Embracing The Shadow Through - The Appreciative Inquiry .
International Journal of Appreciative InquiryNovember 2012Volume 14 Number 4ISBN 978-1-907549-13-7Embracing the Shadow throughAppreciative InquiryGuest Editors: Stephen P. Fitzgerald and Christine OliverInside:Feature Choice: Appreciating the Bestin PeopleA Social Movement’s Council PracticeAddresses its Shadow using AIGenerative Birth ShadowThe Wholeness Principle and Storiesof Diversity and InclusionIntegrating Shadow Work and AITwo Things that Keep Us fromEmbracing the ShadowAppreciative Reframing of theShadow ExperienceCover artwork courtesy of Stephen FitzgeraldPositivity Kills the CatStepping Cautiously Past ‘ThePositive’ in Appreciative InquiryAppreciatively Embracing the Shadowin Training and SupervisionAI Research Notes: Using AI and‘Conversational Consulting’ forDoctoral ResearchThe Power of Yes Within the NoAI Resources: AI and ShadowThe Shadow of Managerial Logic
November 2012AI PractitionerInternational Journal of Appreciative InquiryInside:4Embracing the Shadow through Appreciative Inquiry by Stephen P. Fitzgeraldand Christine OliverThe metaphor of shadow provides a generative container for exploration of the scopeand depth of Appreciative Inquiry theory and practice8Feature ChoiceAppreciating the Best in People: Corporate Success in Unveiling andAligning Individual and Company Values by Sara Inés GómezHelping new employees find the connection between the company’s values and their own14Generative Birth Shadow: A Fundamental Human Experience by Barbara Bain17Integrating Shadow Work and Appreciative Inquiry: Reflections on StructuralInequalities, Polarities and Hurt by Marianne Hill and Steve OnyettExploring the generative potential of the human psychological shadow through themidwifery model of careEngaging with inequalities, difficult material such as hurt and disgust, and theparadoxical nature of living systems23Two Things that Keep Us from Embracing the Shadow by Joan Colleran Hoxsey25Appreciative Reframing of the Shadow Experience by Neena Verma29A Social Movement’s Council Practice Addresses its Shadow using AppreciativeInquiry by Madeleine SpencerAs AI practitioners, there are things that keep us from embracing the shadowA case for reframing and transforming ‘shadow experience’ through an intentionalAppreciative Inquiry interventionAI allowed Occupy Santa Ana members to move beyond their atomistic focus to reengage and re-open to the holistic process.32The Wholeness Principle and Stories of Diversity and Inclusion: A ReflexiveApproach by Ilene WassermanIn any encounter, many social worlds are converging simultaneouslyAIP November 12 Embracing the Shadow through Appreciative InquiryBack Issues at www.aipractitioner.com
November 2012AI PractitionerInternational Journal of Appreciative InquiryInside continued:37Appreciatively Embracing the Shadow in Training and Supervision:Acknowledging the Darkness, Reframing Reactions and Exploring Intentionsby John C. WadeHow can the inherent challenges and vulnerabilities of the supervision and trainingprocess be managed from an Appreciative Inquiry perspective through ‘embracing theshadow’?40The Power of Yes Within the No: Embracing the Shadow Selfby Marjorie R. Schiller and Theresa Mortimer BertramSaying no can get us to a more profound and meaningful place in our lives and work42The Shadow of Managerial Logic by Robbert Masselink46Positivity Kills the Cat: Appreciative Inquiry in the Shadow of a Capitalist WorldView by Patrick Goh and Phil SimpsonAI can act as a counterbalance between managerial and experiental logicIf AI, when equated with positivity, is in danger of ‘killing the cat’, a more critical form of AIcan help revive it49Stepping Cautiously Past ‘The Positive’ in Appreciative Inquiryby Gervase BusheThere are dangers lurking in ‘embracing the shadow’, just as there are dangers in toofacile an embrace of ‘the positive’54Appreciative Inquiry Research Notesby Jan Reed and Neena Verma, new editor of Research NotesWe welcome the arrival of the new editor of Research Notes, Neena VermaReport of developing a research methodology which incorporated AI with co-operativeresearch and ‘conversational consulting’59Appreciative Inquiry Resources by Jackie Stavros and Dawn Dole63About the February 2013 Issue64IAPG Contacts and AI Practitioner Subscription InformationResources grounded in the concept of shadowGuest Editors: Neena Verma, Ronald Fry and Zeb WaturuochaAppreciative Inquiry and India: A Generative Connection between Ancient Wisdom andToday’s Endeavors in the FieldAIP November 12 Embracing the Shadow through Appreciative InquiryBack Issues at www.aipractitioner.com
AI PractitionerNovember 2012Volume 14 Number 4 ISBN 978-1-907549-13-7Stephen P. FitzgeraldChristine OliverPhD, an organizational psychologist, serves as FacultyDevelopment Director and Associate Professorof Business Administration at Trident UniversityInternational in Cypress, California. He has publishedon AI, the Shadow and organisational behaviour, andworks with clients to inquire appreciatively into the fullspectrum of human experience.Contact: Stephen.Fitzgerald@trident.eduMSc in Group Analysis, MSc in SystemicPsychotherapy is a psychotherapist and organisationalconsultant. Her published contributions to AI include:Barge & Oliver (2003), Working with Appreciationin Managerial Practice, Fitzgerald et al (2010),Appreciative Inquiry as a Shadow Process and Oliver etal (2011) Critical Appreciation of Appreciative Inquiry.Contact: ceoliver1@btinternet.comEmbracing the Shadowthrough Appreciative InquiryABSTRACTThe metaphor of shadowhas provided a generativecontainer for explorationof the scope and depth ofAppreciative Inquiry theoryand practice. The idea ofshadow can be a useful toolfor opening up importantareas of discussion thatcarry anxiety and can amplifythe liberation of energy forchange.It is with pleasure and interest that we take up the task of editing this issueof AI Practitioner. Our initial adoption of the metaphor of shadow (Fitzgeraldand Oliver, 2006) arose from our own experience of dissonance throughparticipation in and consideration of Appreciative Inquiry (AI) practice of whichwe were (and are) a part.The metaphor has provided a generative container for exploration of thescope and depth of AI theory and practice, as evidenced by the rich, diversecontributions in this special issue, which begin at the very gateway of life –the birthing process! We open with Barbara Bain’s beautiful and provocativeexploration of “the generative potential of the human psychological shadowthrough the midwifery model of care and its reflexive practice of normalizingshadow as a fundamental, integral part of human experience”.Speaking from the heartDeepening the theme of purposeful integration of shadow, Steve Onyett andMarianne Hill introduce us to Shadow Work (SW) practice and its fruitfulintegration with AI and Council Practice (Zimmerman and Coyle, 2009), whichthey illustrate through several brief examples in contexts marked by diversity,structural inequalities, power differentials and polarities. They make theimportant point that judgements within a process not be based on fear or habit,noting that “such work asks a lot of practitioners”, encouraging each of us toexplore our own shadow through “practices concerned with facing what is andlistening and speaking from the heart”.The two articles that follow illustrate practitioners doing just that. First, JoanHoxsey shares her reflections on becoming aware of the implications ofinadvertently taking on the role of “AI protector” on the steering committeefor an AI Summit. Next, Neena Verma shares a powerful story that reflects thegenerative potential of non-judgmental acknowledgment of and appreciativeAIP November 12 Embracing the Shadow through Appreciative InquiryMore Articles at www.aipractitioner.com4
AI PractitionerVolume 14 Number 4 ISBN 978-1-907549-13-7November 2012The Occupy Santa Ana movement.Read Madeleine Spencer’s article onpage 29engagement with one’s own personal shadow. The life-transforming experiencethat she underwent while struggling with a medical condition led her to createand devote her life’s work to a 4-step AI-based intervention process she callsMARG (Hindi for “path”) that “applies AI principles to purposefully engage withthe ‘shadow experience’, uncover its gift and transform its energy”.Like Onyett and Hill, Madeleine Spencer integrates AI with Council Practice whileworking as an activist in a social movement called Occupy Santa Ana, marked bypower differentials, community diversity and conflict. In her very first work withAI, Madeleine applies it as a purposeful intervention into the group’s Shadow,which helps “the group to air their differences and anxieties”, “resolve the group’spast confrontations, divisions and differences of opinion”, and “reengage, andreopen to the holistic process shared by the group in practicing Council”.The complex dynamics of diversityNext, Ilene Wasserman brings the theme of diversity, tacit in the Spencer andthe Onyett and Hill articles, into sharp relief by invoking AI’s Wholeness principle.Echoing Spencer, Ilene finds that “[t]he tension of holding the appreciativeperspective with issues of social justice has been particularly challenging”.Integrating AI with coordinated management of meaning, intersectionality, anddominant and subordinate social narratives frameworks, she explores, throughtwo case stories, the engagement of the Wholeness principle in attending tocomplex dynamics of personal, positional and cultural diversity.J. M. W. Turner’s ‘Snowstorm’:ambiguities and emotional involvementin real experience on page 42The interplay of diverse personal, positional and cultural identities is integralto the role of the supervisor, and provides context relevant to John Wade’ssubsequent article on training and supervision. He observes that supervision“can both prompt the emergence of the shadow through the evaluative natureof the process, which tends to increase the desire to reject or hide ‘undesirable’aspects of the self, but effective supervision also provides a wonderfulopportunity to embrace the shadow and use the energy for transformation andgrowth Supervision involves providing a holding environment and messageof acceptance for the inherent discomfort of the process and at times theexamination of the shadow”.AIP November 12 Embracing the Shadow through Appreciative InquiryMore Articles at www.aipractitioner.com5
AI PractitionerVolume 14 Number 4 ISBN 978-1-907549-13-7November 2012Similarly, Marjorie Schiller and Theresa Mortimer Bertram argue that “thecourage to be authentic includes acknowledging our discomfort”, which for AIpractitioners may mean counterbalancing a focus on “yes” with “accepting ourneed to say ‘no’”.Gervase [Bushe] suggestsreframing ‘positive’as inquiry into what ispersonally meaningful anddeeply important.The organizational shadowThe next two articles illustrate the potential for AI to be co-opted, and itstransformational potential undermined, by the shadow of organizationallydominant logics. First, Robbert Masselink enriches the triad of AI-shadowrelationships that we originally articulated: (1) AI inadvertently creatingshadow; (2) AI as a deliberate intervention into shadow; and (3) AI reflectingand expressing a cultural shadow of discomfort with painful or difficultconversations (Fitzgerald, Oliver and Hoxsey, 2010) by proposing a fourthAI-shadow relationship: AI may perpetuate an existing organizational shadowand not challenge it. He describes how the shadow of managerial logic expels“the mysteries of which AI speaks” and makes “the lived experiences of peoplein an organization subservient to its own agenda”. Second, Patrick Goh andPhil Simpson illustrate how AI can be co-opted by the shadow of a capitalistworldview, exemplified in the way that some HR managers articulate and use AI.Pre-eminent AI theorist and practitioner Gervase Bushe concludes the issue byexploring how embracing both the positive and shadow can support generativity.Based on a surprisingly generative outcome through an appreciative inquirythat inadvertently evoked painful memories of childhood experiences in a largelyimmigrant, refugee community, Gervase suggests reframing “positive” as inquiryinto what is personally meaningful and deeply important: that which profoundlytouches us. The generativity of his example appears to be consistent with thewisdom reflected in several stories throughout this issue (e.g. Onyett and Hill,Spencer, Wasserman), and with Ilene Wasserman’s observation that “people whohold deeply embedded historical narratives of having been marginalized, notonly need to tell their story, but need their stories to be heard and acknowledgedas the storyteller’s truth as well. It is then, and only then, that people can moveon together to create a new vision of what they can potentially create together”.Polarlized opposites . aretreated as contextualizingeach other.In this way, it may be that inclusion of shadow in Appreciative Inquiry isgenerative at least of readiness to change, particularly in contexts markedby diversity, structural inequalities, power differentials and polarities. Bushegoes further in suggesting that “It might be that inviting people to tell storieswhere we take an appreciative stance toward painful experiences is even moregenerative than one in which nothing painful or difficult is touched”. This insightis consistent with the dramatic impact of storytelling in literature, theatre, andcinema – even in comedic genres. As Carl Jung (1912) observed, “[w]e knowthat the wildest and most moving dramas are played not in the theatre but in thehearts of ordinary men and women”.Bushe also warns that “there are dangers lurking in ‘embracing the shadow’, justas there are dangers in too facile an embrace of ‘the positive’”.Although we agree that it is important to be cautious when engaging in anydialogic OD process, we do not juxtapose shadow with negative, and argue thatdoing so tends to perpetuate the very sort of polarization that generates shadow.We have been troubled by the tendency for polarization in general (e.g. positiveversus shadow, problem solving versus appreciation) and the polarization andnormative ascription specifically of positive and negative in the AI discourse.AIP November 12 Embracing the Shadow through Appreciative InquiryMore Articles at www.aipractitioner.com6
AI PractitionerVolume 14 Number 4 ISBN 978-1-907549-13-7‘. if he only learns to dealwith his own shadow, he hasdone something real for theworld.’ JungNovember 2012Thoughts and feelings we may want to push to the margins are best treated ina complex way, for instance, the fact that we can feel pain means that we areenabled to protect ourselves from danger: “the truth is that shadow is not justabout the ‘messy dark of coal’ but also the ‘glittering diamond’ hidden insidethe coal mine. Shadow is where the dark and light co-exist and get co-created”(Neena Verma cross ref). Polarized opposites, such as shadow and light,positive and negative, pleasure and pain, are thus treated as contextualizingeach other. “Whenever a group recognizes one attribute of itself, the presenceof its antithesis or polar quality is implicit. Indeed there is every likelihoodthat someone in the room actually holds the polar view to that which is beingexpressed, and that in holding this view they are experiencing something thatexpresses an important issue for the wider system” (Onyett and Hill).Bushe, positioning the Shadow in the tradition of Jung as a psychologicalarchetype, fears that “it will engage forces outside our control” (Bushe). Wesuggest that the metaphor not be treated as an object but more as a tool foropening up important areas of discussion that carry with them anxiety. Often,unless such forces are engaged with, there is a danger of releasing forces thatare experienced as outside the control of the group: “taking something out ofshadow gives it less power” and makes it less likely that destructive forces will beacted out (Onyett and Hill). Further, it may amplify the liberation of the energyfor change which, as Bushe suggests, may be even more generative than aninquiry in which nothing painful or difficult is touched. According to Jung (1945),“[o]ne does not become enlightened by imagining figures of light but by makingthe darkness conscious”, and (1938) “. if he only learns to deal with his ownshadow, he has done something real for the world”.ReferencesFitzgerald, S. P., Oliver, C. and Hoxsey, J. (2010). Appreciative Inquiry as a ShadowProcess. Journal of Management Inquiry, 19, 220-233.Jung, C.J. (1968) “New Paths in Psychology.” In Two Essays on Analytical Psychology.R.F.C. Hull and G. Adler (Eds. and Trans.) The Collected Works of Carl G. Jung, Vol. 7.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Jung, C.J. (1968) Psychology and Religion: West and East. R.F.C. Hull and G. Adler(Eds. and Trans.) The Collected Works of Carl G. Jung, Vol. 11. Princeton, NJ: PrincetonUniversity Press.Jung, C. J. (1968) “The Philosophical Tree.” In Alchemical Studies. R.F.C. Hull and G. Adler(Eds. and Trans.) The Collected Works of Carl G. Jung, Vol. 13. Princeton, NJ: PrincetonUniversity Press.Oliver, C., Fitzgerald, S. P. and Hoxsey, J. C. (2011) “Critical Appreciation of AppreciativeInquiry: Reflexive Choices for Shadow Dancing,” Review of Business Research, 11(2), 4559.Zimmerman, J. and Coyle, V. (2009). The Way of Council. 2nd Edition. Bramble Books,Las Vegas.Back to Table of ContentsAIP November 12 Embracing the Shadow through Appreciative InquiryMore Articles at www.aipractitioner.com7
AI PractitionerNovember 2012Volume 14 Number 4 ISBN 978-1-907549-13-7Neena Verma, PhDis a scholarly practitioner and educator of AIpassionate about developing and promoting AI’sapplication for “sustainable collective value” andgenerative OD, enabling creative collaborationbetween AI and problem-solving approach. She writesextensively on developmental possibilities of individualand organizational relevance.Contact: drneenaverma@gmail.comRonald Fry, PhDis Professor and Chairman of the Department ofOrganizational Behavior at Case Western ReserveUniversity, where he helped pioneer AppreciativeInquiry and directed the first Masters Program inPositive Organization Development and Change whichis now expanding to an offering in India.Contact: ronald.fry@case.eduZeb O. Waturuocha, PhDis the founder and principal consultant for auiConsultants (The Human Process People) and auiLearning Network. Zeb uses AI approaches andconcepts to enable organisational change, enhanceorganisational leadership and team effectiveness. Zebhas authored a book and various articles on strengthsbased positive change and development.Contact: zebwats@gmail.comAbout the February 2013 IssueAI and India: A Generative Connection betweenAncient Wisdom and Today’s Endeavors in the FieldThe Feb 2013 issue ofAI Practitioner seeks tohonour and strengthen AI’sgenerative connection withIndia by uncovering AI as it isemerging in India, along withsome powerful Indian storiesthat have the potential toinspire strengths-baseddevelopmental work on aworld-wide basis. ‘Namaste’,the traditional Indiangreeting, implies ‘bowingto the divine in you’. Thisis ‘appreciation’ at work simple yet profound.asato ma sadgamayaLead me from the untruth to the truth.tamaso ma jyotirgamayaLead me from darkness to light.mrtyorma amrtam gamayaLead me from death to immortality.(Brhadaranyaka Upanishad — I.iii.28)February 2013 will bring to you a special issue of AI Practitioner, bringing to thefore the generative connection between Appreciative Inquiry and India.The legendary seeker and mystic poet Sant Kabir Das highlighted the essenceof the Constructionist principle 500 years ago through his profoundly simplemetaphor of ‘shabad’ (the word):Shabd shabd sab koi kahe, shabd ke hath na paanvEk shabd aushadhi kare, ek shabd kar ghaav“Everybody talks about the word, but no one
Embracing the Shadow Appreciative Reframing of the Shadow Experience A Social Movement’s Council Practice Addresses its Shadow using AI The Wholeness Principle and Stories of Diversity and Inclusion Appreciatively Embracing the Shadow in Training and Supervision The Power of Yes Within t
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