The Routledge Handbook Of Research Methods In The Study Of .
THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF RESEARCHMETHODS IN THE STUDY OF RELIGIONThis is the fi rst comprehensive survey in English of research methods in the field of religiousstudies. It is designed to enable non-specialists and students at upper undergraduate and graduate levels to understand the variety of research methods used in the field. The aim is to createawareness of the relevant methods currently available and to stimulate an active interest inexploring unfamiliar methods, encouraging their use in research and enabling students andscholars to evaluate academic work with reference to methodological issues. A distinguishedteam of contributors cover a broad spectrum of topics, from research ethics, hermeneutics andinterviewing, to Internet research and video-analysis. Each chapter covers practical issues andchallenges, the theoretical basis of the respective method, and the way it has been used inreligious studies (illustrated by case studies).Michael Stausberg is Professor of Religion at the University of Bergen, Norway. He isauthor of Religion and Tourism: Crossroads, Destinations and Encounters, editor of ContemporaryTheories of Religion and European editor of the journal Religion.Steven Engler is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at Mount Royal University,Canada. He is a co-editor of Historicizing ‘Tradition’ in the Study of Religion and North Americaneditor of the journal Religion.
THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOKOF RESEARCH METHODS INTHE STUDY OF RELIGIONEdited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler
First published in 2011by Routledge2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RNSimultaneously published in the USA and Canadaby Routledge711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 2011 Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler for selection andeditorial matter; individual contributors, their contributionsThe right of the editor to be identified as the author of theeditorial material, and of the authors for their individualchapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced orutilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, nowknown or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or inany information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writingfrom the publishers.Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarksor registered trademarks, and are used only for identification andexplanation without intent to infringe.British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataThe Routledge handbook of research methods in the study of religion /edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.1. Religion—Methodology. I. Stausberg, Michael. II. Engler, Steven.III. Title: Handbook of research methods in the study of religion.BL41.R686 2011200.72—dc232011021788ISBN: 978–0–415–55920–1 (hbk)Typeset in Bemboby Refi neCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk
CONTENTSList of figures and platesList of tablesList of boxesList of contributorsPrefaceviiixxixiiixxPART IMethodology11.1Introduction: Research methods in the study of religion\sMichael Stausberg and Steven Engler31.2ComparisonMichael Stausberg211.3EpistemologyJeppe Sinding Jensen401.4Feminist methodologiesMary Jo Neitz541.5Research designWade Clark Roof681.6Research ethicsFrederick Bird and Laurie Lamoureux Scholes81v
ContentsPART IIMethods1072.1109Content analysisChad Nelson and Robert H. Woods, Jr2.2 Conversation analysisEsa Lehtinen1222.3 Discourse analysisTitus Hjelm1342.4 Document analysisGrace Davie and David Wyatt1512.5 ExperimentsJustin L. Barrett1612.6 Facet theory methodsErik H. Cohen1782.7204Factor analysisKendal C. Boyd2.8 Field research: Participant observationGraham Harvey2172.9245Free-listingMichael Stausberg2.10 Grounded theorySteven Engler2562.11 HermeneuticsIngvild Sælid Gilhus2752.12 HistoryJörg Rüpke2852.13 InterviewingAnna Davidsson Bremborg3102.14 Network analysisjimi adams323vi
Contents2.15 PhenomenologyJames V. Spickard3332.16 PhilologyEinar Thomassen3462.17 SemioticsRobert A. Yelle3552.18 StructuralismSeth D. Kunin3662.19 Structured observationMichael Stausberg3822.20 Surveys and questionnairesJuhem Navarro-Rivera and Barry A. Kosmin3952.21 TranslationAlan Williams4212.22 VideographyHubert Knoblauch433PART IIIMaterials4453.1447Auditory materialsRosalind I.J. Hackett3.2 The InternetDouglas E. Cowan4593.3 Material cultureRichard M. Carp4743.4491Spatial methodsKim Knott3.5 Visual cultureJohn Harvey502Index523vii
LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATESFigures1.6.1 Sample flowchart of the ethical review process2.3.1 Macrostructure2.5.1 Anatomy of an experiment2.6.1 Sample mapping sentence 12.6.2 Sample mapping sentence 22.6.3 Correlation matrix for primary variables (input matrix for SSA)2.6.4 SSA of symbols of Jewish identity without regionalization2.6.5 SSA of symbols of Jewish identity, with preliminary regionalization2.6.6 SSA map of symbols with center-periphery structure2.6.7 Integrated SSA of symbols of Jewish identity2.6.8 Correlation arrays for external variables2.6.9 SSA of symbols of Jewish identity with sub-populations ofcampers by camp affi liation as external variables2.6.10 Representations of the profi les of the POSAC along two axes(Torah study and freedom), without regionalization2.6.11 Differentiating between profi les of campers who did and didnot select Torah study as a symbol of Jewish identity2.6.12 POSAC differentiating between profi les of campers who didand did not select freedom as a symbol of Jewish identity2.6.13 Representations of the profi les of the POSAC along two axes(Torah study and freedom), with regionalization2.7.1 Scree plot of religious orientation eigenvalues, with line ofrandom variance2.7.2 Religious orientation factors in varimax-rotated space2.10.1 Grounded theory2.10.2 Sample memo diagram2.10.3 The data/theory 6196196196210212257261265
Figures and Plates2.11.1 Varieties of the hermeneutic circle2.14.1 Exemplar graph2.14.2 Two religious organizational networks2.18.1 Israelite food rules2.18.2 Levels of underlying structure2.18.3 Ideal structural relations: negative, neutral and positive2.22.1 The process of videographic analysis2.22.2 Stills from video of a Marian apparition3.2.1 The question matrix3.2.2 Membership and message traffic3.4.1 Spatial method: analytical steps3.5.1 Religious studies and visual culture as gravitationalfields of study3.5.2 Zones of external knowledge pertaining to artifactsPlates3.5.1 Protestant nonconformist banner (obverse)3.5.2 Protestant nonconformist banner (back)3.5.3 An example of unintentional visual blasphemy3.5.4 Daveman, Jesus the Masochist, from the website of ‘TheChristian 511508509517518
LIST OF 42.20.12.20.22.20.33.4.1Questions to consider when using documentsAdvantages and disadvantages of using unsolicited documentsAssessing experimental validityExamples of experiments in the study of religionResponses of participants in Jewish summer camps to symbolsof Jewish identitySample profi lesPOSAC results along two axesMirror image profi lesCorrelation matrix of religious orientation itemsEigenvalues for the religious orientation itemsReligious orientation items factor structureReligious coping promax factor loadingsHypothetical item-by-item matrixSample coding of an interviewTypes of sign (after Peirce)Example 1: analysis of magicExample 2: analysis of a folk charmExample 4: analysis of Hindu tantric mantrasSample size and margin of error according to population sizewith a 95 per cent confidenceDatasets and existing surveys available online for analysisUseful software and tools for designing and analyzing surveysMapping religions: case 357358358360401415417494
LIST OF 1.6.81.6.92.1.12.1.22.1.32.1.4Early advocates of comparison in religious studiesA comparative macro-studyAn ideal-typical comparative studyA phenomenological comparisonCosts of and problems with comparative designsTwo examples of in-depth micro-studiesChecklist for comparative workPurposes of comparative designsDescriptive characteristics of standpoint methodologyComparison across feminist methodologiesMaintaining a diverse discourseRepresentational moments in fieldworkEthical concerns in researchThree general ethical principles of religious researchRespecting the dignity and integrity of othersCommunicating honestly and objectively with our subjectsand audiencesResponsibly exercising judgementNuremberg Code (1947–49)Belmont Report (USA, 1979)Research ethics framework, Economic and Social ResearchCouncil (ESRC) (UK, 2005)Selected professional organizations that offer research ethicsprotocols for research involving human subjectsFunctions of content analysisUnits that can be counted in content analysisBasic steps of content analysisAdvantages and limitations of content 98111113114117
3.3.33.3.43.3.53.3.63.3.73.5.13.5.23.5.3Extract 1: Mormon proselytizingExtract 2: Seventh-day Adventist Bible studySteps to take in conversation analytical researchTranscription symbolsThe constructive effects of discourseWhen is facet theory applicable for studies of religion?Scope of facet theorySteps in conducting a Smallest Space Analysis (SSA)Stages in the fieldwork processKey skills for fieldworkA study of Zoroastrian priestsAdditional variations and prompting techniquesAn example of open codingSample memosElements of grounded theory methodFour steps in phenomenological methodAn example of textual criticism‘Manuscript’ and ‘text’Typical stages and steps of structured observationThe observation protocolQuestions raised by translationSome models of translationReasons for lack of research on sound production/perceptionQuestions to ask in Internet researchAssessing online participationReligion and the history of technologySystematic questioning as methodBody methods in the study of religionBehavioral approach to k lam of South AsiaCultural landscape and religion in IndianapolisLineageA checklist for methods in religion and material cultureGraffiti as visual cultureDisciplinary analysis of a Protestant nonconformist bannerThe Angel of the North (Antony Gormley, 480482485503510513
CONTRIBUTORSjimi adams is Assistant Professor, School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona StateUniversity, USA. His main areas of work are social networks and the diffusion of ideas/diseases. His work has been published in Social Networks; Field Methods; Demographic Researchand the Handbook of Medical Sociology.Justin L. Barrett is Thrive Chair of Applied Developmental Psychology and Professor ofPsychology at Fuller Theological Seminary, and Research Associate of the University ofOxford’s Centre for Anthropology and Mind. He works in the areas of cognitive anthropology, cognitive science of religion, psychology of religion, and cognitive, religious andcharacter development. Main publications include Why Would Anyone Believe in God? (2004);Cognitive Science, Religion, & Theology (2011) and Born Believers (2011). He is book revieweditor of the Journal of Cognition & Culture, a consulting editor of Psychology of Religion &Spirituality and an editorial board member of Religion, Brain, and Behavior.Frederick Bird is Research Professor in the Department of Political Science at the Universityof Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. He is also a Distinguished Professor Emeritus at ConcordiaUniversity in Montréal, Québec, Canada, where he was a professor in the Department ofReligion and held a Concordia University Research Chair in Comparative Ethics. His publications include Voices from the Voluntary Sector: perspectives on leadership challenges (co-edited withFrances Westley, 2010); Just Business: practices in a diverse and developing world (co-editedwith Manuel Velasquez, 2006); International Business and the Dilemmas of Development (co-editedwith Emmanuel Raufflet and Joseph Smucker, 2005); International Businesses and the Challenges ofPoverty in the Developing World (co-edited with Stewart W. Herman, 2004); Ritual and EthnicIdentity: a comparative study of liturgical ritual in synagogues (co-authored with Jack N. Lightstone etal., 1996). For a number of years he chaired the university’s Human Research Ethics Committee.Kendal C. Boyd is Associate Professor of Psychology at Loma Linda University, USA. Hisresearch areas include medically unexplained symptoms, chronic pain, post-traumatic stressdisorder, sports fan dynamics, the psychology of religion, and statistics/methodology. Inaddition to his dissertation being a Monte Carlo study on the number of factors criteria inexploratory factor analysis, he has published factor analytic studies in the area of medicallyxiii
Contributorsunexplained symptoms. He is a clinical psychologist who also holds an MA in Theology fromFuller Theological Seminary. He recently authored a chapter in the edited volume A ChristianWorldview and Mental Health: Adventist perspectives.Anna Davidsson Bremborg (PhD Lund University, Sweden), is a sociologist of religion.Her main areas of research are death studies and pilgrimages. She has published two books:Yrke: begravningsentreprenör [Occupation: funeral director] (2002) and Pilgrimsvandring påsvenska [Pilgrimages, the Swedish way] (2010). She has published articles in several editedbooks and in journals such as the Journal of Empirical Theology, Mortality and Social Compass.Richard M. Carp is Vice Provost for Undergraduate Academics at St. Mary’s College ofCalifornia. He works in the interstices of the academic study of religion, performance, semiotics, anthropology, and visual art and design, as well as theory and method of interdisciplinarity. He is the director and editor of The Image Bank for Teaching World Religion (1992). Hehas published in various edited volumes and journals including Teaching Theology and Religion,Issues in Integrative Studies and Historical Reflections/Réflèxions historiques. With Rebecca SachsNorris he is editor of Studies in Body and Religion: a series.Erik H. Cohen is Associate Professor of Sociology at the School of Education, Bar IlanUniversity, Israel. His main areas of work are Jewish identity, youth culture, tourism andmigration, and Facet Theory research methodology. He is the author of Youth Tourism to Israel:educational experiences of the diaspora (2008). His work has been published in Religion, CurrentSociology and Annals of Tourism Research. He is the co-founder and editor of the InternationalJournal of Jewish Education Research.Douglas E. Cowan is Professor of Religious Studies at Renison University College, theUniversity of Waterloo, in Ontario, Canada. His current areas of interest include religion andfi lm, religion and popular culture, and religion and technology. His major publicationsinclude Sacred Space: The Quest for Transcendence in Science Fiction Film and Television (2010);Sacred Terror: religion and horror on the silver screen (2008); Cults and New Religions: a briefhistory (with David G. Bromley, 2008), and Cyberhenge: modern Pagans on the Internet(2005). He is formerly a co-general editor of Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative andEmergent Religions and is currently the New Religious Movements section editor for ReligionCompass.Grace Davie is Professor emerita in the Sociology of Religion in the University of Exeter(UK). Her work is principally concerned with the changing place of religion in European andother societies, and the pressing need for new ways of working in the social sciences in orderto understand this. She is the author of Religion in Britain since 1945 (1994); Religion in ModernEurope (2000); Europe: the exceptional case (2002); The Sociology of Religion (Sage 2007). She isco-author of Religious America, Secular Europe (2008), and co-editor of Welfare and Religion in21st Century Europe (2 vols; 2010 and 2011).Steven Engler is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at Mount Royal University andAffi liate Associate Professor of Religion at Concordia University, Canada. He works on religion in Brazil and theory of religion. He is co-editor (with Gregory Price Grieve) ofHistoricizing ‘Tradition’ in the Study of Religion (2005). He is North American editor of thejournal Religion, co-edits the book series Studies in the History of Religions and edits the bookxiv
Contributorsseries Key Thinkers in the Study of Religion. He has recent and forthcoming articles (someco-authored with Mark Q. Gardiner) in Journal of Ritual Studies, Method & Theory in the Studyof Religion, Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, Numen, Religion,Religious Studies, Revista de Estudos da Religião (Rever) and Studies in Religion\Sciences religieuses.Ingvild Sælid Gilhus is Professor of Religion at the University of Bergen, Norway. Sheworks in the areas of religions in late antiquity and new religious movements. Main publications include Laughing Gods, Weeping Virgins: laughter in the history of religions (1997) andAnimals, Gods and Humans: changing attitudes to animals in Greek, Roman and early Christian ideas(2006). She is book review editor of Numen and is editorial board member of Temenos.Rosalind I.J. Hackett is Professor and Head of Religious Studies at the University ofTennessee, Knoxville, USA. In 2010 she was re-elected President of the InternationalAssociation for the History of Religions (until 2015). She has published widely on religion inAfrica, notably on new religious movements, and religion and confl ict in Nigeria. Her mostrecent books are (as editor) Proselytization Revisited: rights talk, free markets, and culture wars(2008) and Displacing the State: religion and conflict in a neoliberal Africa (co-edited with JamesH. Smith, 2011). She serves on numerous editorial boards, such as Religion, Method and Theoryin the Study of Religion, Culture and Religion and the Journal of Religion in Africa.Graham Harvey is Reader in Religious Studies, The Open University, UK. His researchinterests are primarily in the lived realities and performances of contemporary Paganisms andindigenous religions, but he has also researched ancient Jewish textual issues. His editedpublications include Religions in Focus: new approaches to tradition and contemporary practices(2009). He is the author of Listening People, Speaking Earth: contemporary Paganism (2nd edn2006) and Animism: respecting the living world (2005). He is co-editor of the Vitality of IndigenousReligions series.John Harvey is Professor of Art and Director of the Centre for Studies in the Visual Cultureof Religion, The School of Art, Aberystwyth University, UK. He is an historian of art andvisual culture and a practitioner in visual and sonic fi ne art. His research field is the visualculture of religion. He has written several books including Photography & Spirit (2007); TheAppearance of Evil: apparitions of spirits in Wales (2003); Image of the Invisible: the visualizationof religion in the Welsh Nonconformist tradition (1999); and The Art of Piety: the visual culture ofWelsh Nonconformity (1995). His art practice is represented in The Pictorial Bible (2000, 2007,2011), and The Aural
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