Water Quality Assessment For Drinking And Irrigation .
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 2576-2589International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied SciencesISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 4 (2020)Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.comOriginal Research 9Water Quality Assessment for Drinking and Irrigation Purpose of RewaBlock, District-Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, IndiaSatish Kumar Singh1*, S. K. Tripathi2, K. P. Mishra1, A. K. Pandya1 and M. K. Awasthi31Faculty of Engineering and technology, MGCGVV, Chitrakoot Satna (MP), India2Department of Science, MGCGVV, Chitrakoot Satna (MP), India3Department of Soil and Water Engineering, CAE, JNKVV Jabalpur (MP), India*Corresponding authorABSTRACTKeywordsGroundwaterQuality, Rewablock, Rewa,Madhya Pradesh,IndiaArticle InfoAccepted:22 March 2020Available Online:10 April 2020This study, deals with groundwater quality for Drinking and Irrigation purpose of Rewa Block,Ditrict-Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India. Study area covers an area of 704.17 km2 and lies between81 06’00” and 81 30’00” E longitudes and 24 18’00” and 24 42’00” N latitudes. Geologically, thearea is occupied by sandstone and shale of Rewa Group belonging to Vindhyan super-group. Thegroundwater occurs in semi-confined to confined condition. A total number of fifty ground watersamples were collected in pre and post-monsoon seasons of 2018-19 from different locations of thestudy area and analyzed for comically analysis for various water quality parameters such as PH,electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl),carbonate, bicarbonate, sodium (Na), Potassium (K) and calcium with magnesium (Ca Mg). Oncomparing the results against water quality standards laid by World Health Organization (WHO) andBIS. It is observed that some parameters exceed the standard limits. The ground water is hard to veryhard in nature. The overall study reveals that water concentration of various cations and anionssuggest that the groundwater of the area is partially suitable for drinking purpose. To overallirrigation water quality of the samples collected, some computed water quality parameters have beenconsidered. The analysis of various parameters like EC, sodium percentage, integrated sodiumadsorption ratio (SAR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Permeability Index (PI) and ResidualSodium Carbonate (RSC) suggest that ground water of the area is suitable for irrigation purpose.IntroductionGround water has been used as major sourcesof drinking water in both rural and urbanareas in the world. In India alone, nearly 80%of the rural population depends on untreatedground water. The quality of ground water inthe various part of our country has beenstudied by various workers. Polluted water isresponsible for spread of various water bornediseases. Therefore in present study anattempt has been made to evaluate thephysiochemical characteristics of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purpose ofRewa block, Rewa district Madhya Pradesh,India.Fresh water is the most precious material forsurvival on earth, not only human life but alsofor flora and fauna. Groundwater quality is2576
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 2576-2589one of the most important aspects in waterresource studies (Ackah et al., 2011; Sayyedand Wagh, 2011). It is largely controlled bydischarge recharge, nature of the host andassociated rocks as well as contaminatedactivities (Raghunath, 1987; Sayyed andSayadi, 2011; zhang et al., 2011). Only 2 to3% total water on earth is fresh water. Waterpollution is classified into four classeslikewise-physical, chemical, biological andphysiological pollution of water. Physicalwater pollution brings about changes in waterwith regard to its color, density, test, turbidityand thermal properties etc. the chemicalpollution of water causes changes in acidityand alkalinity/pH. Biological pollution iscaused by bacteria, alge, virus, protozoa etc.physiological pollution of water by caused byseveral chemical agents such as chlorine,sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide ketones,phenols amines etc. according to WHOorganization, about 80% of all the disease inhuman.The quality of groundwater is affected bymany factors such as physic-chemicalcharacteristics of soil, weathering of rocks,and rainfall etc. (Pureshotham et al., 2011).Groundwater quality assessment of differentquality parameters has been carried out byvarious researches (Hegde, 2006; Pandian andShankar, 2007; Popleare and Dewalkar, 2007;Mishra, 2010). The groundwater qualityassessment for drinking and irrigation purposein the Vindhyan region has carried out by fewresearchers (Tiwari et al., 2009, 2010; Mishraet al., 2012).About study areaStudy area covers an area of 704.17 km2 andlies between 81 06’00” and 81 30’00” Elongitudes and 24 18’00” and 24 42’00” Nlatitudes. Geologically, the area is occupiedby sandstone and shale of Rewa Groupbelonging to Vindhyan super-group. Thegroundwater occurs in semi-confined toconfined condition. A total number of fiftyground water samples were collected in thestudy area. Location map of the study area isshown in Figure 1; The Rewa block isbounded on the north by Semaria block andRaipur Krachulian block, on the east andsoutheast by Sidhi district, and on the westby Satna district.Materials and MethodsGround water samples were collected fromhand pups/dug well and surface water(River/pond) of the different locations of thestudy area during pre and post monsoonseasons of year 2018. The sample wascollected in plastic bottles of 500 ml capacity.The sampling bottles were thoroughly washedwith 1:1 Nitric acid (HNO3) and then cleanedand rinsed with distilled water. At thesampling site bottles were rinsed two to threetimes with water samples to be examinedfinally filling with it (Sankar Prashad Mishra,2016). During sampling from a hand pumpthe water was pumped to waste for about fourto five minutes and then sample was collecteddirectly from a hand pump. The entiresamples were collected from ten to fifty meterdepth and lifted water through hand pump.All samples were labelled and write the GPSlocation latitude and longitude also mansion.Samples store were brought to laboratory andrefrigerated at 4ºC. The physicochemicalanalysis was done using procedure ofstandard methods. The methods used fordetermination of various physicochemicalparameters are given Table 1.Quality of groundwater for irrigationThe suitability of groundwater for irrigation isdetermined on the basis of physical, chemicaland bacteriological characteristics (Table 2).The criteria for suitability of groundwater for2577
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 2576-2589irrigation are based on Total Dissolved Solids(TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), SodiumSaltsandbicarbonateconcentration(Richards, 1954; Todd, 1980; Eatson, 1950;Davis and Dewiest, 1966; Singh, 2002).To assess the overall irrigational water qualityof the samples collected, five to six computedwater quality parameters have beenconsidered; namely – Sodium AdsorptionRatio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate(RSC), Permeability Index (P.I.), SolubleSodium Percentage (SSP),MagnesiumAdsorption Ratio (MAR) and Kelly’s Ratio.Electrical conductivityElectrical conductivity is a function oftemperature, type and concentration ofvarious ions. Classification of irrigation waterbased on electrical conductivity is presentedin Table 3. A solution offers some resistanceto the passage of electric current through itdepending on the concentration and type ofions present. Higher the salt contents lesserthe resistance to the flow of current. Theresistance(R) is defined by Ohm’s law as theration of electrical potential in volt (E) andstrength of current in ampere (I).Electrical conductivity of conductance is thereciprocal of resistance.1/R 1/ohm mhos (reverse of ohm) (atpresent mmhos/cm is expressed in terms ofdS/m).SodiumIf the proportion of sodium is high ingroundwater for irrigation purpose, it candestroy soil structure (Table 4). A simplemethod for evaluating the changes of high-sodium is the Sodium Adsorption Ratio(SAR) and the sodium percentage (solublesodium percentage, SSP) is calculated asfollows:Residual sodium carbonate (RSC)Irrigation water with high RSC8,9 isconsidered to be deleterious to the physicalproperties of the soil. More RSC may reducepermeability of soils and tendency of fixingthe sodium in soils (Table 4). The residualsodium carbonate is calculated using thefollowing equation:RSC (meq/l) (HCO3Mg )– CO 3-) – (Ca Permeability index (PI)Another modified criterion has evolved basedon the solubility of salts and the reactionoccurring in the soil solution from cautionexchange for estimating the quality ofagricultural waters (Gupta SK, Gupta, IC,1987). Soil permeability is affected by longterm use of irrigation water and is influencedby - (a) Total dissolved solids, (b) sodiumcontents, (c) bicarbonate content.To incorporate the first three items Doreenhad empirically developed a term called,'Permeability Index' after conducting a seriesof experiments for which he had used a largenumber of irrigation waters varying in ionicrelationships and concentration (Doneen,1964). PI is classified under Class I ( 75%permeability), Class II (25-75% permeability)and Class III ( 75% permeability) orders.2578
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 2576-2589The permeability index is given by thefollowing formula:Results and DiscussionWater quality for irrigation purposesWhere, the ions are expressed in meq/l.Soluble sodium percentage (SSP)High sodium ion concentration in soil cantake a toll on internal drainage patterns in soilas release of calcium and magnesium ions arefacilitated due to absorption of sodium byclay particles. SSP categorizes water into twobroad classes – water having SSP 200 isconsidered suitable for irrigation whereaswater with SSP 200 is considered unsuitablefor irrigation water. Soluble sodiumpercentage (SSP) was calculated using thefollowing equation:Where, concentrations of all ions have beenexpressed in meq/l.Kelly’s ratio (KR)Kelly’s Ratio was devised by Kelly and ismeasuredconsideringsodiumionconcentration against calcium and magnesiumion concentrations (Kelly WP 1940). Waterswith a KI value 1 is considered suitable forirrigation, while those with greater ratios arerendered unsuitable. Kelly’s Ratio iscalculated using the formula:Where, concentrations of all ions have beenexpressed in meq/l.To assess the overall irrigational water qualityof the samples collected, six computed waterquality parameters have been considered;namely- Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR),SolubleSodiumPercentage(SSP),Permeability Index (PI), Residual SodiumCarbonate (RSC), Kelly’s Ratio andMagnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR).Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)Sodium adsorption ratio is a measure of thesodality of the soil determined throughquantitative chemical analysis of water incontact with it. An excess of HCO3 and CO3- ions in water react with Na in soil, resultingin a sodium hazard. SAR values are plottedagainst EC values over the salinity diagram tocategorize analyzed water samples accordingto their irrigational suitable quotient. In thepresent study the SAR values range from 0.3to 7.7me/l in pre-monsoon and 0.3 to 2.8 me/lin post-monsoon. Based on the SAR valuesall samples have low sodium hazard and onplotting the salinity diagram (Fig. 2), thewater sample fall in the C2-S1 and C3S1classes in pre-monsoon and C2-S1 and C3S1 classes in post-monsoon, and hence can beconsidered moderately and highly suitable forirrigation.Soluble sodium percentage (SSP)High sodium ion concentration in soil cantake a toll on internal drainage patterns in soilas release of calcium and magnesium ions arefacilitated due to absorption of sodium byclay particles. The SSP values range from 4.8to 79.6 me/l in pre-monsoon and 7.5 to 44.4me/l during post-monsoon. Fig. 3, present thespatial distribution maps of SSP for pre-monsoonand pre-monsoon sessions respectively.2579
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 2576-2589The SSP values and EC values have beenplotted on the Wilcox diagram (Wilcox L.V.1955) and found to fall under the 80% samplevery good to good, 33% good to permissible,6% doubtful to unsuitable and 2% sampleunsuitable water quality in pre-monsoonsimilarly 52% sample very good to good,39% good to permissible and 6%, 2% sampledoubtful to unsuitable and unsuitable waterquality respectively in post-monsoon.Permeability index (PI)Another modified criterion has evolved basedon the solubility of salts and the reactionoccurring in the soil solution from cationexchange for estimating the quality ofagricultural waters (Gupta S.K. 1987). Soilpermeability is affected by ling-term use ofirrigation water and is influenced by (a) Totaldissolved solids, (b) sodium contents, (c)bicarbonate content. To incorporate the firstthree items. Doneen had empiricallydeveloped a term called, Permeability Indexafter conducting a series of experiments forwhich he had used a large number ofirrigation waters varying in ionic relationshipsand concentration (Doneen, 1964). Thepermeability index varies from 8.44 to99.89me/l in pre-monsoon and from 10.25 it59.77 me/l in post-monsoon season. Doneen’schart for pre and post-monsoon sessions havebeen presented in Fig. 4.PI is classified under Class-I ( 75%permeability), Class-II (25-75% permeability)and Class-III ( 75% permeability) orders.Class-I and Class-II waters are categorized asgood for irrigation and Class-III waters areunsuitable with25% of maximumpermeability.Residual sodium carbonate (RSC)The residual sodium carbonate index of wateror soil signifies the alkalinity hazard posed byit and it finds the suitability of water forirrigation in case of clay soil. Residualsodium carbonate values should be preferably 1.25 to be rendered suitable for irrigationalpurposes and hence in the present study whereRSC values variation range between -22.2 to9.0 in pre-monsoon and -25.2 to 1.48 in postmonsoon season. More than 93% to 100% ofthe excellent water samples have RSC 2.5(Fig. 5); it can be concluded that water in thisarea poses a suitable irrigation water 93%sample in pre-monsoon period. In the Postmonsoon period though 100% sample of RSCvalues fall in the safe and excellent category,indicating localized hazard (Table 5).Kelly’s ratioKelly’s Ratio was devised by Kelly and ismeasuredconsideringsodiumionconcentration against calcium and magnesiumion concentrations. Water with a KI value 1are considered suitable for irrigation, whilethose with greater ratios are renderedunsuitable.During pre-monsoon KR values vary between0.16 to 8.44 me/l, and post-monsoon andvalues vary between 0.24 to 1.72 me/l.according to Kelly’s ratio water analyzed issuitable for irrigation during pre-monsoonseason of 80% sample and 78% sample inpost-monsoon season.Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR)MAR categorized water into two broadclasses – water having MAR 50 isconsidered suitable for irrigation whereaswater with MAR 50 is consideredunsuitable. Because MAR values should bepreferably greater than 50 to be renderedunsuitable for irrigational purpose and hencein the present study where MAR values rangevary between 51.33 to 93.28 me/l in premonsoon and 74.92 to 92.78 me/l in post-2580
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 2576-2589monsoon season. The MAR based on which itcan be concluded that almost water samplesare unsuitable classes for irrigation duringboth periods.gypsum ground water and mine drainage ofpre and post monsoon season.Water quality for drinking purposesWater quality index values depicted throughthe weighted arithmetic water quality indexmethod were shown in Table 6 indicatesrange of WQI values according to which thefive classes in pre and post monsoon. The piecharts presented in Fig. 7-a, and 7-b depictionclearly explains that the pre and post monsoonvalues are much suitable for drinking purposein most of the station where water samples arecollected. Whereas in very small sampleshows that not suitability for drinkingaccording to the Table 6. The pollution beforepost monsoon is more than that of premonsoon in current study.In the large and specially semi urban or ruralparts of our country groundwater sources inform of fug wells of bore wells are the onlysource of drinking water standard, the totalHardness of samples have been measured andthe use of Hydro geochemical facies (Piperdiagram) and Water Quality Index have beenmake.Hydrogeochemical faciesA Piper Trilinear diagram is a graphicalrepresentation classifying water based on thedominant presence of cations and anions andhas widespread use to assess the water type.Piper diagram can predict the water type inthree ways- fresh type, sulfate type and salinetype.In Figure 6-a, and 6-b it can be seen the watersamples fall under CaHCO3 or the bicarbonate type during post-monsoon whereasduring pre-monsoon groundwater in certainlocations falls under the Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 typesas well. Samples in the top quadrant arecalcium sulphate waters, which are typical ofWater quality index (WQI)Gibb’s diagramThe Gibb’s Diagram is prepared using TDS,Na , K , Ca , Cl-, SO4- and CHO3concentrationsingroundwater.Thepredominant samples fall in the rock–waterinteraction dominance and evaporationdominance field of the Gibbs diagram (Fig. 8a and 8-b). From these diagrams it can beinterpreted that during both samplingsessions’ rock- water interaction processescontrol the levels of all chemical constituentsin groundwater of study area.Table.1 Methods used for analysis of water quality parametersS. No.1234567ParametersMethodspHElectrical ConductivityTotal Hardnesstotal Dissolved SolidChlorideCalcium and MagnesiumSodium, Calcium and Potassium2581pH meterConductivity meterEDTA titration methodWater quality analyser instrumentArgentometric titration methodTitration methodFlame photometer
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 2576-2589Table.2 Standards of water quality by WHO and BIS for drinking purposeS.No.Water qualityparameters123456789101112pHECTH (mg/l)TDS (mg/l)Ca (mg/l)Mg (mg/l)Na (mg/l)K (mg/l)Cl (mg/l)SO4 (mg/l)F (mg/l)lTurbidity (NTU)WHO 100020010020010004001.55Table.3 Calcification of irrigation water based on electrical conductivityS. No.Type of waterClassification12345Low SodiumMediumSalineHighly SalineVery Highly ectricalConductivity (µ/cm)100-250250-750750-20002000-3000 3000Table.4 Classification of water based on Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)S. No.1234Type of waterLow SodiumMediumHighly SalineVery Highly eSAR Value 1010 - 1818 - 26 26Table.5 Calcification of water based in Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC)S. No.ClassRSC1Excellent 1.252Good1.25 - 2.253Unsuitable 2.52582
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 2576-2589Table.6 Classification of samples according to standards specified for water quality indexParameterRangeClassSAR 2020-4040-6060-80 80 250250-750750-20002000-3000 3000 7575-150150-300 GoodPermissibleDoubtfulUnsafeSoftModerateHardVery Hard oodModeratePoorExcellentGoodPoorVery PoorUnfit forDrinkingEC WHO(2008)TH(Sawyer&McCarty,1967)RSCMARSSPKRPIWQI 2.50 50 50200 200 1.0 1.0 8080-100100-1200-2525-5050-7575-100 100No. of SamplePrePostmonsoon monsoon464600000000321411252933111043653538% of SamplePrePostmonsoon 972Note: SAR Sodium Adsorption Ratio, SSP Soluble Sodium Percentage, PI Permeability Index RSC Residual Sodium Carbonate, KR Kelly’s Ratio, All values meq/l.2583
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Sep 04, 2020 · Water Quality Assessment for Drinking and Irrigation Purpose of Rewa Block, District-Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India Satish Kumar Singh1*, S. K. Tripathi2, K. P. Mishra1, A. K. Pandya1 and M. K. Awasthi3 1Faculty of Engineering and technology, MGCGVV, Chitrakoot Satna (MP), India 2De
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