Dynamics Of Mass Communication - Bibliothek
11TH EDITIONDynamicsof MassCommunicationedia in TransitionJoseph R. Dominickuniversity ot Georgia, Athens (retired) urawHillConnectLearnSucceed
» ContentsChapter 2Perspectives on Mass Communication PART IThe Nature andHistory of MassCommunication28Functional Analysis 30The Role of Mass Communicationin Society 30Functions of Mass Communicationfor Society 30How People Use the Mass Media 38Critical/Cultural Studies 43A Brief History 43Key Concepts 461Chapter 1Communication: Mass andOther Forms 2The Communication Process 4Encoding: Transmitting the Message 4Decoding: Receiving the Message 5Feedback 5Noise 6Communication Settings 7Interpersonal Communication 7Machine-Assisted InterpersonalCommunication 7Mass Communication 9Defining Mass Media 12Mass Media in Transition 12Technology 13Economics 14Social Trends 14Characteristics of Media Organizations 14Formal Organizational Structure 15Gatekeepers 15Large Operating Expenses 16Competition for Profits 16The Internet: Mass and Interpersonal Channel? 17Models for Studying Mass Communication 18Transition: Emerging Media Trends 19Audience Segmentation: The End of MassCommunication As We Know It? 20Convergence 20Increased Audience Control 23Multiple Platforms 23User-Generated Content 24Mobile Media 25Social Media 25Chapter 3Historical and Cultural Context5250Before Mass CommunicationPrinting 52Effects of the Gutenberg Revolution 53Technology and Cultural Change 54Conquering Space and Time: The Telegraph andTelephone 55Development of the Telegraph 55The Cultural Impact of the Telegraph 56Government and Media 57A Change in Perspective 57Capturing the Image: Photography andMotion Pictures 58Early Technological Development 58Photorealism and Mathew Brady 59Photography's Influence on Mass Culture 59Pictures in Motion 60Motion Pictures and American Culture 60News and Entertainment at Home: Radio andTelevision Broadcasting 61Radio Broadcasting 62The Cultural Impact of Radio 63Television Broadcasting 64The Cultural Impact of TV 64The Digital Revolution 65Mobile Media 69Social Media 72Concluding Observations: The Impact ofNew Media 74
viiiContents\The Economics of Newspaper Publishing 100Revenue 100Expenses 100Is Online the Answer? 101Will Newspapers Survive? 102Feedback for Newspapers 102The Audit Bureau of Circulations 102Newspaper Audiences 104Career Outlook: The Newspaper Industry 104 PART IIChapter 4NewspapersMedia7980A Brief History 82Journalism in Early America 82The Beginnings of Revolution 82The Political Press: 1790-1833 83Birth of the Mass Newspaper 83The Penny Press 84Newspapers as Big Business 85Yellow Journalism 86The Early 20th Century 86The Impact of the Great Depression 87Postwar Newspapers 87Contemporary Newspapers: Strugglingto Survive 88Newspapers in the Digital Age 89Transitions 89Online Newspapers 89Mobile Media 90User-Generated Content 91Social Media 91Defining Features of Newspapers 91Organization of the Newspaper Industry 92Print Dailies 93Print Weeklies 94Maintaining Old and Attracting New Readers 95Special-Service and Minority Newspapers 95Organization of Online Newspapers 97Newspaper Ownership 97Producing the Print and Online Newspaper 98Departments and Staff 98Prepublication Routine 99Chapter 5Magazines108A Brief History 110The Colonial Period 110After the Revolution 110The Penny-Press Era 110The Magazine Boom 111Between the Wars 112The Postwar Period 113Contemporary Magazines 113Magazines in the Digital Age 115Transition 116Replica Editions 117Mobile Magazines 117User-Generated Content 117Social Media 117Defining Features of Magazines 118Organization of the Magazine Industry 118Content Categories 119Functional Categories 121Magazine Ownership 123Producing the Magazine 124Departments and Staff 124The Production Process 124Economics 125Feedback for Magazines 126Magazine Audiences 127Career Outlook: The Magazine Industry 128Chapter 6Books 130A Brief History 132Colonial America 132The Penny-Press Era 132
ixContentsThe Paperback Boom 133The Early 20th Century 133Postwar Books: Paperbacks andConsolidation 133The Contemporary Book Industry 134Books in the Digital Age 135Transition 135The E-Book 135Printing on Demand 136Mobile Books 137User-Generated Content 137Social Media 137Defining Features of Books 137Organization of the Book Industry 138Publishers 138Distributors 139Retailers 139Ownership in the Book Industry 140Producing the Book 141Departments and Staff 141The Publication Process 141The Economics of Book Publishing 142Feedback in Book Publishing 145Audiences 145Career Outlook: The Book Publishing Industry 146Chapter 7Radio 148A Brief History 150The Birth of Commercial Radio 150The Commercialization of Radio 152The Depression Years and World War II 153Innovation and Change: 1945-1954 154Growth and Stabilization: 1955-1990 155Contemporary Radio 156Radio in the Digital Age 157Transition 157Terrestrial Stations on the Web 157Internet Radio 158HD Radio 159Satellite Radio 159Mobile Radio 160User-Generated Content 160Social Media 160Defining Features of Radio 160Organization of the Terrestrial RadioIndustry 161Local Stations, Nets, and Syndicators 161AM and FM Stations 161Station Formats 162Noncommercial Radio 164Organization of Online Radio 166Ownership in the Radio Industry 166Producing Radio Programs 167Departments and Staff 167Putting Together a Program 167The Economics of Radio 168Sources of Revenue 168General Expenses 169Feedback for Radio 170Meters and Diaries 170Ratings and Shares 171Radio Audiences 172Career Outlook: The Radio Industry 173Chapter 8Sound Recording176A Brief History 178Early Technologies 178Rivalry and Growth 178The Impact of Radio on the RecordingIndustry179The Depression Years 179World War II and After 180The Coming of Rock and Roll 181The Commercialization of Rock 181The British Invasion 181Transitions 182Industry Trends: 1970s-1990s 183The Contemporary Sound RecordingIndustry 183Sound Recording in the Digital Age 185Transition 185The Rise of the iPod 187The Decline of the CD 187New Products 188Mobile Music 188User-Generated Content 188Social Media 189Defining Features of Sound Recording 189
ContentsOrganization of the Recording Industry 189Talent 190Production 190Distribution 190Retail 192Ownership in the Recording Industry 192Producing Records 192Making a Recording 193The Economics of Sound Recording 194Economic Trends 194New Business Models 194Rock Performers: The Bottom Line 195Feedback for Sound Recording 196Billboard Charts 196Sound Recording Audiences 197Career Outlook: The Recording Industry 197Chapter 9Motion Pictures200A Brief History 202Early American Cinema 202The Roaring Twenties 206The Coming of Sound: The Late 1920s 206The Studio Years: 1930 -1950 207The Reaction of the Film Industry to TV 208Realignments: The Film Industry from1960 to 1990 209Contemporary Trends 211Motion Pictures in the Digital Age 211Transition 211Making Digital Movies 211Digital Distribution to Theaters 212Digital Distribution to the Home 212Digital Projection 212Mobile Movies 213User-Generated Content 213Social Media 213Defining Features of Motion Pictures 214Organization of the Film Industry 215Production 215Distribution 216Exhibition 216Ownership in the Film Industry 216Producing Motion Pictures 217Preproduction 217Production 218Postproduction 219The Economics of Motion Pictures 219Financing a Film 220Dealing with the Exhibitor 221Promoting a Film 222Feedback for Motion Pictures 222Box Office 222Market Research 223Motion Picture Audiences 224Movies at Home 224Career Outlook: The Film Industry 225Chapter 10Broadcast Television228A Brief History 230The 1950s: Television Takes Off 230Coming of Age: Television in the 1960s 231The 1970s: Growing Public Concern 232The 1980s and 1990s: IncreasedCompetition 233Cable's Continued Growth 233New Technologies 234Contemporary Broadcast Television 235Television in the Digital Age 236Transition 236Broadcasters and the Web 236Broadcasters and Broadband 236Mobile TV 237User-Generated Content 237Social Media 238Defining Features of Broadcast Television 238Organization of the Broadcast TelevisionIndustry 239Production 239Distribution 240Exhibition 242Ownership in the Television Industry 242Producing Television Programs 243Departments and Staff 243Getting TV Programs on the Air 243The Economics of Broadcast Television 245Commercial Time 245Where Did the Money Go? 246Public Broadcasting 247A Brief History 247Programming and Financing 247Home Video 249
ContentsFeedback for Broadcast Television 250Measuring TV Viewing 250Ratings Reporting 252Television Audiences 253Career Outlook: The Broadcast TelevisionIndustry 254Chapter 11Cable, Satellite, and InternetTelevision 258A Brief History 260Cable, Satellite, and Internet TV in theDigital Age 263Transition 263Mobile Media 264User-Generated Content 264Social Media 265Defining Features of Cable, Satellite, andInternet TV 265Organization of the Cable and SatelliteIndustries 265Structure: Cable TV 266Programming and Financing: Cable TV 266Pay-per-View (PPV) 268Video-on-Demand (VOD) 268Structure: Satellite TV 269Programming and Financing: Satellite TV 269Ownership of Cable and Satellite TV 270Internet Video 271Structure: Sources and Content 271Microcasting 274Feedback for Cable, Satellite, and Internet TV 275Audience 275Career Outlook: Cable, Satellite, and InternetTV Industries 276 PART IIISpecific MediaProfessions 301Chapter 13News Gathering and ReportingChapter 12The Internet and theWorld Wide Web 278A Brief History of the Computer 280The Internet 282\From ARPANET to Internet 282Structure and Features of the InternetE-Mail 284Newsgroups 284World Wide Web 284The Evolving Internet 286Broadband 286Going Mobile: The Wireless Web 287Web 2.0 287Monetizing the Web 288Blogs 289The Economics of the Internet and the Web 290The Internet and the National Economy 291E-Commerce 291Web Site Economics 291Feedback for the Internet 293Audiences 294The Social Implications of the Internet 295A New Model for News 295Lack of Gatekeepers 296Information Overload 296Privacy Concerns 297Escapism and Isolation 297The Future: The Evernet 298Career Outlook: The Internet and theWorld Wide Web 299283302Deciding What Is News 304The News Business 305News Reporting in the Digital Age 307More Sources of News 307Blogs 307Citizen Journalism 308Hyperlocal News 308The Converged Journalist 309New Tools 309
ContentsXIICategories of News and Reporting 310Hard News 310Soft News 311Investigative Reports 312The News Flow 312Print Media 312Broadcast/Cable Media 313Online Media 314The Wire Services 314Media Differences and Similarities inNews Coverage 315Readership and Viewership 317Career Outlook: News Gathering andReporting 318Chapter 14Public Relations322Defining Public Relations 324A Brief History 325Public Relations in the Digital Age 329Communicating with the Audience 329Communicating with the Media 329New Channels of Feedback 330Organization of the Public RelationsIndustry 330PR Departments and Staff 333The Public Relations Program 333Information Gathering 334Planning 334Communication 335Evaluation 336The Economics of Public Relations 337Career Outlook: Public Relations 338Chapter 15Advertising340Defining Advertising 342Functions of Advertising 342Types of Advertising 342A Brief History 343Advertising in the Digital Age 348Audience Control 348New Channels 348User-Generated Content 349Decoupling 349Organization of the Consumer AdvertisingIndustry 350Advertisers 350Agencies 350Media 352Producing Advertising 353Departments and Staff 353The Advertising Campaign 354Advertising Research 357The Economics of Advertising 358Advertising Volume in Various Media 358Agency Compensation 358Business-to-Business Advertising 359Consumer Versus Business-to-BusinessAdvertising 359Media 361Appeals 361Career Outlook: Advertising 362 PART IVRegulation of theMass Media 365Chapter 16Formal Controls: Laws, Rules,Regulations 366The Press, the Law, and the Courts 368A Free Press 368Prior Restraint 368Protecting News Sources 370The Reporter's Privilege 371Search and Seizure 372Covering the Courts 373Publicity Before and During a Trial 373Gag Rules 374Cameras and Microphones in theCourtroom 375
ContentsReporters' Access to Information 376Government Information 376Access to News Scenes 376Defamation 377Defenses Against Libel Suits 378Defamation and the Internet 380Invasion of Privacy 382The Right to Privacy 382Trespass 383Copyright 384Obscenity and Pornography 387Regulating Broadcasting 388The Federal CommunicationsCommission 388Indecent Content 390The Equal Opportunities Rule 392The Fairness Doctrine 392Regulating Cable TV 392The Telecommunications Act of 1996 393Regulating Advertising 394Deceptive Advertising 394Commercial Speech Under the FirstAmendment 395Conclusion 396Chapter 17Ethics and Other Informal Controls398Personal Ethics 400Ethical Principles 400A Model for Individual Ethical Decisions 401Performance Codes 403The Print Media 403Broadcasting 404Motion Pictures 405The Advertising Industry 408Internal Controls 408Organizational Policy: Television Networks'Standards and Practices 409Organizational Policy: Newspapers andMagazines 410Media Self-Criticism 411Professional Self-Regulation inAdvertising 412Outside Influences 413Economic Pressures 413Pressure Groups 415Education 416 PART VImpact of the Media419Chapter 18International and Comparative MediaSystems 420International Media Systems 422Global Print Media 422Global Broadcasting 423Film and TV 424World Media Online 425Comparative Media Systems 427Theories of the Press 427Control and Ownership of the Media 429Role of the Media in Various Countries 430Economic Differences in Media Systems 431Examples of Other Media Systems 432Japan 432Mexico 435China 437Chapter 19Social Effects of MassCommunication 442Investigating Mass CommunicationEffects 444Effects of Mass Communication onKnowledge and Attitudes 444Media and Socialization 444The Media as a Primary Source ofInformation 445Shaping Attitudes, Perceptions, andBeliefs 445Cultivation Analysis 448Agenda Setting 450
xivContentsMedia Effects on Behavior: A Short History 451The Impact of Televised Violence 452Survey Results 452Experimental Results 454The Catharsis Versus Stimulation Debate 455Field Experiments 455What Can We Conclude? 455Video Game Violence 456Encouraging Prosocial Behavior 456Experiments 457Surveys 457Research Results 457Political Behavior Effects 458Negative Advertising 458Mass Media and Voter Choice 459Televised Debates 460Television and the Political Behavior ofPoliticians 460Research About the Social Effects of theInternet 461Communication in the Future: The SocialImpact 461Threats to Privacy 461Fragmentation and Isolation 462Communication Overload 463Escape 463Glossary 466Credits 473Index 475
Dynamics of Mass Communication edia in Transition Joseph R. Dominick university ot Georgia, Athens (retired) Connect _ Learn uraw Succeed Hill » Contents PART I The Nature and History of Mass Communication 1 Chapter 1 Communication: Mass and O
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