Produced With The Financial Support Of Norad/Sida And
Produced with the financial support of Norad/Sida and Danida.The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, donot imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation ofits frontiers or boundaries.Published by:MFF PakistanCopyright: 2016 MFF, Mangroves for the Future, Pakistan.Citation is encouraged. Reproduction and/or translation of this publication for educational orother non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from MFFPakistan, provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resaleor other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from MFF Pakistan.Citation:MFF Pakistan (2016). A Handbook on Pakistan’s Coastal and Marine Resources.MFF Pakistan, Pakistan. 78 pp.AcknowledgementsIUCN Pakistan acknowledges the technical input and support provided for compilation of thishandbook including Syed Mahmood Nasir and Mr. Abdul Munaf Qaimkhani (Ministry ofClimate); Mr. Mahmood Akhtar Cheema, Mr. Nadeem Mirbahar and Ms. Saveeta Khiani (IUCNPakistan ); Mr. Riaz Ahmed Wagan and Mr. Agha Tahir Hussain (Sindh Forest Department);Mr. Fayyaz Rasool (Karachi Port Trust); Mr. Muhammad Moazzam Khan (WWF Pakistan); andother independent experts/environmentalists including Dr. Rahat Najam, Dr. Dur MuhammadPathan, Dr. G.R. Keerio, Ms. Mussart Naheed, Syed Nadeem Arif, Dr. Syed Ali Ghalib,Dr. Shahid Amjad, Dr. Najam, Khurshid, Mr. Fahad Saeed Memon, Mr. Zahid Siddiqui andAmber Ajani.Compilation:Shamsul Haq Memon and Ghulam Qadir ShahEditor:Mahvash Haider Ali and Ruxshin Cyrus DinshawISBN:978-969-643-019-3Design:Azhar Saeed, IUCN PakistanCover Photograph:IUCN PakistanPrinted by:Daccan Printers (Pvt) Ltd.Available from:IUCN PakistanCountry Office1 Bath Island, Road,Karachi 75530, Pakistan.Tel: 92 (21) 35861540/41/42Fax: 92 (21) 35861448www.mangrovesforthefuture.org
C o n tentsAbbreviations31Coastal Zone of Pakistan61.1Coastline of Pakistan71.2Sindh Coast71.3Balochistan Coast82345Sea Ports in Pakistan102.1Karachi Port112.2Port Qasim112.3Gwadar Port12Important Features of Pakistan’s Coast143.1Indus Delta153.2Rann of Kutch153.3Sea Turtle Nesting Beaches163.4Gwatar Bay173.5Coastal and Marine Islands173.6Sites of Ecological Significance/Protected Areas193.7Sites of Archaeological Significance203.8Urban and Industrial Development203.9Coastal Agriculture213.10Coastal Tourism and Recreation21Mangrove Forests224.1What are Mangroves?234.2How Do Mangroves Survive?234.3Mangroves in Pakistan244.4Status and Management of Mangroves in Pakistan254.5Factors Responsible for Degradation of Mangrove Ecosystem in Pakistan264.6Conservation and Rehabilitation of Mangroves284.7Techniques for Restoration of Mangroves29Marine Life of Pakistan305.1Cetaceans (Whales, Dolphins, Porpoises)315.2Sea Turtles325.3Corals345.4Corals in Pakistan375.5Seaweeds385.5Conservation Actions to Protect Marine Life in Pakistan39
6Marine Fisheries426.1Introduction436.2Exclusive Economic Zone of Pakistan (EEZ)436.3Fishing Areas436.4Fishing Seasons446.5Fishing Techniques446.6Fish Species456.7Types of Fishing456.8Fish Marketing456.9Fish Processing466.10Fishing Vessels476.11Fish Harbours486.12Fish Landing Jetties496.13Factors Responsible for Degradation of Fisheries and other MarineResources in Pakistan6.14in Pakistan78950Measures for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management53Climate Change and its Impacts567.1What is Climate Change?577.2Greenhouse Effect577.3Climate Change Consequences for Coastal Areas in Pakistan59Coastal Erosion and Accretion608.1Factors leading to Coastal Erosion618.2Main Hotspots of Coastal Erosion in Pakistan628.3Management of Coastal Erosion638.4Hard Engineering Techniques648.5Soft Engineering Techniques65Coastal Pollution689.1Air Pollution699.2Land Pollution699.3Water Pollution699.4Noise Pollution709.5Radioactive Pollution709.6Sources of Coastal and Marine Pollution in Pakistan709.7Consequences of Coastal and Marine Pollution719.8Coastal Pollution Management7310 Integrated Coastal Management74
Abbr evi Ati onsCBDConvention on Biological DiversityCFCsChlorofluorocarbonsCITESConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Faunaand FloraCO2Carbon dioxidedBDecibelsEEZExclusive Economic ZoneESBNEstuarine Set Bag NetGHGsGreenhouse GasesIPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIUCNInternational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural ResourcesLBODLeft Bank Outfall DrainKPTKarachi Port TrustMAFMillion Acre FeetMGDMillion Gallons per DayMPAMarine Protected AreaMSCMaritime Stewardship CouncilNGONon Governmental OrganizationNMNautical MilePEPAPakistan Environmental Protection ActPQAPort Qasim AuthorityPSMPakistan Steel MillsSIDASindh Irrigation and Drainage AuthorityTEDTurtle Excluder DeviceWWFWorld Wide Fund for Nature-Pakistan3
Q IUCN PakistanPr eFAC e4
Pakistan is endowed with diversified natural capital spanning from a long coast tothe second highest mountain peak (K2) of the world. The 990 kilometers longcoastline, shared by the coastal provinces of Sindh and Balochistan, leads onto themaritime zones of Pakistan. These extend up to 350 nautical miles. Firstly there arethe offshore territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles (22.22 kilometers), then the areabetween 12 and 20 nautical miles acts as the buffer zone; finally, the area beyondthe 20 nautical mile line up to 200 nautical miles is regarded as the exclusiveeconomic zone (EEZ) which covers an area of about 240,000 km2 of the ArabianSea. More recently the EEZ has been further extended by about 50,000 km2through the recognition of Pakistan’s continental shelf claim under article 76 ofUNCLOS (UN Conference on the Laws of the Seas).The coastal and marine resources constitute an integral part of Pakistan’s economy,also acting as the country’s strategic gateway. Three operational seaports and majorurban and industrial centers located along the coast are hubs for economicdevelopment and exhibit a great potential for emerging economic developmentopportunities such as, China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).Mangroves and coastal and marine fish stocks are the principal living naturalresources in Pakistan’s coastal zone together with small patches of coral reef, seaturtles, dolphins and porpoises, and a rich bird fauna, especially of migratoryspecies. Small-scale fishing in the mangrove wetlands is a vital subsistence activityfor coastal households in Sindh and Balochistan provinces. However, variouspressures resulting from urban and industrial development like overfishing,deforestation of mangroves, dredging, land reclamation, and pollution from disposalof solid waste and sewage are the widespread concerns along the coast. Thecoastal areas are also highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.The Handbook on Pakistan’s Coastal and Marine Resources developed with supportfrom Mangroves for the Future Programme gives an overview of the coastal andmarine areas of Pakistan with specific focus on ecosystems, biodiversity resourcesand key issues facing sustainable management. It also highlights the various currentand future actions and approaches that contribute to the sustainable managementof the coastal and marine resources of Pakistan.I am confident that the Handbook will promote a better understanding of variousenvironmental concepts related to coastal marine areas of Pakistan. Many of theenvironmental concepts presented are part of the syllabi of the secondary andtertiary level academic institutions in Pakistan. Hence, this Handbook will be a usefulknowledge resource and reference guide on environmental concepts, especially inthe context of Pakistan, for a wide range of audience including resource managers,researchers, teachers, students, media persons and, of course, the general public.I admire efforts of the authors of this handbook which is a useful addition to theknowledge resource on coastal and marine resources of Pakistan.Syed Abu Ahmed AkifSecretary, Ministry of Climate Change/Chair National Coordinating Body, MFF Pakistan5
Q IUCN Pakistan1 . C o AstAl Zoneo F PAki stAn6
1.1 Coastline of PakistanPakistan’s coastline is about 990 km long, bifurcated in two parts, Sindh Coast(270 km) and Makran Coast (720 km). The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) ofPakistan covers an area of about 240,000 sq. km. The maritime zone of Pakistan,including the continental shelf, extends up to 350 nautical miles from the coastline.The shelf of the coast is dominated by the Indus (a major river of Pakistan) canyon inthe coast. The continental shelf varies in size distinctly along the Sindh and theBalochistan provincial coasts. The seaward coastal zone up to 12 nautical miles(NM) from the coastline is basically within the jurisdiction of the two provinces(Sindh & Balochistan). The coastal zone beyond the 12 NM up to 24 NM is thecontiguous zone and beyond the 12 NM up to 200 NM is under the jurisdiction ofthe federal government.Geographically, the coast of Pakistan can be divided into five parts, startingfrom the Iran border at Gwatar Bay in the West up to the Indian border at Sir Creekin the East:l Gwadar Coastl Lasbela Coastl Karachi Coastl Thatta Coast from Korangi Creek up to Indian border at Sir Creekl Rann of Kutch from Badin to Tharparkar Districts1.2 Sindh CoastThe Sindh coastal region is located in the South-Eastern part of the country betweenthe Indian border along Sir Creek on the east to Hub River along the Balochistancoast on the west. The Sindh Coast can further be sub-divided into two parts, theIndus Delta Creek system and the Karachi Coast. The Indus Delta (approx. 1000 sq.miles) is the most prominent ecological feature of the Sindh Coast (covers 85% ofthe coastal belt in Sindh) the coastal morphology of which is characterized by anetwork of tidal creeks and mudflats occupied by mangrove vegetation.The Indus Delta starts from Korangi Creek and extends to Sir Creek. The areacovered by the Indus Delta is more than 600,000 hectares of tidal land and mudflats, most of which are inundated during flood tides. There are seventeen majorcreeks in the Indus Delta dominated by one of the largest arid mangrove forests inthe world. Mangroves are used as fuel and fodder for livestock and camels. Thesemangrove forests are divided into two main blocks, the Keti Bundar block and theShah Bundar block. Beyond the Shah Bundar block of the Thatta District there is anarrow belt of the Rann of Kutch which has important wetlands.The Karachi Coast constitutes a coastal belt of about 100 km in length situatedbetween the Gharo Creek and Hub River on the west. The Karachi Coast starts fromHub River out fall in the Arabian Sea and the open sea coastline of Karachi ends atKorangi Creek. Further along Korangi-Phitti and Gharo Creeks, it ends at the GhagarNala outfall into Gharo Creek. There are three main islands, i) Churna, which is7
located about a kilometer beyond Hub River outfall, ii) Shams Pir, in the westernback waters behind Sandspit, and iii) Bundal Island located not far from Sea Viewbeach. The western backwaters and the eastern backwaters (the Chinna Creek) ofthe Karachi Port house mangrove forests. Situated along the Karachi Coast are twoports, a nuclear power plant, two fish harbours, two industrial estates and the SteelMill. Beaches of touristic importance are at Hawkes Bay, Sandspit, Manora, Cliftonand Sea View.1.3 Balochistan CoastThe Balochistan coast extends from the mouth of the Hub River in the east to themiddle of the Gwatar Bay (bordering Iran) in the west and stretches over a distanceof about 770 km. The Balochistan coast can also be sub-divided into the Lasbelaand the Gwadar (districts of Balochistan province) coasts. The Balochistan Coasthas many bays which include Gwatar Bay, Gwadar West and East Bays, Pasni Bayand Sonmiani Bay having Miani Hor as its back water lagoon. The Balochistan coastis hyper-arid to arid (sub) tropical and includes piedmont plains and low hill ranges.Locally, small tidal mangrove forests, both natural and artificial, are present on themouth of seasonal rivers draining in the Arabian Sea. About 20 nautical miles fromPasni in the sea is an uninhabited island, Astola.8
Geologically, the Balochistan Coast is bound by the Makran Coast range from westto east up to Hala range. The Lasbela Coast boundary in the north is the southernfoothills of the Hala range. Tectonically, the Makran coastal area is very active withnumerous active fault lines running along the Makran Coast.9
2 . seA Po rtsi n PAki stAn10
A port is a location on the coast or shore containing one or more harbours whereships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land. Port locations areselected to optimize access to land and navigable water for commercial needs andfor shelter from wind and waves. Pakistan, since its independence, inherited oneport i.e. Karachi Port which was developed by the British regime in 1886. Later on,two other major ports i.e. Bin Qasim Port and Gwadar Port were established alongthe coastline of Pakistan.2.1 Karachi PortThe Port of Karachi is one of South Asia's largest and busiest deep-water seaports,handling about 70% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per annum) located inKarachi, Pakistan. The geographic position of the port places it in close proximity tomajor shipping routes such as the Strait of Hormuz. The administration of the port iscarried out by the Karachi Port Trust (KPT).The Karachi Port is a premier port of Pakistan. The port comprises a deep naturalharbour with an 11 kilometer long approach channel which provides safe navigationfor vessels up to 75,000 tones dead weight (DWT). The port has 30 dry cargo berthsincluding three container terminals and three liquid cargo handling berths. The mainareas of port activity are two wharves; East Wharf with seventeen vessel berthsand West Wharf with thirteen vessel berths. The maximum depth alongside theberths at the East Wharf is 13 meters and at the West Wharf it is 11.3 meters. TheKarachi Port handles about 14 million tons of liquid cargo and 12 million tons of drygeneral cargo.The flow of cargo to and from the port is hampered by severe congestion in theharbour with several other maritime facilities located close to the port. The WestWharf also hosts a ship repair facility and a shipyard and naval dockyard. To thesouth of the port are the Karachi Naval Base and the Karachi Boat Club. Adjacent tothe West Wharf is the Karachi Fishing Harbour, which is administered separatelyfrom the port and is the base for a fleet of several thousand fishing vessels.2.2 Port QasimThe Port Muhammad Bin Qasim, also known as Port Qasim, is a deep-water seaportin Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, on the coastline of the Arabian Sea. This port has beennamed after the Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim who conquered DaybulBundar along the coastal areas of Sindh around 712 AD. It is located in an oldchannel of the Indus River at a distance of 35 kilometers east of Karachi city center.It is Pakistan's second busiest port, handling about 35% of the nation's cargo(17 million tons per annum). Port Qasim and Karachi Port handle more than 90% ofall external trade of Pakistan.The Port Qasim covers a total area of 12,000 acres (49 km2) wherein many industrialzones operate. In addition to the Pakistan Steel Mills (PSM) and K-Electric (formerly11
KESC) Bin Qasim Power Plant, around 80% of the Pakistan's automotive industry islocated at Port Qasim. The port also provides direct waterfront access to two majornearby industrial areas, Export Processing Zone (Landhi) and Korangi IndustrialArea. Port Qasim is managed by Port Qasim Authority, a semi-autonomousgovernment body.The approach to the port is along a 45-kilometer long navigation channel whichprovides safe navigation for vessels up to 75,000 tones dead weight (DWT).Port Qasim is connected to the national highway through a 15 km long highway andthrough a 14 kilometer railway track to the national railway network.2.3 Gwadar PortGwadar Deep Water Port has been constructed as the third port of Pakistan.Situated on the Balochistan coast, it is about 460 km away from Karachi and 120km from the Iranian border. Because of its ideal location at the mouth of the gulf andopposite strategic choke points of the Strait of Hormuz and Gulf of Oman, the portis visualized to become a regional hub serving incoming and outgoing commercialtraffic of the Middle East and Gulf countries. Keeping in view the significance ofGwadar Port, the government has declared Gwadar as a Duty Free Port and FreeEconomic Zone.Q IUCN Pakistan
13
Q IUCN Pakistan3 . i m Po rtAn t F eAtur eso F PAki stAn’s C o Ast14
3.1 Indus DeltaThe Indus Delta is animportant landmark ofPakistan’s coastlineextending up to 150 kmalong the Arabian Sea. Thedelta consists of severalmajor and minor creeksformed by the River Indusbefore discharging into theArabian Sea. The delta is afan-shaped deltaconsisting of creeks,estuaries, mud flats, sanddunes, mangrove habitat, marshes and sea bays. The Indus Delta is the sixth largestdelta in the world. It is spread over about 600,000 hectares from Korangi Creekbordering the city of Karachi to Sir Creek along the Indian border in the east. TheIndus Delta comprises of 17 major creeks and numerous minor creeks and anextensive area of mud flats occupied by mangrove forests. The delta receivesfreshwater from the Indus River that flows through the delta before reaching theArabian Sea.In the recent past, a Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD) has been constructed on thearea located on the left bank of the Indus with the primary aim of reclaiming theagricultural lands by lowering the water table thereby reducing the salinity from thearable lands. The drain was designed to address the problem of waterlogging andsalinity by providing a comprehensive system of surface and sub-surface drainagethrough a network of lateral and spinal drains to transport excess salts and drainageeffluents to the coastal zone near the Indian border. This saline effluent, havingsalinity as high as 30 millisiemens per centimeter, was continuously discharged intothe Indus Delta.3.2 Rann of KutchThe Rann of Kutch and itsadjoining tidal mudflatsarea is part of the greatThar Desert. The Tharregion forms a biggerdesert, representing theeastern most link of thegreat Afro-Asian desertchain stretching eastwardfrom the Sahara. TheRann of Kutch is spread15
over an area of 566,375 ha and is an ideal habitat for a number of wild animals andbirds of global significance. The Rann of Kutch was declared a wildlife sanctuary in1980, and is located in the central south-east of the Sindh province. This areaconsists of old stabilized sand dunes that run parallel in south-west to north-eastdirection with broad inter-dunal valleys between the dune tops. The marshy stretchor tidal mudflat area in its southern end is the most attractive feature of the projectarea. The Rann was created as a delta of the Hakra River that flows along theeastern boundary of Sindh.The Rann of Kutch comprises fixed sand dunes of which some are more than 170meters in height with extensive inter dune valleys with alluvial soils. The Pakistanside portion of Rann of Kutch is a desert area with barren land covered withscattered grasses. The area has three distinct habitats, a sand-dune strip, theKaroonnjhar hill range and the coastal saline marshy zone.A large portion of the Rann of Kutch lies in India, which includes permanent salinemarshes, coastal brackish lagoons, tidal mudflats and estuarine habitats. It is suppliedwater from the rain-fed rivulets and streams flowing in from both Pakistan and India.The climatic conditions over the year are semi-arid tropical with very littleprecipitation measuring less than 300 mm. The summers are usually very warm withtemperatures ri
8.2 Main Hotspots of Coastal Erosion in Pakistan 62 8.3 Management of Coastal Erosion 63 8.4 Hard Engineering Techniques 64 8.5 Soft Engineering Techniques 65 9 Coastal Pollution 68 9.1 Air Pollution 69 9.2 Land Pollution 69 9.3 Water Pollution 69 9.4 Noise Pollution 70 9.5 Radioactive Pollut
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
