: Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratoryinfection that affects the lungs. Vulnerability: The children whose immunesystems is weakened by other infections likeHIV or by malnutrition, and those living inareas with high levels of air pollution andunsafe water, are at far greater risk.2The Indian Institute of Veterinary Research(IVRI) of the Indian Council of AgriculturalResearch (ICAR) has developed anindigenous vaccine to control ClassicalSwine fever.Classical Swine fever (CSF): protective,While the disease can be prevented withvaccines, and easily treated with low-costantibiotics if properly diagnosed, yet tensof millions of children are still goingunvaccinated and one in three withsymptoms do not receive essential medicalcare.Classical Swine fever (CSF) is a contagiousviral disease of domestic and wild swinethat causes a high mortality rate of swine inIndia.
CURRENT BULLETIN - FEBRAURY 2020 India has been using UK based swine fevervaccine since 1964. The traditional vaccineis a lapinized CSF vaccine which ismanufactured from rabbits. CSF has high mortality rate with annual lossof about Rs 4.29 billion to India. Moreover,against the annual requirement of 20 milliondoses, the availability is only 1.20 milliondoses. The report, was prepared by an ad hoccommittee set up by the RajyaSabha and ledby Congress MP was submitted to theChairman of the House on January 25 andwas tabled by Women and ChildDevelopment Minister SmritiIrani recently.Recommendations:The report recommends a multi-prongedstrategy detailing technological, institutional, social and educational as well asState-level measures. Among its key recommendations is a codeof conduct or a set of guidelines for ensuringchild safety online. It puts a greater onus on ISPs to identify andremove child sexual abuse material (CSAM)as well as report such content and thosetrying to access them to the authoritiesunder the national cybercrime portal. It called for strengthening the NationalCommission for Protection of Child Rights(NCPCR) so that it can serve as the nodalbody for curbing child pornography. Transmission:The most common method of transmissionis through direct contact between healthyswine and those infected with CSF virus. Thevirus is present in bodily secretions andfaeces. CSF virus can survive in pork and processedpork products for months when meat isrefrigerated and for years when it is frozen. The disease has been spread through legaland illegal transport of animals, and byfeeding swill containing infective tissues topigs. Indigenous vaccine for Swine fever:The new vaccine has been developed usingIndian strain and lakhs of doses can beproduced very easily using the cell culturetechnology and the country's requirementcan be easily fulfilled. The new vaccine will provide two years ofimmunization capacity, contrary to theexisting vaccine which provided 3 to 6months of immunization capacity. The cell cultured vaccine will do away withthe sacrificing of rabbits. The new vaccine is quite economical, andwill be ready for commercial productionwithin a year. Codifying laws to ban child pornographyContext: The capabilities required in the NCPCRshould include technology, cyber policingand prosecution. The committee has delved into great detailin using technology to curb circulation ofchild porn such as breaking end-to-endencryption to trace its distributors of childpornography, mandatory applications tomonitor children's access to pornographiccontent, employing photo DNA to targetprofile pictures of groups with CSAM. A parliamentary panel has recommended acode of conduct for Internet serviceproviders (ISPs) and strengthening theNational Commission for Protection of ChildRights to curb child pornography.3
CURRENT BULLETIN - FEBRAURY 2020National Deworming DayContext: The National Deworming Day (NDD) is beingobserved across the country on 10thFebruary.About National Deworming Day: The National Deworming Day is an initiativeof Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,Government of India to make every child inthe country worm free.It is held on 10 February and 10 August eachyear.The objective of National Deworming Dayis to deworm (albendazole tablets) allpreschool and school-age children (enrolledand non-enrolled) between the ages of 119 years through the platform of schools andAnganwadi Centers in order to improve theiroverall health, nutritional status, access toeducation and quality of life.The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,Government of India is the nodal agency forproviding all States/UTs with guidelinesrelated to National Deworming Day (NDD)implementation at all levels.The programme is being implementedthrough the combined efforts ofDepartment of School Education and Literacyunder Ministry of Human Resource andDevelopment, Ministry of Women and ChildDevelopment and Ministry of DrinkingWater and Sanitation.Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Ministry of TribalAffairs, Ministry of Rural Development,Ministry of Urban Development, and UrbanLocal Bodies (ULBs) also provide support todeworming program.To increase programme outreach to privateschools and maximize deworming benefitsfor large number of children variousawareness activities (media mix) areinvolved under the programme.The awareness campaign spreads4awareness about importance and benefitsof deworming, as well as preventionstrategies related to improved behavioursand practices for hygiene and sanitation. According to World Health Organization 241million children between the ages of 1 and14 years are at risk of parasitic intestinalworms in India, also known as SoilTransmitted Helminths.About Soil Transmitted Helminths: Helminths (worms) which are transmittedthrough soil contaminated with faecalmatter are called soil-transmitted helminths(Intestinal parasitic worms). Roundworm (Ascarislumbricoides), mericanus and Ancylo- stomaduodenale)are worms that infect people.STH infections can lead to anemia,malnutrition, impaired mental and physical& cognitive development, and reducedschool participation. Helminths also commonly known asparasitic worms, are large multicellularorganisms, which when mature cangenerally be seen with the naked eye. STH transmission: Adult worms live in human intestines forfood and survival and produce thousands ofeggs each day.
CURRENT BULLETIN - FEBRAURY 2020NationalDewormingImplementation:Day(NDD)NDD (first round) is conducted on February10 each year. Bi-annual round of deworming isrecommended in the States whereprevalence of STH infection is more than 20%and annual round in other (less than 20%prevalence) states. Only two States namely Rajasthan andMadhya Pradesh have reported less than20% prevalence and recommended forannual round. All the remaining States/UTs areimplementing bi-annual round ofdeworming. Background:The first round of NDD was conducted inFebruary 2015 and 8.9 crore children wereadministered the deworming tablet across11 states/UTs by achieving 85% coverage. Thereafter 88%, 77%, 88% children werecovered against the set targets in February2016, August 2016 and February &August2017 rounds of NDD respectively. 26.68 crores children have beenadministered albendazole till February 2018,and more than 114 crore doses ofalbendazole were administered to children1-19 years, since 2015. Eggs are passed in the faeces of infectedperson.Infected people who defecate outdoorsspread worm eggs in the soil.Eggs contaminate the soil and spreadinfection in several ways: ?Ingested through vegetables that are notcarefully cooked, washed or peeled;ingested from contaminated water sources;ingested by children who play in soil andthen put their hands in their mouths withoutwashing them.HAPPINESS CURRICULUMContext: US First Lady Melania Trump attended a'Happiness Class' at a government school inSouth Delhi.Details:The curriculum is one of the flagshipschemes of the Delhi government in theeducation sector launched in July 2018 in allgovernment schools. Citing the World Happiness Report, 2018, inwhich India ranked 133 among 155 nationsin the global rankings, the curriculum callsfor schools in India to promotedevelopment in cognition, language, 5
CURRENT BULLETIN - FEBRAURY 2020literacy, numeracy and the arts along withaddressing the well-being and happiness ofstudents. It further says that future citizens need tobe "mindful, aware, awakened, empathetic,firmly rooted in their identity " based onthe premise that education has a largerpurpose, which cannot be in isolation fromthe "dire needs" of today's society.Objectives:Developing self-awareness & mindfulness,Inculcating skills of critical thinking andinquiry, Enabling learners to communicateeffectively Helping learners to apply life skills to dealwith stressful and conflicting situationsaround them. How is the curriculum implemented?(demonstrating empathy, coping withanxiety and stress, developing bettercommunication skills) Developing a confident and pleasantpersonality (developing a balancedoutlook on daily life reflecting selfconfidence, becoming responsible andreflectingawarenesstowardscleanliness, health and hygiene). For the evaluation, no examinations areconducted, neither will marks be awarded.The assessment under this curriculum isqualitative, focusing on the "process ratherthan the outcome" and noting that eachstudent's journey is unique and different.International Day of Women and Girls inScienceContext:The curriculum is designed for students ofclasses nursery through the eighth standard. Group 1 consists of students in nursery andKG, who have bi-weekly classes (45 minuteseach for one session, which is supervisedby a teacher) involving mindfulnessactivities and exercise. Children betweenclasses 1-2 attend classes on weekdays,which involves mindfulness activities andexercises along with taking up reflectivequestions. The second group comprisesstudents from classes 3-5 and the third groupis comprised of students from classes 6-8who apart from the aforementionedactivities, take part in self-expression andreflect on their behavioural changes. The learning outcomes of this curriculum arespread across four categories: Becoming mindful and attentive(developing increased levels of selfawareness, developing active listening,remaining in the present); Developing critical thinking andreflection (developing strong abilitiesto reflect on one's own thoughts andbehaviours,thinkingbeyondstereotypes and assumptions); Developing social-emotional skills 6 The International Day of Women and Girlsin Science, celebrated on 11 February torecognize the critical role women and girlsplay in science and technology.It is implemented by UNESCO and UNWomen in collaboration institutions and civilsociety partners that aim to promotewomen and girls in science. This Day is an opportunity to promote fulland equal access to and participation inscience for women and girls. Global statistics and concern:While some of the greatest scientists andmathematicians have been women, theyremain under-represented in comparison totheir male counterparts in higher studiesinvolving science, as well as among the topscientific achievers. According to a 2018 report by UNESCO, just28.8% of researchers are women. In India,this drops to 13.9%.
CURRENT BULLETIN - FEBRAURY 2020Between 1901 and 2019, 334 Nobel Prizeshave been awarded to 616 Laureates inPhysics, Chemistry and Medicine, of whichjust 20 have been won by 19 women. Justthree women have won Nobel in Physics,five in Chemistry, while 12 women have wonthe Medicine Nobel. UNESCO data from 2014-16 show that onlyaround 30% of female students select STEM(science, technology, engineering andmathematics)-related fields in highereducation. Female enrolment is particularlylow in information technology (3%), naturalscience, mathematics and statistics (5%) andengineering and allied streams (8%). In 2015-16, 9.3% of female students inundergraduate courses were enrolled inengineering, compared to 15.6% acrossgenders. Conversely, 4.3% of femalestudents were enrolled in medical science,compared to 3.3% across genders. The report found that in over 620 institutesand universities, including IITs, NITs, ISRO,and DRDO, the presence of women was20.0% among Scientific and AdministrativeStaff, 28.7% among Post-Doctoral Fellows,and 33.5% among PhD scholars. COVID-19Context:The World Health Organization (WHO)officially announced COVID-19 as the namefor the disease caused by the novelcoronavirus. The WHO had to come up the name in linewith the 2015 guidelines between the globalagency, the World Organisation for AnimalHealth and the Food and AgricultureOrganization (FAO). What does COVID-19 stand for?The "CO" in COVID stands corona, while "VI"is for virus and "D" for disease. The number 19 stands for the year 2019when the outbreak was first identified. The Coronavirus Study Group of theInternational Committee on Taxonomy ofViruses has named the virus as "Severe acuterespiratory syndrome coronavirus 2", or"SARS-CoV-2". The Coronavirus Study Group is responsiblefor developing the official classification ofviruses and taxa naming of theCoronaviridae family. Significance:Science and gender equality are both vitalfor the achievement of the internationallyagreed development goals, including the2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Over the past 15 years, the globalcommunity has made a lot of effort ininspiring and engaging women and girls inscience, and science day is a step to achievethe same. What was the hurry to name the disease?The urgency to assign a name to the diseaseis to prevent the use of other names thatcan be "inaccurate or stigmatising". People outside the scientific communitytend to call a new disease by commonnames. But once the name gets establishedin common usage through the Internet and 7
CURRENT BULLETIN - FEBRAURY 2020social media, they are difficult to change,even if an inappropriate name is being used. Therefore, as per the WHO 2015 guideline,it is important that whoever first reports ona newly identified human disease uses anappropriate name that is scientifically soundand socially acceptable. The year is used when it becomes"necessary to differentiate between similarevents that happened in different years". In the case of COVID-19, coronavirus hascaused other diseases such as the Severeacute respiratory syndrome (SARS) andMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS).Neonatal mortality in IndiaContext: According to the National Health Mission(NHM), Madhya Pradesh has recorded thehighest percentage of new-born deaths of11.5% against the total admissions togovernment-run sick new-born care units(SNCUs) in the past three years across thecountry, far above the country's average of 7%.In Bhopal, one in every five childrenadmitted to a unit died in the three years the highest death percentage of 19.9% in theState, ten times above the NHM's mandatedkey performance indicator of below 2%. Madhya Pradesh has also recorded anabysmal sex ratio in admissions - of 663(number of girls admitted against 1,000boys) in the three years against the countryaverage of 733, though its sex ratio was 931as per the 2011 census. What is Neonatal mortality?The number of neonatal deaths per 1000 livebirths. A neonatal death is defined as a death duringthe first 28 days of life (0-27 days). Factors responsible for Neonatal mortality: Major Highlights of the report:Although admissions of neonates (under 28days) in the Madhya Pradesh have droppedfrom April 2017 to December 2019 remaining lower than West Bengal,Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh but thepercentage of deaths at 12.2% surpassedBihar's last year. Meanwhile, West Bengal, where 34,344neonatal deaths occurred in the period, themost in the country, the decliningpercentage of deaths from 9.2% in 2017 to8.9% in 2019 coincided with a slump inadmissions. 8 Staff crunch, low community referrals,absence of a special neonatal transportservice to health centres, reliance on unitsin cities as last resort and the non-availabilityof enough units to cater to increasinginstitutional deliveries had contributed tothe spike in the percentage of deaths.Other factors included shortfall of surgeons,gynaecologists,physiciansandp
Apr 06, 2020 · University Grants Commission: The UGC was established in 1953 and made into a statutory organisation with the UGC Act in 1956. UGC is responsible for coordinating, determining and maintaining standards of higher education. The University Grants Com
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