EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH - Pearson
EDUCATIONALRESEARCHA01 CRES9364 06 SE FM.indd 121/12/17 5:33 PM
A01 CRES9364 06 SE FM.indd 221/12/17 5:33 PM
SIXTH EDITIONEDUCATIONALRESEARCHPLANNING, CONDUCTING, AND EVALUATINGQUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCHJOHN W. CRESWELLUniversity of MichiganTIMOTHY C. GUETTERMANUniversity of MichiganNew York, NYA01 CRES9364 06 SE FM.indd 321/12/17 5:34 PM
Director and Portfolio Manager: Kevin M. DavisContent Producer: Janelle RogersSr. Development Editor: Carolyn SchweitzerMedia Producer: Lauren CarlsonPortfolio Management Assistant: Casey CoriellExecutive Field Marketing Manager: Krista ClarkExecutive Product Marketing Manager: Christopher BarryProcurement Specialist: Carol MelvilleFull Service Project Management: Katie Ostler, Cenveo Publisher ServicesCover Designer: Cenveo Publisher ServicesCover Image: philsajonesen/Getty ImagesComposition: Cenveo Publisher ServicesPrinter/Binder: Willard, LSC CommunicationsCover Printer: Phoenix Color/HagerstownText Font: 10/12 ITC Garamond Std LightCredits and acknowledgments for material borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in thistextbook appear on the appropriate page within the text.Every effort has been made to provide accurate and current Internet information in this book. However, the Internetand information posted on it are constantly changing, so it is inevitable that some of the Internet addresses listed in thistextbook will change.Copyright 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United Statesof America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher priorto any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submita written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Creswell, John W., author.Title: Educational research : planning, conducting, and evaluatingquantitative and qualitative research / John W. Creswell, University ofMichigan, Timothy C. Guetterman, University of Michigan.Description: Sixth edition. Saddle River, New Jersey : Pearson, [2019]Identifiers: LCCN 2017051270 ISBN 0134519361Subjects: LCSH: Education--Research--Methodology.Classification: LCC LB1028 .C742 2019 DDC 370.72--dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/20170512701 18ISBN 10: 0134519361ISBN 13: 9780134519364A01 CRES9364 06 SE FM.indd 421/12/17 5:34 PM
This text is dedicated to our students in educational and health scienceresearch who through the years at Nebraska and Michigan helped us tounderstand and apply research.A01 CRES9364 06 SE FM.indd 521/12/17 5:34 PM
A01 CRES9364 06 SE FM.indd 621/12/17 5:34 PM
PrefaceNEW TO THE SIXTH EDITIONYou will find several key changes in this edition as a result of reader feedback and thecareful review of the last edition by anonymous external reviewers. We have broadened the examples beyond teacher education to reflect the increasingly diverse disciplines and subdisciplines in educational research. We searched forexamples of educational research in fields such as program evaluation, multiculturalresearch, counseling, school psychology, learning and cognition, nutrition, sportspsychology, education in the professions, and other fields.Another focus of the revision was to emphasize technology [e.g., use of online programs for a table of random numbers, use of online surveys, various databases available (like Google scholar or Web of Science), reference tools (like EndNote), andcell-phone random digit dialing].Coverage of reviewing the literature has been expanded with an emphasis on currentliterature database searches, reference management software, and how to synthesizefindings from a literature review.Quantitative research methods are updated to cover mediating variables, use ofonline surveys, and additional statistical methods such as intraclass correlation coefficients. We provide a new example of performance assessment and step-by-stepexamples to calculate t-test and chi-square statistics.Coverage of quantitative designs is expanded to include causal inferences in experimental designs and more detail about causal comparative research and single-subjectdesigns. We provide examples of threats to validity in experimental research. Thechapter on survey research is substantially updated to reflect the use of online surveys, methodological considerations, and sources for more information.The chapters on qualitative research are also updated, including coverage of qualitative data analysis software and recent developments in qualitative methods. Thisedition includes a table comparing different approaches to grounded theory, newethnographic study examples, and developments in narrative research.The mixed methods chapter is substantially updated to reflect methodologicaldevelopments, in particular the discussion of integration of qualitative and quantitative data. We added recent examples of mixed methods research using convergent, explanatory sequential, exploratory sequential, and experimental mixedmethods designs.References are substantially updated to give readers the newest thinking on researchmethods as other writers have updated the original editions of their work.viiA01 CRES9364 06 SE FM.indd 721/12/17 5:34 PM
viiiPREFACE Although the sample articles from the fifth edition remain the same, many olderstudies mentioned throughout the text have been updated with current research. Aswith the previous edition, the sample articles are annotated to help readers identifyimportant research characteristics.MYLAB FOR EDUCATIONOne of the most visible changes in the new edition, also one of the most significant, isthe expansion of the digital learning and assessment resources embedded in the etextand the inclusion of MyLab in the text. MyLab for Education is an online homework,tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with the text to engage learnersand to improve learning. Within its structured environment, learners practice what theylearn in the eText, test their understanding, and receive feedback to guide their learningand ensure their mastery of key learning outcomes. The MyLab portion of EducationalResearch, Sixth Edition, is designed to help learners: (1) understand the basic vocabulary of educational research; (2) acquire hands-on experience in reading and evaluatingresearch articles; and (3) get guided practice in conducting research, including makingkey decisions with regard to research design and statistical analysis. The resources inMyLab for use with Educational Research include: Self-Check assessments with feedback throughout the eText help readers determinehow well they have mastered content.Application Exercises—Understanding Concepts and Evaluating Research Articlesallow readers to apply the basic research concepts they’ve just learned by identifyingkey elements of published studies or considering how the concepts influence planning a new study.Application Exercises—Reading Research provide readers with scaffolding toread and evaluate published research articles of the types discussed in the targetchapter.THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE TEXTThe philosophy that guided the development of this text is twofold. First, researchinvolves a process of interrelated activities rather than the application of isolated, unrelated concepts and ideas. Educators practice research following a general sequence ofprocedures—from the initial identification of a research problem to the final report ofresearch. This means that understanding the sequence or flow of activities is central toinquiry. Thus, the text begins with specific chapters devoted to each step in the processof research and the inclusion of concepts and ideas within this process.Second, the educational researcher today needs a large toolbox of approaches tostudy the complex educational issues in our society. No longer can we, as educators, use only experiments or surveys to address our research problems. Educators inthis new century—whether conducting research or reading research to self-inform—need to know about quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches to inquiry and todevelop an in-depth understanding of the multiple research designs and proceduresA01 CRES9364 06 SE FM.indd 821/12/17 5:34 PM
PREFACE ixused in our studies today. In each step in the process of research, this text will introduce you to quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, and action research approaches.Throughout the text, you will learn about the differences and similarities between qualitative and quantitative research. In the last section of the text, you will be introducedto eight distinct quantitative and qualitative research designs or procedures that makeup the repertoire of the educational researcher in the quantitative, qualitative, andmixed applications of research.KEY FEATURESThis text offers a truly balanced, inclusive, and integrated overview of the field as it currently stands. As you will see from the table of contents, the book’s coverage is unique inits balanced presentation of quantitative and qualitative research. Moreover, it consistentlyexamines foundational issues of research—for example, determining how to approach aproject and understanding what constitutes data and how to analyze them—from quantitative, qualitative, and mixed perspectives. This approach helps students understand thefundamental differences and similarities among these approaches. This text has threemain purposes: It provides balanced coverage of quantitative and qualitative research.It helps students learn how to begin to conduct research.It helps students learn how to read and evaluate research studies.Let’s look at these in detail to see how each can help you achieve your courseobjectives.Balances Coverage of Quantitative and Qualitative ResearchThis text offers balanced coverage of all types of research designs. This providesreaders with a complete picture of educational research as it is currently practiced.The text begins with an overview in Part 1 of the general nature of educationalresearch and the specific quantitative and qualitative approaches to educationalresearch. Next, in Part 2, Chapters 2 through 9, the book examines in depth the stepsin the research process:1.2.3.4.5.6.Identifying a research problemReviewing the literatureSpecifying a purpose and research questions or hypothesesCollecting either quantitative or qualitative dataAnalyzing and interpreting either quantitative or qualitative dataReporting and evaluating the researchLooking at the process simultaneously from both quantitative and qualitative perspectiveshelps students understand what choices a researcher has available and what meaningexists for a particular choice.After this discussion, in Part 3, students will learn the procedures for conducting specific types of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies. Chapters 10 through 17provide balanced coverage and examples of each of these types of educational researchdesigns: experimental, correlational, survey, grounded theory, ethnographic, narrative,mixed methods, and action research.A01 CRES9364 06 SE FM.indd 921/12/17 5:34 PM
xPREFACEHelps Students Learn How to Begin to Conduct ResearchBoth the research process and the design chapters offer the researcher step-by-stepguidance in the basic aspects of planning, conducting, and evaluating research. A number of features guide readers through the steps and procedures of research. For example, we follow a fictional beginning researcher, Maria, who is also a high school teacherand new graduate student, throughout Parts 2 and 3 to illustrate one researcher’s effortsand to provide students with a realistic perspective on the process of research and theselection of specific research designs. Other features include, but are not limited to, thefollowing: Tips on planning and conducting research in “Useful Information for Producers ofResearch”Checklists that summarize key points, such as the evaluation criteria used to assessthe quality of a quantitative or qualitative studyIn-text examples of actual and hypothetical studies that illustrate the correct andincorrect ways of reporting researchHelps Students Learn How to Read and Evaluate Research StudiesDirect guidance on reading research is provided throughout the text. To further helpstudents become more skilled at interpreting and evaluating research, the text offers anumber of features. Most important among these are the many articles included in thetext and the “Useful Information for Consumers of Research” feature: The text provides annotated research articles in each of the design chapters in Part 3.Two other articles—one qualitative, one quantitative—appear at the end of Chapter 1.All these complete articles (there are numerous other, shorter article excerpts inthe book) include highlighted marginal annotations that help students understandthe structure of articles and the key issues with which a reader should be concerned when evaluating the quality and applicable scope of each particular piece ofresearch.The “Useful Information for Consumers of Research” feature appears at the end ofevery chapter and offers concrete guidance in interpreting and evaluating research.SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALSThe following resources are available for instructors to download at pearsonhighered.com/educators:Online Test Bank The Test Bank contains various types of items—multiple-choice,matching, short essay, and fill in the blank—for each chapter. Questions ask students toidentify and describe research processes and design characteristics they have learned aboutand to classify and evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies and research situations.TestGen TestGen is a powerful test generator available exclusively from PearsonEducation publishers. You install TestGen on your personal computer (Windows orMacintosh) and create your own tests for classroom testing and for other specializeddelivery options, such as over a local area network or on the Web. A test bank, whichis also called a Test Item File (TIF), typically contains a large set of test items, organizedA01 CRES9364 06 SE FM.indd 1021/12/17 5:34 PM
PREFACE xiby chapter and ready for your use in creating a test, based on the associated textbookmaterial. Assessments—including equations, graphs, and scientific notation—may becreated in either paper-and-pencil or online form.The tests can be downloaded in the following formats:TestGen Testbank file—PCTestGen Testbank file—MACTestGen Testbank—Blackboard 9 TIFTestGen Testbank—Blackboard CE/Vista (WebCT) TIFAngel Test Bank (zip)D2L TestBank (zip)Moodle Test BankSakai Test Bank (zip)PowerPoint Slides These slides include key concept summaries and other graphic aidsto help students understand, organize, and remember core concepts and ideas.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis book is a culmination of 35 years of experience in conducting both quantitative andqualitative research in education and the social sciences. It could not have been written without the capable assistance of numerous individuals such as graduate students,research assistants, and colleagues at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Dr. Dana Millerassisted in a timely and thorough review of many chapters. Dr. Vicki Plano Clark provided editorial assistance and a key conceptual eye for missing details as well as usefulleads for sample illustrative articles. Dr. Amanda Garrett offered invaluable assistance inlocating up-to-date materials and in conceptualizing ideas. Dr. Ron Shope developed theinitial PowerPoint presentation. Others have been helpful as well. Dong Dong Zhangprovided inspiration for many applied ideas and support at critical phases of the project.Other graduate students offered useful ideas, including Michael Toland, Kathy Shapely,and many other students in our graduate program area (quantitative, qualitative, andpsychometric methods of education), as did students in classes on the foundations ofeducational research. Dr. Bill Mickelson served as a statistics consultant and quantitativeanalysis reviewer on earlier editions.We are also indebted to Kevin Davis at Pearson for initiating this book and providingthe vision to launch it as the “next-generation” research methods text in education. Carolyn Schweitzer, our development editor at Pearson for this edition, offered a close eye fordetail, support, and helpful suggestions to improve the text for the reader.Numerous reviewers helped to shape this book: Jacqueline Swank—University ofFlorida; Linda S. Behar-Horenstein and Susan Carol Losh—Florida State University; andKeena Arbuthnot—Louisiana State University.A01 CRES9364 06 SE FM.indd 1121/12/17 5:34 PM
A01 CRES9364 06 SE FM.indd 1221/12/17 5:34 PM
Brief ContentsPreface viiDetailed Contents xvPART 1 An Introduction to Educational ResearchCHAPTER 11 he Process of Conducting Research Using Quantitative andTQualitative Approaches 2PART 2 The Steps in the Process of Research57CHAPTER 2Identifying a Research ProblemCHAPTER 3Reviewing the LiteratureCHAPTER 4Specifying a Purpose and Research Questions or HypothesesCHAPTER 5Collecting Quantitative DataCHAPTER 6Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative DataCHAPTER 7Collecting Qualitative DataCHAPTER 8Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative DataCHAPTER 9Reporting and Evaluating ResearchPART 3Research Designs5878108138172204236266293CHAPTER 10Experimental Designs294CHAPTER 11Correlational Designs342CHAPTER 12Survey DesignsCHAPTER 13Grounded Theory DesignsCHAPTER 14Ethnographic DesignsCHAPTER 15Narrative Research DesignsCHAPTER 16Mixed Methods DesignsCHAPTER 17Action Research Designs384433473512544586xiiiA01 CRES9364 06 SE FM.indd 1321/12/17 5:34 PM
xivBRIEF CONTENTSAPPENDIX ADetermine Size Using Sample Size TablesAPPENDIX BCommonly Used Statistics in Educational ResearchAPPENDIX CNonnormal DistributionAPPENDIX DStrategies for Defending a Research ProposalGlossaryReferences612616617618620631Author Index640Subject Index 647A01 CRES9364 06 SE FM.indd 1421/12/17 5:34 PM
Detailed ContentsPrefaceviiBrief ContentsxiiiPART 1 An Introduction to EducationalResearch 1Chapter 1 The Process of ConductingResearch Using Quantitative andQualitative Approaches 2A Definition of Research and Its Importance 3Research Adds to Our Knowledge 4 ResearchImproves Practice 4 Research Informs PolicyDebates 6 Several Problems with Research Today 6The Six Steps in the Process of Research 7Identifying a Research Problem 7 Reviewingthe Literature 8 Specifying a Purpose forResearch 9 Collecting Data 9 Analyzing andInterpreting the Data 10 Reporting and EvaluatingResearch 10The Characteristics of Quantitative and QualitativeResearch in Each of the Six Steps 11Quantitative Research Characteristics 13 Qualitative Research Characteristics 16 Similaritiesand Differences between Quantitative and QualitativeResearch 19 Research Designs Associated withQuantitative and Qualitative Research 20Important Ethical Issues in Conducting Research 22Institutional Review Boards 22 ProfessionalAssociations 23 Ethical Practices throughout theResearch Process 23Skills Needed to Design and Conduct Research 24Solving Puzzles 25 Lengthening YourAttention Span 25 Learning to Use LibraryResources 25 Writing, Editing, and MoreWriting 25Key Ideas in the Chapter26The Definition and Importance of EducationalResearch 26 The Six Steps in the Process ofResearch 26 The Characteristics of Quantitativeand Qualitative Research 26 The Types ofResearch Designs Associated with Quantitative andQualitative Research 26 The Important EthicalIssues 27 The Skills Needed to Design and
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH PLANNING, CONDUCTING, AND EVALUATING QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH SIXTH EDITION JOHN W. CRESWELL University of Michigan TIMOTHY C. GUETTERMAN University of Michigan New York, NY A01_CRES9364_06_SE_FM.indd 3 21/12/17 5:34 PM
Pearson Education LTD. Pearson Education Australia PTY, Limited. Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education North Asia, Ltd. Pearson Education Canada, Ltd. Pearson Educación de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education—Japan Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd. The Libra
Pearson Education LTD. Pearson Education Australia PTY, Limited. Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education North Asia, Ltd. Pearson Education Canada, Ltd. Pearson Educatión de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education—Japan Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd. Library of Co
Pearson (UK) 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, UK T 44 (0)20 7010 2000 F 44 (0)20 7010 6060 firstname.lastname@pearson.com www.pearson.com Pearson (US) 1330 Avenue of the Americas, New York City, NY 10019, USA T 1 212 641 2400 F 1 212 641 2500 firstname.lastname@pearson-inc.com www.pearson.com Pearson Education One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River,
Pearson BTEC Level 4 HNC The Pearson BTEC Level 4 HNC in Business is a qualification with a minimum of 120 credits of which 60 are mandatory core. The Pearson BTEC Level 4 HNC programme must contain a minimum of 65 credits at level 4. Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND The Pearson BTEC Lev
Pearson Research Overview Pearson Education is committed to using scientific, evidence-based methods in the development of its educational curricula. A research team, comprised of educational research methodologists, has been working with Pearson for seven years to integrate scientific
Pearson Education Canada, Inc. Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education-Japan Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson Education Australia PTY, Limited PEARSON 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 ISBN-13: 17Ö-D-13-S0M507-7 ISBN-ID: G-13-5tmsa7-X . For Diane Perin Hock and Caroline Mei Perin Hock . CONTENTS PREFACE xi CHAPTER I BIOLOGY AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 1 READING 1: ONE BRAIN OR TWO .
To contact Pearson by phone or fax . Phone: 0870 850 8870 . Phone (Welsh): 0300 200 1133 . Fax: 0161 855 7481 . To contact Pearson by email . Email: trainerbooker@pearson.com . To contact Pearson by post . Pearson Driving Assessments Ltd. Attention: Trainer Booker team . PO Box 381 . Ma
Pearson_Nursing_2022.indd 7 2022/02/10 15:39. Contact us Pearson Customer Services Tel: 021 532 6008: Eml ai @pes i rospenznoeqarosn.ucmeai ra. pearsonza.orders@pearson.com Pearson eStore To browse and purchase ebooks, visit shop.pearson.co.za Learn more at Pearson South Africa
