Fuels And Lubricants Handbook . - ASTM International
Mr. Forester is a member of ASTM International CommitteeD02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants andcurrently serves as Chairman of Subcommittee D02.14 Stability,Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels. He has receivednumerous awards including the Lowrie B. Sargent LeadershipAward, the Sydney D. Andrews Scroll of Achievement, and theEagle Award. He is also a member of the Society of AutomotiveEngineers (SAE) and TC-7, and led a major rewrite effort of J313Surface Fuel Standard on diesel fuel.Mr. Forester has authored or coauthored multiple SAE andInternational Association for Stability, Handling and Use ofLiquid Fuels (IASH) papers/presentations, and coauthoredChapter 11 “Methods for Assessing Stability and Cleanliness ofLiquid Fuels” in Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products,8th Edition, published 2010 by ASTM.ASTM INTERNATIONALHelping our world work betterISBN: 978-0-8031-7089-6Stock #: MNL37-2NDwww.astm.orgDr. Shah had been recently conferred the distinction of beinga Chartered Petroleum Engineer from the Energy Institute inrecognition of his specific expertise as a practitioner in energyengineering. Dr. Shah is also a recipient of the PM Ku medalfrom STLE and the Bellanti Memorial award from NLGI.Dr. Shah is an active member of ASTM, STLE, NLGI, SAE,ACS, AOCS, SPE, IFT and AICHE and chairs varioussubcommittees in several of these organizations .He hasbeen a co-instructor for the ASTM Motor Gasoline course,and the ASTM Fuel Technology course. Raj is also a three-timerecipient of the ASTM Award of Excellence and the ASTM EagleAward from Committee D02.Dr. Shah is an elected fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry,which is typically awarded by one’s peers to signify a scientist’shigh level of accomplishment. He was awarded his fellowshipfrom the STLE, in recognition of his outstanding contributionsto the field of lubrication and tribology and he received hisFellow award at NLGI International for his work on greases.He has over 100 publications and was also a coeditor of thefirst edition of this book. He has received multiple awards fromNLGI India and is also a distinguished alumni award recipientfrom the Institute of Chemical Technology.Raj has volunteered on the Founders board of directors ofDevelopmental Disabilities institute, a school for autisticchildren on Long Island, and served on the NLGI board ofdirectors for over 15 years. He is currently on the advisoryboards of The Department of Chemical Engineering,State University of New York, Stony Brook; The School ofEngineering, Design, Technology and Professional programs(SEDTAPP), Pennsylvania State University; and the SamuelGinn College of Engineering, Tribology and Lubrication ScienceMinor at Auburn University. Fluent in multiple languages, heenjoys kayaking, mixology, mobile photography and lives inMelville, NY with his family.2nd EditionMr. Forester graduated in 1975 with a BA in Chemistry fromTexas A & M University.Raj is a Certified Professional Chemist and a CertifiedChemical Engineer with the National Certification Commissionin Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. He has also beenawarded the Chartered Scientist status from the ScienceCouncil, UK, the Chartered Chemist status from the RoyalSociety of Chemistry, and the Chartered Engineer status fromthe Engineering council, UK.Totten Shah ForesterDavid R. Forester serves FuelQuality Services, Inc. as GlobalProducts Development Manager.He has over 40 years’ experiencein the fuel and refining additivebusiness and has over 35 US patentson development of diesel and jet fueladditives, refinery antifoulants, andother refinery and process relatedadditives. He has designed,implemented and/or automatedmany fuel test methods, includingmany ASTM standards that haveresulted in new additive products, reformulations, andimprovements to diesel fuel additive products.Raj Shah is a Director at KoehlerInstrument Company, in Long Island,NY where he has been working forthe past two decades. He holds aBachelor’s degree in ChemicalEngineering from the Institute ofChemical Technology (ICT), a Ph.D.in Chemical Engineering from ThePennsylvania State University anda MCP degree in Marketing andManagement from Long IslandUniversity. Dr. Shah also has thedistinction of being the only personto hold all 6 of these highly coveted certifications: CPC, CChE,CEng, CSci, CChem, and CPEng., and the singular honor ofbeing an elected Fellow of these international professionalorganizations: namely, STLE, NLGI, AIC, RSC and EI.Fuels and Lubricants Handbook:Technology, Properties,Performance, and TestingGeorge E. Totten received his BS andMS degrees from Fairleigh DickinsonUniversity in New Jersey and hisPh.D. from New York University.Dr. Totten is past-president of theInternational Federation for HeatTreating and Surface Engineering(IFHTSE) and a fellow of ASMInternational, SAE International,ASTM International, IFHTSE and heis a Founding Fellow of AMME (WorldAcademy of Materials ManufacturingEngineering). Dr. Totten is aProfessor at Portland State University, Portland, OR and avisiting professor at the University of Sao Paulo in Sao Carlos,Brazil. He is also president of G.E. Totten & Associates LLC,a research and consulting firm specializing in ThermalProcessing and Industrial Lubrication problems. Dr. Tottenis the author or coauthor (editor) of approximately 800publications including patents, technical papers, chaptersand books.ASTM INTERNATIONALManualFuels and LubricantsHandbook: Technology,Properties, Performance,and Testing2nd EditionEditorGeorge E. TottenSection EditorsRajesh J. ShahDavid R. Forester
George E. Totten, EditorRajesh J. Shah and David R. Forester, Section EditorsFuels and Lubricants Handbook:Technology, Properties,Performance, and Testing2nd EditionASTM Stock Number: MNL37-2NDASTM International100 Barr Harbor DrivePO Box C700West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959Printed in U.S.A.BK-AST-MNL37-180032-FM Web.indd 18/23/19 8:32 PM
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Totten, George E., editor. Shah, Rajesh J., editor. Forester,David R., editor.Title: Fuels and lubricants handbook : technology, properties, performance,and testing / [edited by] George E. Totten, Rajesh J. Shah, David R.Forester.Description: 2nd edition. West Conshohocken, PA : ASTM International, [2019]Identifiers: LCCN 2019011813 ISBN 9780803170896Subjects: LCSH: Fuel—Testing—Methodology. Fuel—Analysis. Lubricationand lubricants—Analysis.Classification: LCC TP321 .F84 2019 DDC 662/.6—dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019011813Copyright 2019 ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in anyprinted, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher.Photocopy RightsAuthorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specificclients, is granted by ASTM International provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/Publisher:ASTM International100 Barr Harbor DrivePO Box C700West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959Phone: (610) 832-9585 Fax: (610) 832-9555ISBN 978-0-8031-7089-6ISBN-EB: 978-0-8031-7090-2ASTM Stock Number: MNL37-2NDDOI: 10.1520/MNL37-2ND-EBASTM International is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in the publication. ASTM International does not endorse anyproducts represented in this publication.Printed in Minneapolis, MNSeptember 2019BK-AST-MNL37-180032-FM Web.indd 28/23/19 8:32 PM
iiiForewordTHIS PUBLICATION, Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, andTesting, 2nd Edition, was sponsored by ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Fuels and Lubricants andedited by George E. Totten (G. E. Totten & Associates, LLC, Seattle, WA). The section editors were RajeshJ. Shah (Koehler Instrument Company, Holtsville, NY) and David R. Forester (Fuel Quality Services,Inc., Flowery Branch, GA). This publication is Manual 37: 2ND of ASTM’s manual series.BK-AST-MNL37-180032-FM Web.indd 38/23/19 8:32 PM
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vDedicationI am especially indebted to the continuing support of my wife, Alice Totten (George)To Kian, who always inspires and taught me patience and gratitude (Raj)To Lisa Drennen, for her countless hours of assistance with ASTM technical committee ballots, minutes,and standard documents, and for her unwavering support (David)The editors also express their sincere appreciation to all the contributing authors and staff for the dedication and patience in providing their vital assistance in making this extensive work become a reality.BK-AST-MNL37-180032-FM Web.indd 58/23/19 8:32 PM
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viiContentsPreface xiSection I: Petroleum Refining Processes for Fuelsand Lubricants Basestocks1Petroleum Oil Refining Marvin S. Rakow12Used Oil and Re-Refining Barbara J. Parry293Asphaltenes Review: Characterization and Modeling Sohrab Zendehboudi394Petroleum Waxes G. Ali Mansoori, H. Lindsey Barnes, and Glenn M. Webster795Coal-to-Liquid Conversion Processes: A Review Burtron H. Davis115Section II: Fuels: Properties and Performance6Liquefied Petroleum Gas Robert J. Falkiner and Andy Pickard1457Motor Gasoline Lewis Gibbs and Andrea Schütze1798Aviation Fuels Roger Gaughan, Stanford Seto, and George Wilson2099Automotive Diesel Fuel, Burner Fuel, Nonaviation Gas Turbine Fuel, and Kerosene Steven R. Westbrook239Section III: Hydrocarbons and Synthetic Lubricants:Properties and PerformanceBK-AST-MNL37-180032-FM Web.indd 710 Petroleum-Derived Hydrocarbon Base Oils Syed Q. A. Rizvi27111333Hydrocarbons for Chemical and Specialty Uses George Luis Gonzalez12 Additives and Additive Chemistry Syed Q. A. Rizvi35113 Synthetic Lubricants: Nonaqueous John Sherman51314 Synthetic Lubricants: Aqueous John Sherman5358/23/19 8:32 PM
viiiContents15 Environmentally Acceptable Ester-Based Hydraulic Fluids Hubertus Murrenhoff, Andreas Remmelmann, and Nicolai Otto55316 Turbine Lubricating Oils and Hydraulic Fluids W. David Phillips, James B. Hannon, and J. W. George Staniewski58117 Hydraulic Fluids Paul W. Michael and Hongmei Zhao64518 Compressor Lubricants William Hum, Kai Su, and Vasu Bala68319 Gear Lubricants Vasu Bala72120 Automotive Engine Lubricants Luc Girard, Simon Tung, Mathias Woydt, and Dennis Bachelder75321 Metalworking and Machining Fluids Syed Q. A. Rizvi86522 Lubricating Greases Rajesh Shah and William Tuszynski93523 Heat Transfer Fluids Gerald E. Guffey II and James E. Johnson95924 Nonlubricating Process Fluids: Steel Quenching Technology Bozidar Liščič, Rosa L. Simencio Otero, Luigi L. M. Albano, George E. Totten,and Lauralice C. F. Canale97725 Ionic Liquid Lubricants: Basics and Applications Huaping Xiao1037Section IV: Performance/Property Testing ProceduresBK-AST-MNL37-180032-FM Web.indd 826 Static Petroleum Measurement Lee Oppenheim105527 Analysis of Liquid Fuels and Lubricants Annie Pathiparampil, Larry Tucker, Mike Birke, and Stephen Roby106928 Elemental Analysis R. A. Kishore Nadkarni108529 Chromatography Methods in the Petroleum Fuels and Lubricants Industry Lawrence E. Wilkinson110930 Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and Lubricants James M. Brown112531 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Characterization of Petroleum Heather D. Dettman113732 Mass Spectrometry in the Petroleum Industry Diana Catalina Palacio Lozano, Martha Liliana Chacón-Patiño, Andrea Gomez-Escudero,and Mark P. Barrow115133 Volatility Rey G. Montemayor117134 Particle Counting: Fuels and Lubricants Mike Sherratt and Steve Georgii121535 Biodeterioration Frederick J. Passman123736 Temperature Measurement Kenneth O. Henderson12698/23/19 8:32 PM
Contents37 Combustion Characteristics of Diesel and Spark-Ignition Engines Kevin L. Hoag127938 Engineering Sciences of Aerospace Fuels A. Scott Hutzler129539 Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Pitch, Petroleum Coke, and Carbon Materials Semih Eser and John M. Andrésen132740 Oxidation of Lubricants and Fuels Rajesh Shah, Syed Q. A. Rizvi, Cyril Migdal, and Kevin DiNicola136341 Corrosion Maureen E. Hunter and Robert F. Baker140542 Corrosion of Pipeline Steel Faysal Fayez Eliyan, Ibrahim M. Gadala, Hung Ha, and Akram Alfantazi141743 Flow Properties and Shear Stability Kenneth O. Henderson148544 Cold Flow Properties Kenneth O. Henderson151945 Environmental Characteristics of Fuels and Lubricants Mark L. Hinman and In-Sik Rhee153946 Lubrication Fundamentals Wei Dai, Huaping Xiao, George E. Totten, and Hong Liang156547 Tribology Testing and Modeling Lavern D. Wedeven163148 Lubricant Friction and Wear Testing Michael Anderson and Frederick E. Schmidt167149 Statistical Quality Assurance of Measurement Processes for Petroleumand Petroleum Products Alex T. C. Lauix1701Index 1711BK-AST-MNL37-180032-FM Web.indd 98/23/19 8:32 PM
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xiPrefaceThe original objective of ASTM’s Fuels and Lubricants Handbook:Technology, Properties, Performance, and Testing was to provide anextensive, in-depth, well-referenced manual on fuels and lubricants. Although the primary focus of this handbook is on petroleum fluids, there is also coverage of nonpetroleum materials suchas synthetic lubricants, vegetable oils, and ionic fluids when theymay be used as functional alternatives to their petroleumcounterparts.The ASTM Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology,Properties, Performance, and Testing, First Edition was publishedin 2003 and it contained 38 chapters. Although still widely usedthroughout the world as an internationally recognized standardreference text, after 15 years it was vital that it be updated. This wasthe primary goal of the current edition of the book. The chaptersBK-AST-MNL37-180032-FM Web.indd 11contained in Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology,Properties, Performance, and Testing, Second Edition have beenupdated and, in most cases, rewritten. Furthermore, the additionof new chapters represents a significant increase in the breadth anddepth of coverage, reflecting the continuing vital importance ofpetroleum technology. Topics covered in the 49 chapters containedin this book include an overview of general material production,fuels, lubricants, greases, nonpetroleum process fluids, ionic fluids,and testing.With the revised and updated material, in addition to substantially expanded coverage, we expect that the ASTM Fuels andLubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, andTesting, Second Edition will continue its tradition as a prominentinternational academic and industrial reference.8/23/19 8:32 PM
Mr. Forester is a member of ASTM International CommitteeD02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants andcurrently serves as Chairman of Subcommittee D02.14 Stability,Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels. He has receivednumerous awards including the Lowrie B. Sargent LeadershipAward, the Sydney D. Andrews Scroll of Achievement, and theEagle Award. He is also a member of the Society of AutomotiveEngineers (SAE) and TC-7, and led a major rewrite effort of J313Surface Fuel Standard on diesel fuel.Mr. Forester has authored or coauthored multiple SAE andInternational Association for Stability, Handling and Use ofLiquid Fuels (IASH) papers/presentations, and coauthoredChapter 11 “Methods for Assessing Stability and Cleanliness ofLiquid Fuels” in Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products,8th Edition, published 2010 by ASTM.ASTM INTERNATIONALHelping our world work betterISBN: 978-0-8031-7089-6Stock #: MNL37-2NDwww.astm.orgDr. Shah had been recently conferred the distinction of beinga Chartered Petroleum Engineer from the Energy Institute inrecognition of his specific expertise as a practitioner in energyengineering. Dr. Shah is also a recipient of the PM Ku medalfrom STLE and the Bellanti Memorial award from NLGI.Dr. Shah is an active member of ASTM, STLE, NLGI, SAE,ACS, AOCS, SPE, IFT and AICHE and chairs varioussubcommittees in several of these organizations .He hasbeen a co-instructor for the ASTM Motor Gasoline course,and the ASTM Fuel Technology course. Raj is also a three-timerecipient of the ASTM Award of Excellence and the ASTM EagleAward from Committee D02.Dr. Shah is an elected fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry,which is typically awarded by one’s peers to signify a scientist’shigh level of accomplishment. He was awarded his fellowshipfrom the STLE, in recognition of his outstanding contributionsto the field of lubrication and tribology and he received hisFellow award at NLGI International for his work on greases.He has over 100 publications and was also a coeditor of thefirst edition of this book. He has received multiple awards fromNLGI India and is also a distinguished alumni award recipientfrom the Institute of Chemical Technology.Raj has volunteered on the Founders board of directors ofDevelopmental Disabilities institute, a school for autisticchildren on Long Island, and served on the NLGI board ofdirectors for over 15 years. He is currently on the advisoryboards of The Department of Chemical Engineering,State University of New York, Stony Brook; The School ofEngineering, Design, Technology and Professional programs(SEDTAPP), Pennsylvania State University; and the SamuelGinn College of Engineering, Tribology and Lubrication ScienceMinor at Auburn University. Fluent in multiple languages, heenjoys kayaking, mixology, mobile photography and lives inMelville, NY with his family.2nd EditionMr. Forester graduated in 1975 with a BA in Chemistry fromTexas A & M University.Raj is a Certified Professional Chemist and a CertifiedChemical Engineer with the National Certification Commissionin Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. He has also beenawarded the Chartered Scientist status from the ScienceCouncil, UK, the Chartered Chemist status from the RoyalSociety of Chemistry, and the Chartered Engineer status fromthe Engineering council, UK.Totten Shah ForesterDavid R. Forester serves FuelQuality Services, Inc. as GlobalProducts Development Manager.He has over 40 years’ experiencein the fuel and refining additivebusiness and has over 35 US patentson development of diesel and jet fueladditives, refinery antifoulants, andother refinery and process relatedadditives. He has designed,implemented and/or automatedmany fuel test methods, includingmany ASTM standards that haveresulted in new additive products, reformulations, andimprovements to diesel fuel additive products.Raj Shah is a Director at KoehlerInstrument Company, in Long Island,NY where he has been working forthe past two decades. He holds aBachelor’s degree in ChemicalEngineering from the Institute ofChemical Technology (ICT), a Ph.D.in Chemical Engineering from ThePennsylvania State University anda MCP degree in Marketing andManagement from Long IslandUniversity. Dr. Shah also has thedistinction of being the only personto hold all 6 of these highly coveted certifications: CPC, CChE,CEng, CSci, CChem, and CPEng., and the singular honor ofbeing an elected Fellow of these international professionalorganizations: namely, STLE, NLGI, AIC, RSC and EI.Fuels and Lubricants Handbook:Technology, Properties,Performance, and TestingGeorge E. Totten received his BS andMS degrees from Fairleigh DickinsonUniversity in New Jersey and hisPh.D. from New York University.Dr. Totten is past-president of theInternational Federation for HeatTreating and Surface Engineering(IFHTSE) and a fellow of ASMInternational, SAE International,ASTM International, IFHTSE and heis a Founding Fellow of AMME (WorldAcademy of Materials ManufacturingEngineering). Dr. Totten is aProfessor at Portland State University, Portland, OR and avisiting professor at the University of Sao Paulo in Sao Carlos,Brazil. He is also president of G.E. Totten & Associates LLC,a research and consulting firm specializing in ThermalProcessing and Industrial Lubrication problems. Dr. Tottenis the author or coauthor (editor) of approximately 800publications including patents, technical papers, chaptersand books.ASTM INTERNATIONALManualFuels and LubricantsHandbook: Technology,Properties, Performance,and Testing2nd EditionEditorGeorge E. TottenSection EditorsRajesh J. ShahDavid R. Forester
iii Foreword THIS PUBLICATION, Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, and Testing, 2nd Edition, was sponsored by ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Fuels and Lubricants and edited b
ASTM C42 ASTM C293 ASTM C457 7066 SW 44th ST Miami, FL 33155 Contact: Andres Diaz Abdias H. Saenz, P.E. ASTM C215 Ph 305-668-5792 Fax 786-513-3754 ASTM C900 ASTM C4435 ASTM C597 ASTM C642 Jaime Reyes, P.E. ASTM C174 ASTM C215 ASTM D698 ASTM D2167 ASTM C1585 ASTM D4263 ASTM D4564 ASTM D4580 ASTM C1740 ASTM D4263 ASTM
astm a 966, 135, 136 astm d 1298, 139 astm d 1500, 139 astm d 2161, 141 astm e 1025, 63 astm e 1032, 59 astm e 11, 136, 137 astm e 1135, 102, 107 astm e 1316, 80 astm e 1416, 59 astm e 1417, 106–108, 114 astm e 1444, 131–138, 141, 142 astm e 1647, 69 astm e 165, 109, 115 astm e 1742, 59 astm e 709, 132 astm e
*astm a182 *astm a564 *astm a213 astm a778 *astm a249 asms-5613 *astm a269 asms-5639 *astm a276 asms-5640 *astm a312 asms-5647 . astm a512 cdbw & cdew astm a513 dom astm a519 cdsm sae j524/j525 hydraulic ams 5050 fluid line specification astm a135 astm a178 grd a astm a214 astm a500 grd b astm a513 type 1,2 awwa c200
JIS G3459, JIS G3463. GOST 9940, GOST 9941 Nickel Alloy Pipe Specification: ASTM B111, ASTM B161, ASTM B163, ASTM B165, ASTM B167, ASTM B338, ASTM B407, ASTM B423, ASTM B444, ASTM B619, ASTM B622, ASTM B626, ASTM B668, ASTM B677, ASTM B829 or Standards stipulated in the technical agreement. Add：No.3, Jiangnan Road, Jiangnan Industrial Park, Songyang, Zhejiang Province, China Cell: 86-159 .
ASTM D 1056 ASTM D 1056 ASTM D 412 ASTM D 412 ASTM E 162 ASTM E 662 SMP-800- C ASTM E 595 ASTM E 595 ASTM E 595 Rogers Internal ASTM D 746 ASTM D 150 ASTM D 149 ASTM D 495 ASTM D 257 ASTM C 518 Flame Resistance Flame Spread Index (Is) Smoke Density (Ds) Toxic Gas Emissions Rating Total Mass Loss Collected Volatile Condensible Materials (CVCM) Water
Flexural (ASTM D790), Tensile (ASTM D638) Adhesion (ASTM D4541 and ASTM D3359) Sag resistance Dry film thickness Adhesion Hydrostatic leakage test (ASTM F1216) CIPP ASTM D5813 ASTM F1216 ASTM F1743 ASTM F2019 Tensile (ASTM D638 and ASTM D2290) Flexural (ASTM D790) Tensile Creep (ASTM D2990) Burst (ASTM D1599)
ASTM D638 TAS201 ASTM F476 TL-144 International Accreditation ASTM C1167 ASTM E773 ASTM E783 ASTM E987 ASTM E1105 ASTM E1886 Certificate of Accreditation Services Inc. TAS203 ASTM B117 ASTM C39 UL 580 UL 1897 ASTM G154 ASTM D635 ASTM G85 ASTM D790 TAS201 TAS202
ASTM A335 Gr P9 ASTM A234 Gr WP9 ASTM A182 Gr F9 ASTM A217 Gr C12 Carbon Steel ASTM A333 Gr 6 ASTM A420 Gr WPL6 ASTM A350 Gr LF2 ASTM A352 Gr LCB ASTM A320 Gr L7 Alloy ASTM A194 Gr 7 Low-Temp ASTM A333 Gr 3 ASTM A420 Gr WPL3
