On The Desktop
On the Desktop.Given that I haven't left myself too muchroom to recognize those individuals whohave made my job as Publications Directorrun smoothly, I had better get to the point. Iwould like to thank the membership ofAAASP who elected me, as well as all theEB members with whom I served with overmy three year appointment. It has been awonderful learning experience for me.-My Associate Editors, Drs. Brustad,Kelley, and Whelan made my job easy.Thanks! The Technical Editors who madethe day-to-day activities to generate the'Newsletters easier deserve recognition:Beth Stark, Arianne Poindexter, and EricShankel. Finally, two graduate students whokept me under control when it wasnewsletter time--Stephen Dorigan andKevin Stefanek--Thanks! Also, mydepartment was supportive of my positionwithAAASP.Although this position is demanding, attimes, the opportunity to serve AAASP hasbeen a worthwhile experience. It was greatbeing on the "cutting edge" of sportpsychology as as profession. Membersshould get involved with this organizationat any level they can.In closing, I hope my staff and I providedyou--the membership--with informativetopics and, at times, controversial issues.Look forward to serving you and theorganization in the future!1994 AAASP StructureABSTRACT BOOK ANDBARREL BAG SALEThere are a limited number ofAbstract Books and Barrel Bags withAAASP Logo for sale. They may bepurchased for 10.00 each plus 2.50postage by writing to:Bill Straub82 Sperry LaneLansing NY 14884President-ElectMaureen WeissPast PresidentTara ScanlanSecretary-TreasurerVikki KraneAAASP 7%1%FemalesMales38248944%56%United StatesAustraliaUnited KingdomCanadaJapanIrelandNew %2%Publications DirectorDale PeaseHealth PsychologyJohn HeilIntervention/PerformanceEnhancementJohn SalmelaSocial PsychologyNeil WidmeyerStudent RepresentativeChristine BuntrockCall for 1996 Research Grant ProposalsThis will be the third year that AAASP has funds available to sponsor research grants.Preference will be given to proposals that:1) clearly integrate material from at least two of the three sections of AAASP (SocialPsychology, Health Psychology, InterventionlPerformance Enhancement);2) integrate research and applied practice; and/or,3) require money to conduct a worthy project and funding resources are not available.Budget requests can range from 250 to 5,000, but recognize that total funding for1996 equals 5,000. Applicants must have been a continuous member of AAASP for atleast three years. If students do not meet this criteria, they should co-author the proposalwith a professional member. Deadline for receipt of applications is February 1, 1996.To receive application forms please contact:FALL 1995AAASP Newsletter StaffPublications DirectorLinda PetlichkoffBoise State UniversityAssociate EditorsRobert BrustadUniversity of Northern ColoradoBetty KelleyArizonia State UniversityJames WhelanUniversity of MemphisDr. Penny McCullaghAAASP PresidentDepartment of KinesiologyBox 354University of ColoradoBoulder, CO 80309E-mail: AAASP@Colorado.Edu2PresidentPenny McCullaghTechnical EditorEric M. ShankelBoise State UniversityAAASP Fall 1995 - Vol. 10, Number 3
New Orleans, 1995:What a Ball!Maureen R. WeissPresident-Elect. . . . . . ."AA'"'''''AA".,'''',16awards lecturesV.overAAASP Fall- Vol. 10, Number 33
Awards, Recipients & Announcements1995 DOROTHY V. HARRISMEMORIAL AWARDAAASP is proud to announce therecipient of the third Dorothy V. HarrisMemorial Award. The Award acknowledges the distinguished contributions of DotHarris to sport psychology by recognizingthe efforts of an outstanding scholar/practitioner in the early stage of his/herscientific and/or professional career.Vikki KraneAnxiety and Stress:Reflections ofthe Past and Visions forthe FutureI am honored to be the recipient of theDorothy Harris Award, and grateful that Ihad the opportunity to meet and be inspiredby Dorothy Harris. She truly was a pioneerand has laid important ground work for meto be able to pursue my interests in sportpsychology. I'd like to mention the peoplewho have been integral in my developmentin sport psychology. I am fortunate to havebeen able to study with people who Iconsider to be at the top of our field: JeanWilliams and Dan Gould. Their guidanceand assistance is immeasurable, without it Iwould not have developed as I have in sportpsychology. I'd also like to thank my familyfor their support.It is interesting that I have been presentedthe Dorothy Harris Award at the 10thAnniversary Conference of AAASP. It was10 years ago that I attended my first sportpsychology conference at Jekyll Island andpresented my thesis research. I feel like Ihave grown up, professionally, withAAASP. As my mentors were highlyinvolved in AAASP leadership, manyopportunities were provided for me also tobecome, and remain, involved. And it is aspecial honor to be recognized by themembers of this organization.The remainder of my talk is organizedround two central themes: my reflections ofthe past and visions toward the future. Myreflections of the past address mytheory-to-practice approach to examiningcompetitive anxiety while my visionstoward the future address apractice-to-theory approach to examiningstress in sport.4Reflections of the Past:Competitive Anxiety ResearchMy research on competitive anxietybegan when the multidimensional theory ofanxiety (Martens et aI., 1990) was firstemerging in the literature, which has servedas the foundation for all of my research oncompetitive anxiety. I have tested variousaspects of this theory and have shown thatcognitive and somatic anxiety have differenttemporal patterns prior to competition(Krane & Williams, 1987), have differentantecedents (Alexander & Krane, in press;Krane, Williams, & Feltz, 1992), anddifferentially relate to performance (Krane,1990; Krane & Williams, 1994), supportingthe validity of the multidimensional anxietytheory. However, as my research progressed, some important limitations of thistheory became apparent and I began tofocus on the catastrophe model of competitive anxiety. This model had strong intuitiveappeal, but little empirical support in sportat the time I became interested in it. As Iattempted to test this model, it becameapparent that anxiety needed to be assessedthroughout a competitive event. A briefmeasure of anxiety, that could be used insuch a situation, had been developed,butnot sufficiently validated. Thus, I conductedstudies to test the validity of the MentalReadiness Form (a three item measure ofanxiety and confidence) (Krane, 1994).Then I proceeded to test catastrophe modelpredictions by assessing anxiety immediately prior to softball batting performancethroughout a tournament (Krane, Joyce, &Rafeld, 1994). This study provided somesupport for the catastrophe model, but leftmany unanswered questions. Presently, I amstill investigating aspects of the catastrophemodel.Visions Toward the Future: A CriticalTheory Approach to Stressors in SportSeveral sport psychologists have emphasized the need to consider issues related tothe quality of life of athletes (Carron, 1993),promoting decency in sport and protectingthe welfare of athletes (Singer, 1984),enhancing the social relevance and impactof sport, and contributing to ethical guidelines in sport (Vealey, 1994). Traditionally,sport psychologists have steered away frompromoting values, instead focusing on avalue-free approach to performanceAAASP Fall 1995 - Vol. 10, Number 3enhancement. Yet contextual issues, such assexism, racism, and heterosexism/homophobia, beg the need for our attention.Each of these social issues are commonsources of stress for athletes, yet they areinfrequently addressed in sport psychology.I consider each of these as ethical andcontextual issues that need to be acted upon.Sport psychologists typically haveapproached sport within thestructural-functionalist framework, focusingon helping athletes perform and fit into thecurrent system. This perspective emphasizes that sport is good, fair, and just, andthat participation in sport will result inmany positive benefits. However, Dewarand Hom (1992) point out the paradoxwithin the traditional structural-functionalistperspective of sport: research in sportpsychology has focused on the notion of"sport as neutral and unproblematic" (p.19), yet, evidence shows that sport is basedon the values of the dominant segment ofsociety. As Dewar and Hom state, "Thedanger in this is that we will explain anydifferences in terms of 'problems' withinthose who are different and fail to ask whatit is about the sport experience that mayelicit such differential behaviors" (p. 20).Conversely, when applying critical theory,we begin to ask what's wrong with thesystem, and move away from traditionalapproaches to sport. A 'critical theoryapproach to sport provides the framework toaddress how sport contributes to socialproblems such as sexism, racism, andheterosexism.A critical approach to sport leads me toask the following question: Are we actingin the best interest of the athlete by helpingher or him fit into the current sport system that is, one in which some people are valuedmore than others and consequently, otherpeople are marginalized. In other words, arewe trying to fit a square peg into a roundhole. Certainly we can teach athletes to bementally tough. We can teach techniques toenhance their performances. We can alsoteach them how to cope with coaches andteammates who may be racist orhomophobic. But is this really helpful forthe athlete? It seems to me that we shouldbe working toward changing the system tomake discriminatory and marginalizingpractices unacceptable. Critical theory is
Awards, Announcements & Recipientsone framework in which this can beaddressed.Critical theory (a) is largely concernedwith issues of marginalization and empowerment (Rhode, 1995); (b) incorporates thevalues of the researcher into the researchprocess (Le., it is not value-free); and (c)seeks to emancipate individuals fromdomination (Habermas, 1973). I assumethat one of the goals of applied sportpsychology is to create a positive environment for participants of sport and physicalactivity. I would argue that such an environment would be accepting of all individuals, regardless of ethnicity, gender, race,sexual orientation, and other individualdifference factors. Critical theory broadlysuggests that to achieve this ideal, socialchange is needed. Through a critical theoryapproach to sport, which I strongly believeis needed, we can address the structure andcontext of sport participation - directlyaddressing issues such as racism, sexism,and heterosexism - and truly act in the bestinterests of the athletes with whom wework.I'd like to get back to the point I made atthe beginning of this talk: a practiceto-theory approach to sport psychologypractice, I have been involved in qualitativeresearch with lesbians in sport. I haveemployed a critical feminist perspective toguide my inquiry, yet it was my practicalinvolvement that led to this research.Through my involvement in sport, itbecame apparent that any female in sportcannot evade the influence of homophobia.Whether one is a lesbian or not, the fear ofbeing labeled and stereotyped as such isalways present. Concerns from observationsand consultations with female athleteseventually led to the development of aconceptual framework of lesbians in sport(Krane, 1995). This framework was derivedfrom the literature on lesbians andhomophobia (mostly in sociology, counseling, and psychology) and has been appliedto sport. This framework, subsequently, hasserved as a guide to my current researchwith lesbians in sport which hopefully willlead to interventions, or social change, insport.There are many contextual issues in sportthat can cause a great amount of stress onathletes. These issues arise in our consulting with athletes, but also need to beaddressed in our research. While we shouldcontinue to employ a theory-to-practiceapproach within sport psychology, apractice-to-theory approach is also necessary. It also is important for sport psychologists to critically evaluate sport environments and truly act in the best interests ofthe people with whom we consult. Acritical theory approach to issues such assexism, racism, and heterosexism providesthe avenue to do so. This is my vision forthe future.CALL FOR 1996DOROTHY V. HARRIS MEMORIALAWARD NOMINATIONSAAASP is pleased to accept nominationsfor the Dorothy V. Harris Memorial Award.The Award acknowledges the distinguishedcontributions of Dot Harris to sportpsychology by recognizing the efforts of anAAASP scholar/practitioner in the earlystage of his/her scientific and/or professional career. The Award may not alwaysbe given annually. When given, the Awardconsists of a plaque, 200 research grant,and a waiver of the registration fee for theconference in which the award is announced. Also, the recipient gives a 20-30minute presentation summarizing his/herresearch/applied activity during thatconference.The recipient of the Award must meetthe following criteria:1. received a doctoral degree nomore than seven years prior tonomination;2. made significant contributions toAAASP through presentations,publications, and/or involvementin committees; and,3. demonstrated a record of scholarship that clearly establishes theindividual as a leading scholar/practitioner within a group ofpeople at similar stages in theiracademic careers.Evidence for this national/internationaldistinction might include the innovation ofthe person's work, the impact the work hason the field of sport psychology, or theimportance the work has in an appliedsetting. In all cases, the collected works ofthe individual should exhibit qualitycontributions that are both theoretical andpractical and that have been subjected to thecritical review of established scholars/practitioners in the individual's area ofexpertise.AAASP members who feel qualified cannominate themselves and are encouraged todo so. In addition, AAASP members areencouraged to nominate qualified individuals for this award. The letter of nominationshould be accompanied by three copies ofthe following:1. an updated curriculum vitae;2. a one-to-two page summary of thenominee's work; emphasizing thebasic/applied importance of thatwork;3. reprints of five publications;4. a letter of recommendationconcerning the nominee's qualifications for the award; and,5. the names, addresses, telephonenumbers of two additional individuals who would write letters ofrecommendation for the nominee ifcalled upon to do so.Address all questions and nominations tothe President-Elect (Maureen Weiss), whoshall chair the review committee. Allnomination materials and recommendationsmust be received by March 15, 1996.1995 DISSERTATION AWARDCarl HayashiAAASP is proud to acknowledge therecipient of the AAASP Dissertation Award.The award recognizes excellence in doctoraldissertations conducted on a topic involvingexercise and/or sport psychology.The recipient of the 1995 DissertationAward announced at the New OrleansConference was Carl Hayashi. He wasrecognized for his dissertation titled,"Achievement motivation among Anglo andHawaiian participants involved in physicalactivity: Goal orientations and socialcontextual factors." Dr. Hayashi received hisPh.D. in 1994 from the University ofOregon under the direction of Dr. MaureenWeiss. He is currently an assistant professorin the Department of HPER at Texas TechUniversity, Lubbock.Dr. Hayashi's study focused on sources ofmotivation identified among western- (e.g.,Anglo-American) and eastern-oriented (e.g.,native Hawaiian, Anglos socialized inHawaii) exercise participants. Studyparticipants included 15 male weightAwards., Continuedon Next Page.AAASP Fall 1995 Vol. 10, Number 35
Awards. Recipients & AnnouncementsAwards ., Continued from Page 5.training participants, 5 in each of the groupsnamed above.Indepth interviews were conducted todetermine: (a) achievement goal orientations (Le., "how do you know when you aresuccessful in weight training?"; and, (b)motivational climate of the weight room(i.e., "What is valued in the weight room?","What is evaluated in the weight room?").Goal orientations and motivational climatehave been found to be crucial factors inexplaining individuals effort and persistencein physical activity, and especially thelikelihood of continued motivation in thefuture.Results revealed both similarities anddifferences among the groups. Similaritiesincluded all participants identifying task(Le., mastery of skills) and ego (i.e., desirefor successful outcomes) goal orientationsas important. Differences in goal orientations were primarily seen in the Hawaiiangroup, with these individuals also describing an interdependent goal orientation-onein which participants desire a reliance uponand interconnectedness with their fellowlifters. With regard to motivationlclimate,similarities in culture included identificationof independent and cooperative goal/rewardstructures. The main difference came againfor the Hawaiian group, with the identification of in-group pride as a major source ofgoals seen as valued in the weight room.This study was important in extendingprevious literature that, to date, had beenprimarily the exclusive focus on Anglogroups. Dr. Hayashi is seeking to fill a"void in the field" (Duda & Allison, 1990)by testing the suitability of exercisepsychology concepts and theories to othercultural groups.CALL FOR DISSERTATIONAWARD APPLICATIONSApplicants for the Dissertation Award(assuming submissions met the standardsset for the award) must meet the followingguidelines:1. complete a dissertation between 1/1/95 and 12/31/95 on a topicinvolving exercise and/or sportpsychology;2. membership in AAASP for theapplication year and year preceding application;3. submit one copy of the entire6dissertation and give copies of anabstract (title and content; threesingle spaced pages); and,4. include a letter of support (twopages maximum) from thechairperson of the dissertationcommittee and a signed coversheet (used by universities andsigned by dissertation committeemembers indicating acceptanceand completion of dissertationwork) with the application.Deadline for receipt of all material isMarch 1, 1996.Address all questions and applications tothe President-Elect (Maureen Weiss) whochairs the review committee. No committeemembers will have direct involvement withany of the dissertations. Initial screeningconsists of blind review of the abstracts;final screening adds the letter of support andan evaluation of the entire dissertation. Theevaluation criteria equates to that used toreview manuscripts for the Journal ofApplied Sport Psychology.ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEWFELLOWSThe Executive Board of AAASP isproud to announce that during 1995 thefollowing members were granted Fellow'status: Shane Murphy and LindaPetlichkoff. This recognition is considereda very special honor, expected to beawarded to fewer than 10% of all AAASPmembers. Fellow status demonstrates thepursuit of excellence in the field of sportpsychology and commitment to the goal andlong-range activities of AAASP. OnlyFellows and Fellow Emeriti can vote onissues related to certification standards,ethical principles and professional standards.CALL FOR FELLOWNOMINATIONSMembers desiring to become a Fellowshall meet the following criteria:1. demonstrated high standards ofprofessional development bycommitting directly to the goalsand long-range activities of theAssociation as evidenced byactivities such as presentations atAssociation conferences, memberAAASP Fall 1995 - Vol. 10, Number 3ship on Association committees,contribution to Associationpublications, and significantcontributions in the area ofinterventions in sport psychology;2. a doctorate from an accreditedinstitution in a field related tosport psychology;3. been a member of the Associationfor at least three consecutive ye
sizes that sport is good, fair, and just, and that participation in sport will result in many positive benefits. However, Dewar and Hom (1992) point out the paradox within the traditional structural-functionalist perspective of sport: research in sport psychology has focused on the notion of
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Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
