Technical Manual For Restoration Of Mangroves
Technical Manual forRestoration of MangrovesOrissa Forestry Sector Development ProjectForest & Environment DepartmentGovernment of Orissawww.ofsdp.orgTechnical Manual for Restoration of MangrovesORISSA STATENaveen PatnaikChief Minister, OrissaPrepared byMESSAGEMr. Dexter M. Cabahug Jr.Project ConsultantMr. Arun K. Bansal, IFSPCCF & Project Director, OFSDPMr. M. G. Gogate, IFS (Retd.)Team Leader, General Consultant to OFSDP Orissa Forestry Sector Development SocietyImpact of global warming are predicted to be moreintense in coastal regions. With a long coast line of 480kilometer, people in these areas are more vulnerable tothe impacts of rise in earth's temperature. Mangroves areknown to be effective bio-shield against natural disastersincluding cyclones and tsunamis.I am glad to know that Orissa Forestry SectorDevelopment Project has prepared a "Technical Manualon Restoration of Mangroves" based on the experiencegained while raising plantations in degraded mangroveareas along the coast of Balasore and Bhadrak (WL)Divisions with active participation of the local community.I hope this manual will be of great help to all thegrassroot stakeholders.(Naveen Patnaik)- ii -- iii -
Tarun Kanti Mishra,IASChief Secretary &Chief Development CommissionerOrissaFOREWORDI am happy to note that Orissa Forestry Sector Development Society(OFSDS) is taking up coastal plantation under JICA funding. This plantationwould emphasize on regeneration and plantation of mangrove forests along thecoastline of the State. Such activity of OFSDS would not only address thelivelihood issues of the coastal communities and rejuvenation of mangrove species,but, as an effective green shield, would also protect the State from natural disasterslike cyclone, tsunami, flood and storm surge etc. I hope that the Technical Manualwhich is being prepared on reforestation of mangrove areas would serve thepurpose by improving the mangrove forests and by paving a path to coastalprosperity.Orissa Forestry Sector Development Society with competent and dedicatedstaff and its vast experience would successfully meet the challenge and in comingyears be able to achieve its mission.(Tarun Kanti Mishra)-v-Technical Manual for Restoration of MangrovesContentsPREFACE . 1INTRODUCTION . 2Objectives . 2Scope & Application . 3CHAPTER- 1Mangroves and their Importance . 41.1Definition of Mangrove . 41.2Distribution of Mangroves . 51.3Occurances and growth pattern . 71.4Ecological functions . 91.5Economic benefits . 101.6Value of mangrove ecosystems . 10CHAPTER- 2Selection of Mangrove Areas for Restoration . 112.1Survey & Mapping . 112.2Ground validation through Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) . 132.3Site selection . 142.4Classification of mangrove areas & site matching . 192.5Seedling requirement . 25CHAPTER- 3Plantation of Mangroves . 263.1Plantation establishment . 263.2Selection of afforestation sites . 273.3Choice of species . 333.4Plantation establishment techniques . 333.5Planting Technique . 353.6Assisted Natural Regeneration - Enrichment Planting . 36- vii -
Technical Manual for Restoration of MangrovesCHAPTER - 4Technical Manual for Restoration of Mangroves6.11 Nursery operations . 56Direct Hypocotyle Planting . 386.12 Seed collection period for selected mangrove species . 57Selection of site for Direct Hypocotyle planting . 396.13 Mangrove species fruits form characteristics . 584.2Involvement of the EDC in selection of site and species . 396.14 Timing of collection of seeds/propagules . 594.3Collection of Hypocotyles . 406.15 Identifying mature seeds and propagules . 614.4Grading of Hypocotyles . 406.16 Sorting and transporting seeds/propagules . 624.5Transporting and handling of Hypocotyles . 416.17 Propagation practices . 634.6Hardening the Hypocotyles by air drying under shed . 416.18 Germination techniques . 634.7Priority planting sites in the tidal flats (Type IV areas) . 426.19 Potting . 644.8Staking to support the newly planted hypocotyles . 426.20 Seed germination & nursery technique . 654.9Supporting with the stick . 436.21 Maintenance of seedlings . 674.10 Proper timing of planting . 436.22 Typical hardening treatment . 694.14.11 Maintenance and protection to attain desirable growth . 446.23 Protection from pests, diseases & stray animals . 694.12 Fencing to serve as barrier against drifting sea debris . 446.24 Record management . 706.25 Grading, sorting, packaging & transport of seedlings . 706.26 Post nursery operations . 71CHAPTER - 5Fishbone Channels . 455.1Design of Fishbone Channels . 46CHAPTER- 7Plantation Maintenance and Protection . 735.2Recommended Species . 475.3Priority of Sites . 487.1Maintenance Process . 745.4Species-Site Suitability . 497.2Maintenance activities in the early years . 74CHAPTER- 6Planting Stock Production . 506.1What is mangrove nursery . 507.3Protection of Plantation and Existing Natural Mangrove Forest . 757.4Causes of high mortality . 767.5Maintenance in subsequent years . 767.6Harvesting & regeneration . 776.2Types of nurseries . 516.3Selection of the nursery site . 516.4Designing & building the nursery . 526.5Steps in post selection designing of nursery . 528.1Measurement . 796.6Is the nursery area big enough? . 528.2Physical accomplishment monitoring . 806.7Developing the nursery plan . 538.3Effect-Impact evaluation . 816.8Basic nursery components . 536.9Building the nursery . 53CHAPTER- 8Monitoring and Evaluation . 796.10 Operating & managing the nursery . 55- viii -- ix -Technical Manual for Restoration of MangrovesPREFACEMangroves have tremendous socio-economic importance and provide protectionto the hinterland from damages of cyclones/tsunami. Inspite of this, mangroveshave been degraded due to human interventions such as illicit felling of trees,unregulated grazing, brackish water aquaculture. With a long term goal ofrestoring the degraded mangrove areas, OFSDP included afforestation ofmangroves as an important component to be implemented in two coastal districts,Bhadrak and Balasore.In Orissa, successful plantations of Mangroves have been raised, but whileplanning for activities in the degraded mud flats in the target areas, need of aTechnical Manual covering various aspects of Afforestation of Mangroves wasfelt. Hence, a draft manual was prepared after studying the past efforts and fieldvisits to the target areas by Mr. Dexter M. Cabahug Jr., Expert with ProjectConsultants. Draft manual was sent to field officers and refined in the light ofexperience gained in the course of raising mangrove plantations during2008-09 and first half of 2009-10 under the project.This “Technical Manual for Restoration of Mangroves” covers definition andfunctions of mangroves; selection of restoration areas; planting techniques direct hypocotyle planting, fishbone channel system; nurseries, protection/management and Monitoring & Evaluation aspects.It is hoped that the manual will serve the long felt need fo “step-by-step guidance”for successful restoration of degraded mangrove areas.Arun K. Bansal, IFSPCCF & Project Director1
Technical Manual for Restoration of MangrovesTechnical Manual for Restoration of MangrovesINTRODUCTIONThis “Technical Manual for Restoration of Mangroves” comprises Eight chaptersnamely (1) Mangroves and their Importance; (2) Selection of MangroveAreas for Restoration; (3) Plantation of Mangroves; (4) Direct HypocotylePlanting; (5) Fishbone Channels; (6) Planting Stock Production; (7)Plantation-Maintenance and Protection; and (8) Monitoring & Evaluation.This manual is the result of experience gained in the course of implementing the“Coastal Plantation - Mangrove” component in Bhadrak & Balasore districts underthe Orissa Forestry Sector Development Project (OFSDP) launched in 2006-07by the Government of Orissa with the assistance from Japan InternationalCooperation Agency.Scope & ApplicationObjectives To evolve an easy to follow technical manual for overall mangovemanagement, insight for growth potential of mangroves as an effective greenshield to counter coastal erosion from natural calamities and consequentenhancement in the biodiversity of coastal regions. To generate awareness on importance of mangrove conservation &consequent benefits to the surrounding communities through bio-resourcesavailable in mangrove forests. To provide an optimal approach for active involvement of neighbouringcommunities, organized in Eco Development Committees in the changedparticipatory regime. To document appropriate approaches in restoration & management ofmangrove forests for upcoming efforts in the State of Orissa & the easterncoast of the country. Better understanding & methodologies for beneficial utility of mangroveecosystem & biometrics for scoping studies. Appropriate rehabilitation activities right from site selection to silviculturaltending activities. Creating scope for specific structural support system for intensive communityinvolvement & eco-development perspective in the coastal belt. Since most of the content is based on the experience gained so far in the“Coastal Plantation” activities in the OFSDP, there is need of modificationand improvement on the basis of experiences gained during furtherimplementation process, and Standardization of these techniques for future interventional approaches isalso required.23Technical Manual for Restoration of MangrovesTechnical Manual for Restoration of MangrovesCHAPTER- 1MANGROVES AND THEIR IMPORTANCEtide and the high tide mark which isdefined in the Coastal Regulation Zoneas CRZ-1 and can be classified as – Low Ground Area Middle Ground Area High Ground AreaIn India, Mangrove wetland areclassified in three types based on theirspatial and temporal variation ofenvironmental features.1.2 Distribution of Mangroves1.1 Definition of MangroveMangroves are found in the tropicsbetween the latitudes 30 oN and 30 oSin about 112 countries.i.Tide-dominated - Sundarbansand Mahanadi mangrovesii.River-dominated - in Godavari,Krishna, Pichavaram andMuthupet mangrovesiii.Drowned - river type - GujaratmangrovesWhat is Mangrove?Mangrove is a type of forestlandgrowing along the tidal mudflats & alongthe shallow water in coastal areasextending inland along rivers, streams& their tributaries.Operationally, target mangrove areafor rehabilitation lies between the lowMangrove distribution in India45
Technical Manual for Restoration of MangrovesTechnical Manual for Restoration of Mangroves1.3 Occurances and Growth PatternOrissaMangrove distribution in OrissaCoverage of mangroves are controlledby the environmental factors particularly geomorphology of thecoast, climatic conditions, tidal range,duration and quantity of fresh waterflow.conditions. Mangrove species adapt tosurvive such harsh conditions throughvarious form of aerial roots toovercome the problem of anoxic soil.Some of the main rooting patternadapted are -Mangrove forests are found in intertidal region of tropical and sub-tropicalcoastlines. Trees and shrubs inmangroves can grow well in salinewater and water logged conditions.1.Stilt root - In Rhizophoraspecies root diverge from thetree for about 2mt. above theground and penetrate the soilsome distance away from themain stem. Such aerial root ofneighbourng trees form animpenetrable mesh of stilt roots.2.PneumatophoresInAvicennia species, shallowhorizontal roots radiate outwardoften for a distance of manymeters. At interval of 15 to 30 cm.,vertical structures, calledpneumatophores emerge aslateral branches that stand erectup to 30 cm. above the soil.Mangroves have two components forests and associated water bodiestidal channels and canals, collectivelyknow as mangrove wetlands.These wetlands have regularinundation by low saline waters, andsometimes by fresh water duringmonsoon, and brackish water or seawater during other periods.The soils in the mangrove wetlandsare generally anoxic - very low or nosoil oxygen- due to water loggedRhizophora apiculata ( RAI) with stilt root67Technical Manual for Restoration of MangrovesTechnical Manual for Restoration of MangrovesKandelia candel (Sindhuka) withhypocotyles( a vivipary Character)Pure Avicennia marina forest with pneumatophore(Banipahi forest,Chandabali,Bhadrak DMU)A single Avicennia tree of 2 to 3m height may have upto 10000pneumatophores. In Sonneratia,the height of the pneumatophoresmay reach more than 3m.3.Reproduction:Most of the mangrove plants arehermaphrodite- they have both selfpollinating and cross-pollinatingmechanisms.Knee root - Bruguiera andCeriops roots reorient upwardsthrough the soil and grow awayfrom the parent tree. The tip ofthe upward extension forms apronounced loop wheresecondary thickening occurs,mainly on the upper side.Most of the Mangroves are pollinatedby animals mainly insects, birds, bats,bees, wasps and flies exceptRhizophora, which is wind pollinated.Vivipary is an important/ uniquereproductivemechanisminmangroves. In this process a parenttree do not leave a seed or fruit but aseedling- called propagule. Afterpollination the growing embryoremains attached to the parent tree andgrows into a propagule.A blunt, knoblike structure is raisedabove the soil surface and theseroot are called knee roots. A singlehorizontal root develops a seriesof "knee roots" at regular intervals.The size, shape and frequency ofknee roots are characteristic foreach species but vary accordingto soil conditions.Mangrove plants usually produce alarge number of propagules. It hasbeen estimated that Avicennia canproduce about 20 lakhs propagules8Bruguiera cylindrica (KALIACHUA) withhypocotyle & flowerper hectare. It is probable that viviparyand the production of large number ofpropagules is an adaptation to the localhabitat. On leaving the parental tree, amangrove propagule must bephysically able to withstand a certainamount of rattling around in the tide andcurrents.Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Bandari) withhypocotyle & bud1.4 Ecological functions Mangroves produce leaf litterand detritus matter, which arevaluable sources of food foranimals in estuaries & coastalwaters; Mangroves produce organicbiomass (carbon) and reduceorganic pollution in near-shoreareas by trapping or absorption;9
Technical Manual for Restoration of Mangroves Technical Manual for Restoration of MangrovesMangrovesprotecttheenvironment by protectingcoastal areas and communitiesfrom storm surges, waves, tidalcurrents and cyclones;CHAPTER- 2SELECTION OF MANGROVE AREASFOR RESTORATIONMan
In Orissa, successful plantations of Mangroves have been raised, but while planning for activities in the degraded mud flats in the target areas, need of a Technical Manual covering various aspects of Afforestation of Mangroves was felt. Hence, a draft manual was prepared after studying the past efforts and field
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