Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking And Analyzing Disease .
Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trendspages 1791–1992EDITOR-IN-CHIEFD. Peter DrotmanManaging Senior EditorPolyxeni Potter, Atlanta, Georgia, USASenior Associate EditorBrian W.J. Mahy, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, UKAssociate EditorsPaul Arguin, Atlanta, Georgia, USACharles Ben Beard, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USAErmias Belay, Atlanta, GA, USADavid Bell, Atlanta, Georgia, USACorrie Brown, Athens, Georgia, USACharles H. Calisher, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USAMichel Drancourt, Marseille, FrancePaul V. Effler, Perth, AustraliaDavid Freedman, Birmingham, AL, USAPeter Gerner-Smidt, Atlanta, GA, USAStephen Hadler, Atlanta, GA, USANina Marano, Atlanta, Georgia, USAMartin I. Meltzer, Atlanta, Georgia, USADavid Morens, Bethesda, Maryland, USAJ. Glenn Morris, Gainesville, Florida, USAPatrice Nordmann, Paris, FranceTanja Popovic, Atlanta, Georgia, USADidier Raoult, Marseille, FrancePierre Rollin, Atlanta, Georgia, USARonald M. Rosenberg, Fort Collins, Colorado, USADixie E. Snider, Atlanta, Georgia, USAFrank Sorvillo, Los Angeles, California, USADavid Walker, Galveston, Texas, USAJ. Todd Weber, Atlanta, Georgia, USAHenrik C. Wegener, Copenhagen, DenmarkFounding EditorJoseph E. McDade, Rome, Georgia, USACopy Editors Claudia Chesley, Karen Foster, Thomas Gryczan,Nancy Mannikko, Beverly Merritt, Carol Snarey, P. Lynne Stockton,Caran R. WilbanksProduction Carrie Huntington, Ann Jordan, Shannon O’Connor,Reginald TuckerEditorial Assistant Christina DzikowskiSocial Media Sarah Logan GregoryIntern Kylie L. GregoryEmerging Infectious Diseases is published monthly by the Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop D61, Atlanta, GA 30333,USA. Telephone 404-639-1960, fax 404-639-1954, email eideditor@cdc.gov.The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention orthe institutions with which the authors are affiliated.All material published in Emerging Infectious Diseases is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without special permission; proper citation,however, is required.Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsementby the Public Health Service or by the U.S. Department of Health and HumanServices.EDITORIAL BOARDDennis Alexander, Addlestone Surrey, United KingdomTimothy Barrett, Atlanta, GA, USABarry J. Beaty, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USAMartin J. Blaser, New York, New York, USASharon Bloom, Atlanta, GA, USAChristopher Braden, Atlanta, GA, USAMary Brandt, Atlanta, Georgia, USAArturo Casadevall, New York, New York, USAKenneth C. Castro, Atlanta, Georgia, USALouisa Chapman, Atlanta, GA, USAThomas Cleary, Houston, Texas, USAVincent Deubel, Shanghai, ChinaEd Eitzen, Washington, DC, USADaniel Feikin, Baltimore, MD, USAAnthony Fiore, Atlanta, Georgia, USAKathleen Gensheimer, Cambridge, MA, USADuane J. Gubler, SingaporeRichard L. Guerrant, Charlottesville, Virginia, USAScott Halstead, Arlington, Virginia, USADavid L. Heymann, London, UKCharles King, Cleveland, Ohio, USAKeith Klugman, Atlanta, Georgia, USATakeshi Kurata, Tokyo, JapanS.K. Lam, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaStuart Levy, Boston, Massachusetts, USAJohn S. MacKenzie, Perth, AustraliaMarian McDonald, Atlanta, Georgia, USAJohn E. McGowan, Jr., Atlanta, Georgia, USATom Marrie, Halifax, Nova Scotia, CanadaPhilip P. Mortimer, London, United KingdomFred A. Murphy, Galveston, Texas, USABarbara E. Murray, Houston, Texas, USAP. Keith Murray, Geelong, AustraliaStephen M. Ostroff, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USADavid H. Persing, Seattle, Washington, USARichard Platt, Boston, Massachusetts, USAGabriel Rabinovich, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaMario Raviglione, Geneva, SwitzerlandDavid Relman, Palo Alto, California, USAConnie Schmaljohn, Frederick, Maryland, USATom Schwan, Hamilton, Montana, USAIra Schwartz, Valhalla, New York, USATom Shinnick, Atlanta, Georgia, USABonnie Smoak, Bethesda, Maryland, USARosemary Soave, New York, New York, USAP. Frederick Sparling, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USARobert Swanepoel, Pretoria, South AfricaPhillip Tarr, St. Louis, Missouri, USATimothy Tucker, Cape Town, South AfricaElaine Tuomanen, Memphis, Tennessee, USAJohn Ward, Atlanta, Georgia, USAMary E. Wilson, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Emerging Infectious Diseases is printed on acid-free paper that meets the requirementsof ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper)Emerging Infectious Diseases www.cdc.gov/eid Vol. 17, No. 10, October 2011
October 2011On the CoverMultidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis,People’s Republic of China,2007–2009.1831G.X. He et al.Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–1669)Aristotle with a Bust of Homer(1653) Oil on canvas(143.5 cm 136.5 cm).The Metropolitan Museum of Art,New York, NYEarly detection, effective treatment, and infectioncontrol measures are needed to reduce transmission.Bacterial Causes of Empyema inChildren, Australia, 2007–2009 .1839R.E. Strachan et al.About the Cover p. 1985Most cases were caused by non–7-valentpneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes.PerspectiveGlobal Spread of Carbapenemaseproducing Enterobacteriaceae .1791P. Nordmann et al.These resistance traits have been identified amongnosocomial and community-acquired infections.Azole Resistance in Aspergillusfumigatus, the Netherlands,2007–2009.1846J.W.M. van der Linden et al.ResearchAntifungal drug resistance is associated withhigh death rates among patients with invasiveaspergillosis.Plasmodium knowlesi Malariain Humans and Macaques, Thailand.1799S. Jongwutiwes et al.p. 1866This parasite may be transmitted from macaques tohumans.Oseltamivir-Resistant Pandemic(H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection in Englandand Scotland, 2009–2010 .1807L. Calatayud et al.Monitoring of antiviral resistance is stronglyrecommended for immunocompromised patients.Invasive Mold Infections inTransplant Recipients, United States,2001–2006.1855B.J. Park et al.Non–Aspergillus mold infections increasedsubstantially during the surveillance period.Dispatches1865Rickettsia honei Infection in Human,Nepal, 2009H. Murphy et al.1868Outbreak of West Nile Virus Infection inGreece, 2010K. Danis et al.Disease may occur throughout the world because ofthe widespread prevalence of this pathogen in ixodidticks.1873Tembusu Virus in Ducks, ChinaZ. Cao et al.1876Novel Amdovirus in Gray FoxesL. Li et al.Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 amongQuarantined Close Contacts, Beijing,People’s Republic of China .1824X. Pang et al.1879Bacteremia and Antimicrobial DrugResistance, GhanaU. Groß et al.1883Isolation and Phylogenetic Grouping ofEquine Encephalosis Virus in IsraelK. Aharonson-Raz et al.Humans Infected withRelapsing Fever SpirocheteBorrelia miyamotoi, Russia .1816A.E. Platonov et al.The attack rate was low; major risk factors werehaving contact with an ill household member andyounger age.p. 1874Emerging Infectious Diseases www.cdc.gov/eid Vol. 17, No. 10, October 2011
1887Prevalence and Molecular Characterizationof Cyclospora cayetanensis, Henan, ChinaY. Zhou et al.1891Yellow Fever Virus Vaccine–associatedDeaths in Young WomenS.J. Seligman1894Unexpected Rift Valley Fever Outbreak,Northern MauritaniaA.B.O. El Mamy et al.1897Seroconversion to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009Virus and Cross-Reactive Immunity toOther Swine Influenza VirusesR.A.P.M. Perera et al.1900Plasmodium knowlesi Infection in Humans,Cambodia, 2007–2010N. Khim et al.1903Equine Piroplasmosis Associated withAmblyomma cajennense Ticks, TexasG.A. Scoles et al.1906Timeliness of Surveillance during Outbreakof Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coliInfection, Germany, 2011M. Altmann et al.1910Global Distribution of Shigella sonneiClonesI. Filliol-Toutain et al.1913Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, KwaZuluNatal, South Africa, 2001–2007K. Wallengren et al.October 20111954Placental Transmission of HumanParvovirus 4 in Newborns with Hydrops,TaiwanM.-Y. Chen et al.Lettersp. 18881957Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coliO104:H4 Strains from Italy and Germany1958Complicated Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 duringPregnancy, Taiwan1960Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and SeasonalInfluenza A (H3N2) in Children’s Hospital,Australia1962Global Health Security in an Era of GlobalHealth Threats1963Use of Workplace AbsenteeismSurveillance Data for Outbreak Detection1964Zoonotic Ascariasis, United Kingdom1966Early Failure of Antiretroviral Therapy inHIV-1–infected Eritrean Immigrant1968Diagnosis of Rickettsioses from EscharSwab Samples, Algeria1970Livestock-associated MRSA ST398Infection in Woman, Colombia1971Granulicatella adiacens and Early OnsetSepsis in Neonate1973Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis with SevereManifestations, Missouri1975Sporotrichosis Caused by Sporothrixmexicana, Portugal1976Swinepox Virus Outbreak, Brazil, 20111978Plasmodium vivax Seroprevalence in BredCynomolgus Monkeys, China1917Antimicrobial Ointments and MethicillinResistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300M. Suzuki et al.1921Novel Arenavirus, ZambiaA. Ishii et al.1925Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Encephalitis inWoman, TaiwanA. Cheng et al.1928Household Transmission of Pandemic(H1N1) 2009 Virus, TaiwanL.-Y. Chang et al.19791932Group B Streptococcus and HIV Infectionin Pregnant Women, Malawi, 2008–2010K.J. Gray et al.Dengue Virus Serotype 4, Roraima State,Brazil (response)1981Novel Hepatitis E Virus Genotype inNorway Rats, Germany (response)1936Hantavirus Infections without PulmonarySyndrome, PanamaB. Armien et al.Book Review1940Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever,Afghanistan, 2009L. Mustafa et al.19841942Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis inWomen, KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaM.R. O’Donnell et al.About the Cover1946Clostridium difficile Infection inOutpatients, Maryland and ConnecticutJ.M. Hirshon et al.1950p. 1895Antibiotic Resistance: Understanding andResponding to an Emerging Crisis1985Much have I travel’d in the realms of gold1815EtymologiaPlasmodium knowlesiCTX-M-15–producing EnteroaggregativeEscherichia coli as Cause of Travelers’DiarrheaE. Guiral et al.Emerging Infectious Diseases www.cdc.gov/eid Vol. 17, No. 10, October 2011
Global Spread of Carbapenemaseproducing EnterobacteriaceaePatrice Nordmann, Thierry Naas, and Laurent PoirelCarbapenemases increasingly have been reportedin Enterobacteriaceae in the past 10 years. Klebsiellapneumoniae carbapenemases have been reported inthe United States and then worldwide, with a markedendemicity at least in the United States and Greece. Metalloenzymes (Verona integron–encoded metallo-β-lactamase,IMP) also have been reported worldwide, with a higherprevalence in southern Europe and Asia. Carbapenemasesof the oxacillinase-48 type have been identified mostlyin Mediterranean and European countries and in India.Recent identification of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1producers, originally in the United Kingdom, India, andPakistan and now worldwide, is worrisome. Detectionof infected patients and carriers with carbapenemaseproducers is necessary for prevention of their spread.Identification of the carbapenemase genes relies mostlyon molecular techniques, whereas detection of carriers ispossible by using screening culture media. This strategymay help prevent development of nosocomial outbreakscaused by carbapenemase producers, particularly K.pneumoniae.nterobacteriaceae are inhabitants of the intestinal floraand are among the most common human pathogens,causing infections such as cystitis and pyelonephritis withfever, septicemia, pneumonia, peritonitis, meningitis, anddevice-associated infections. Enterobacteriaceae are thesource of community- and hospital-acquired infections.They have the propensity to spread easily between humans(hand carriage, contaminated food and water) and toacquire genetic material through horizontal gene transfer,mediated mostly by plasmids and transposons.Since 2000, spread of community-acquiredenterobacterial isolates (Escherichia coli) that produceextended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) capable ofhydrolyzing almost all cephalosporins except carbapenemsEAuthor affiliation: Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1710.110655has been reported worldwide (1). It is therefore mandatoryto maintain the clinical efficacy of carbapenems (imipenem,ertapenem, meropenem, doripenem), which havebecome antimicrobial drugs of last resort. These agentsare crucial for preventing and treating life-threateningnosocomial infections, which are often associated withtechniques developed in modern medicine (transplantation,hospitalization in an intensive care unit, highly technicalsurgery).Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae have beenreported worldwide as a consequence largely of acquisitionof carbapenemase genes (2). The first carbapenemaseproducer in Enterobacteriaceae (NmcA) was identifiedin 1993 (3). Since then, a large variety of carbapenemaseshas been identified in Enterobacteriaceae belongingto 3 classes of β-lactamases: the Ambler class A, B,and D β-lactamases (2). In addition, rare chromosomeencoded cephalosporinases (Ambler class C) produced byEnterobacteriaceae may possess slight extended activitytoward carbapenems, but their clinical role remainsunknown (2,4).Class A CarbapenemasesA variety of class A carbapenemases have beendescribed; some are chromosome encoded (NmcA, Sme,IMI-1, SFC-1), and others are plasmid encoded (Klebsiellapneumoniae carbapenemases [KPC], IMI-2, GES,derivatives), but all effectively hydrolyze carbapenemsand are partially inhibited by clavulanic acid (2). KPCsare the most clinically common enzymes in this group.The first KPC producer (KPC-2 in K. pneumoniae) wasidentified in 1996 in the eastern United States (5).Withina few years, KPC producers had spread globally and havebeen described across the contiguous United States (stillmostly in eastern coast states) and, in particular, in PuertoRico, Colombia, Greece, Israel, and the People’s Republicof China (6,7) (Figure 1). Outbreaks of KPC producersalso have been reported in many European countries and inSouth America (6,7) (Figure 1).Emerging Infectious Diseases www.cdc.gov/eid Vol. 17, No. 10, October 20111791
PERSPECTIVEFigure 1. A) Worldwide geographic distribution of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) producers. Gray shading indicatesregions shown separately: B) distribution in the United States; C) distribution in Europe; D) distribution in China.KPC producers have been reported, mostly fromnosocomial K. pneumoniae isolates and to a much lesserextent from E. coli (especially in Israel) and from otherenterobacterial species (6). A single K. pneumoniae clone(sequence type [ST]-258) was identified extensivelyworldwide, indicating that it may have contributed to thespread of the blaKPC genes (8).Within a given geographiclocation, several KPC clones are disseminating that differby multilocus sequence type; additional β-lactamasecontent; and by size, number, and structure of plasmids,but the blaKPC genes are associated with a single geneticelement (transposon Tn4401) (8). Although communityacquired KPC producers have been reported, they arerare, with the exception of isolates from Israel a fewyears ago (6).The level of resistance to carbapenemsof KPC producers may vary markedly; ertapenem is thecarbapenem that has the lowest activity (5–7), (Table 1).KPC producers are usually multidrug resistant (especiallyto all β-lactams), and therapeutic options for treating KPCrelated infections remain limited (6) (Figure 2, panel A).Death rates attributed to infections with KPC producers arehigh ( 50%) (9–11).Class B Metallo-β-LactamasesClass B metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are mostly of theVerona integron–encoded metallo-β-lactamase (VIM) and1792IMP types and, more recently, of the New Delhi metalloβ-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) type (2,12).The first acquiredMBL, IMP-1, was reported in Serratia marcescens inJapan in 1991 (13). Since then, MBLs have been describedworldwide (2,12) (Figure 3). Endemicity of VIM- andIMP-type enzymes has been reported in Greece, Taiwan,and Japan (2,12), although outbreaks and single reportsof VIM and IMP producers have been reported in manyother countries (Figure 3). These enzymes hydrolyze allβ-lactams except aztreonam (12).Their activity is inhibitedby EDTA but not by clavulanic acid (12). Most MBLproducers are hospital acquired and multidrug-resistant K.pneumoniae (2,12). Resistance levels to carbapenems ofMBL producers may vary (Table 1). Death rates associatedwith MBL producers range from 18% to 67% (14).Discovered in 2008 in Sweden from an Indianpatient hospitalized previously in New Delhi (15), NDMTable 1. MIC range of carbapenems for Enterobacteriaceae thatproduce several types of carbapenemases*MIC, mg/LCarbapenemaseImipenem Meropenem ErtapenemKPC0.5– 641– 640.5– 64Metallo ȕ-lactamases†0.5– 640.25– 640.5– 64OXA-48 type1– 640.5– 640.25– 64*KPC, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase; OXA-48, oxacillinase-48.†Including New Delhi metallo-ȕ-lactamase-1.Emerging Infectious Diseases www.cdc.gov/eid Vol. 17, No. 10, October 2011
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae1–positive Enterobacteriaceae are now the focus ofworldwide attention (15–17). Since mid-August 2010,NDM-1 producers have been identified on all continentsexcept in Central and South America with, in most ofthe cases, a direct link with the Indian subcontinent (17)(Figure 4). Few cases have been reported from the UnitedStates and Canada (17). Recent findings suggest that theBalkan states and the Middle East may act as secondaryreservoirs of NDM-1 producers (17) (Figure 4).Figure 2. Disk diffusion antibacterial drug susceptibility testing of A)Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-2 (KPC-2)–, B) New Delhimetallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1)–, and C) oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48)–producing K. pneumoniae clinical isolates. Clinical isolates producingKPC-2 and OXA-48 do not co-produce other extended-spectrumβ-lactamase, but the isolate producing NDM-1 co-produces theextended-spectrum β-lactamase CTX-M-15. Wild-type susceptibilityto β-lactams of K. pneumoniae includes resistance to amoxicillin,ticarcillin, and reduced susceptibility to piperacillin and cefalotin(data not shown).TZP, piperacillin/tazobactam; PIP, piperacillin;TIC, ticarcillin; AMX, amoxicillin; ETP, ertapenem; TCC, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid; CAZ, ceftazidime; CF, cefalotin; FOX, cefoxitin; IMP,imipenem; AMC, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; CTX, cefotaxime; CXM,cefuroxime; MEM, meropenem; ATM, aztreonam; FEP, cefepime;CIP, ciprofloxacin; CS, colistin; NET, netilmicin; RA, rifampin; OFX,ofloxacin; TE, tetracycline; C, chloramphenicol; TM, tobramycin;NOR, norfloxacin; TGC, tigecycline; SXT, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim; AN, amikacin; FT, nitrofurantoin; FOS, fosfomycin;SSS, sulfamethoxazole; GM gentamicin.In contrast to several other carbapenemase genes,the blaNDM-1 gene is not associated with a single clonebut rather with nonclonally related isolates and species(16,17). It has been identified mostly in E. coli and K.pneumoniae and to a lesser extent in other enterobacterialspecies (16,17). The level of resistance to carbapenems ofNDM-1 producers may vary (Table 1). Plasmids carryingthe blaNDM-1 gene are diverse and can harbor a high numberof resistance genes associated with other carbapenemasegenes (oxacillinase-48 [OXA-48] types, VIM types),plasmid-mediated cephalosporinase genes, ESBL genes,aminoglycoside resistance genes (16S RNA methylases),macrolide resistance genes (esterase), rifampin (rifampinmodifying enzymes) and sulfamethoxazole resistancegenes as a source of multidrug resistance and pandrugresistance (16,17) (Figure 2, panel B). The association ofsuch a high number of resistance genes in single isolates hasbeen rarely observed, even among the other carbapenemaseproducers. Many NDM-1 producers remain susceptibleonly to tigecycline, colistin (Figure 2, panel B), and to alesser exten
Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends pages 1791–1992 EDITORIAL BOARD Dennis Alexander, Addlestone Surrey, United Kingdom Timothy Barrett, Atlanta, GA, USA Barry J. Beaty, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Martin J. Blaser, New York, New York, USA Sharon Bloom, Atlanta, GA, USA Christopher Braden, Atlanta, GA, USA
DNR Peer A Peer B Peer C Peer D Peer E Peer F Peer G Peer H Peer I Peer J Peer K 14 Highest Operating Margin in the Peer Group (1) (1) Data derived from SEC filings, three months ended 6/30/13 and includes DNR, CLR, CXO, FST, NBL, NFX, PXD, RRC, SD SM, RRC, XEC. Calculated as
In a peer-peer file-sharing application, for example, a peer both requests files from its peers, and stores and serves files to its peers. A peer thus generates workload for the peer-peer application, while also providing the ca
The popularity of peer-to-peer multimedia file sharing applications such as Gnutella and Napster has created a flurry of recent research activity into peer-to-peer architec-tures. We believe that the proper evaluation of a peer-to-peer system must take into account the characteristics
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this training course came from as well as to explain 3 main themes (peer-to-peer education, youth information and facilitation). As a trainer delivering the peer-to-peer training course, you will need a bit some more knowledge in your pockets before the training course starts. If you are a young peer educator who just finished the training course,
Anatomy of a journal 1. Introduction This short activity will walk you through the different elements which form a Journal. Learning outcomes By the end of the activity you will be able to: Understand what an academic journal is Identify a journal article inside a journal Understand what a peer reviewed journal is 2. What is a journal? Firstly, let's look at a description of a .
Object tracking is the process of nding any object of interest in the video to get the useful information by keeping tracking track of its orientation, motion and occlusion etc. Detail description of object tracking methods which are discussed below. Commonly used object tracking methods are point tracking, kernel tracking and silhouette .
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