Report Of The Federal Advisory Committee On The Bird .
Report of the Federal Advisory Committee on theBird Banding LaboratoryCircular 1320U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
Source: USGS Alaska Science CenterEXPLANATIONCentral Asian-Indian flywayEast Atlantic flywayEast Asian-Australian flywayBlack Sea-Mediterranean flywayWest Asia-East Africa flywayPacific Americas flywayCentral Pacific flywayAtlantic Americas flywayMississippi Americas flywayCover photographs courtesy of:Bill FerensenSource: U.S. Fish and WildlifeServiceJohn Tautin(U.S. Fish andWildlife Service)John Tautin(U.S. Fish andWildlife Service)Source: U.S. GeologicalSurvey
Report of the Federal Advisory Committeeon the Bird Banding LaboratoryBy Susan D. Haseltine, Paul R. Schmidt, Bradley D. Bales, David N. Bonter,David F. DeSante, Paul F. Doherty, Charles M. Francis, Paul T. Green,Lesley-Anne Howes, Daniel L. James, J. Jasper Lament, Richard A. Lancia,Ellen I. Paul, C. John Ralph, John G. Rogers, and Richard E. YoungPrepared in cooperation with The Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies,National Flyway Council, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, The Institute forBird Populations, Colorado State University, Canadian Wildlife Service, NationalAudubon Society, Ducks Unlimited, The Wildlife Society, The OrnithologicalCouncil, North American Banding Council, The Conservation Fund, U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, and Pheasants ForeverCircular 1320U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the InteriorDIRK KEMPTHORNE, SecretaryU.S. Geological SurveyMark D. Myers, DirectorU.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008For product and ordering information:World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprodTelephone: 1-888-ASK-USGSFor more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources,natural hazards, and the environment:World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.govTelephone: 1–888–ASK–USGSAny use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by theU.S. Government.Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners toreproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.Suggested citation:Haseltine, S.D., Schmidt, P.R., Bales, B.D., Bonter, D.N., DeSante, D.F., Doherty, P.F., Francis, C.M., Green, P.T.,Howes, Lesley-Anne, James, D.L., Lament, J.J., Lancia, R.A., Paul, E.I., Ralph, C.J., Rogers, J.G., and Young, R.E.,2008, Report of the Federal Advisory Committee on the Bird Banding Laboratory: U.S. Geological Survey,Circular 1320, 19 p.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataUnited States. Federal Advisory Committee on the Bird Banding Laboratory.Report of the Federal Advisory Committee on the Bird Banding Laboratory/ by Susan D. Haseltine [et al.]p. cm. (Circular 1320)ISBN 978-1-4113-2032-11. Bird Banding Laboratory (U.S.) 2. Bird banding—United States. I. Haseltine, Susan D.II. Geological Survey (U.S.) III. Title.QL677.5U65 2007598.072’073 –dc222007049526
iiiContentsExecutive Summary.1Background and Introduction.3The Value of Bird Banding.6The Role of the BBL in the North American Bird Banding Program.6Vision, Mission, and Goals for the Bird Banding Laboratory.6Vision.7Mission.7Goals.7Achieving the Goals.7Goal 1: Facilitate the Identification of Individual Birds Through Marking.8Goal 2: Create Automated, Electronic Systems that Efficiently Verify, Accept,Store, and Manage Data Associated with Individually Marked Birds.10Goal 3: Facilitate Access to and Use of Data from Marked Birds for Scienceand Conservation.12Goal 4: Administer Permits in an Efficient, Timely, and Modern Manner, and UseThem to Ensure that Bird Welfare and Data Quality Remain Top Priorities.13Goal 5: Work Closely with National and International Partners to Achieve theMission of the BBL.14Goal 6: Manage the BBL in an Efficient, Cost-Effective Manner to Maximize Useof Available Resources.15Reference Cited.16Glossary.17Appendix 1. List of Abbreviations and Acronyms.19Tables1. Committee membership.42. Date, location, and purpose of committee and subcommittee meetings.5
Executive SummaryIn the fall of 2005, the Directors of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service (FWS) determined that to ensure that the Bird Banding Laboratory (BBL) of theUSGS maintains and continues its important support of conservation and management of birds, itshould be guided by a clear vision for the future. In order to carry out this task, they impaneled afourteen-member Federal Advisory Committee (FAC) on the Bird Banding Laboratory. It was madeup of representatives of the broad bird-banding community, public and private, and was cochairedby a senior representative from each agency. The Committee met four times and a writing subgroupmet three times over the course of its work.The Committee identified a new vision and mission for the BBL and identified six goals that itbelieves should be integral to the development of a strategic plan to achieve them. Those goals are:1. Facilitate the identification of individual birds through marking.2.Create automated, electronic systems that efficiently verify, accept, store, and manage dataassociated with individually marked birds.3.Facilitate access to and use of data from marked birds for science, conservation, andmanagement.4.Administer permits in an efficient, timely, and modern manner, and use them to ensure that birdwelfare and data quality remain top priorities.5.Work closely with national and international partners to achieve the mission of the BBL.6.Manage the BBL in an efficient, cost-effective manner to maximize use of available resources.Most of the report is structured around these goals.The Committee made 2 programmatic recommendations and identified 23 objectives and 58specific recommendations. The programmatic recommendations are: (1) that the primary role of theBBL is and should continue to be to support the use of banding and banding data by researchers andmanagers engaged in science, conservation, and management of birds, and not to play a lead role inoriginal research; and (2) that the BBL be managed nationally by USGS headquarters as a researchand operational support unit and provided with the resources appropriate to its national and international functions and responsibilities; it should continue to be located physically at the PatuxentWildlife Research Center (PWRC).In order to achieve its vision and mission, the Committee believes that the BBL must worktowards achieving all of the recommendations in this report. Nevertheless, it identified five objectives that stand out as high priority, and they are as follows: Objective 1.1—to ensure a continuing, adequate supply of high-quality, Federally issuednumeric bands of required sizes, materials, and types; Objective 2.1—to improve mechanisms for verifying, accepting, storing, and managing birdbanding data; Objective 2.3—to accommodate recapture data; Objective 4.1—to ensure through the permitting process that banders know how to safelyhandle birds, collect data accurately, and maintain birds in humane and healthful conditions;and Objective 5.3—to encourage the development of banding programs in Latin America and theCaribbean.Finally, this Committee believes that the BBL will be well served if it continues to support aFederal Advisory Committee, composed similarly to this one, to continue offering guidance anddirection from the broad bird-banding community.
Report of the Federal Advisory Committee on theBird Banding LaboratoryBy Susan D. Haseltine, Paul R. Schmidt, Bradley D. Bales,1 David N. Bonter,2 David F. DeSante,3 Paul F.Doherty,4 Charles M. Francis,5 Paul T. Green,6 Lesley-Anne Howes,7 Daniel L. James, J. Jasper Lament,8Richard A. Lancia,9 Ellen I. Paul,10 C. John Ralph,11 John G. Rogers,12 and Richard E. Young13Background and IntroductionThe first bird banded in North America was in 1902.By 1909, the American Bird Banding Association had beenformed to organize and assist the growing numbers of banders. In 1920, the U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey assumedresponsibility for coordination of bird banding. Then in 1923,an international partnership was established with Canada toform the North American Bird Banding Program (NABBP).The Bird Banding Laboratory (BBL) at the U.S. GeologicalSurvey (USGS) Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (PWRC) inLaurel, Maryland, administers the NABBP today in conjunction with the Bird Banding Office (BBO), Canadian WildlifeService, Environment Canada in Ottawa, Ontario.Over the years, the organizational position of the BBLhas changed. In 1940, the BBL came under the newly formedU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). In 1993, the FWSResearch Region was moved to the Department of the Interior’s newly established National Biological Survey (NBS).In October 1996, the NBS was transferred intact to theU.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the Biological ResourcesDiscipline (BRD) where it remains today. The BBL is currently administered by the Patuxent Wildlife Research Centerof the Eastern Region of USGS.Through time, as bird-banding methods and standardshave evolved, as new technologies have developed, as thedemand for analysis and need for banding data have changed,and as the administration of the BBL has changed, management has commissioned a number of formal and informalreviews of BBL activities. The most significant of these wasinitiated in 1995, under the newly created NBS. A panel ledby Paul Buckley, with broad representation from the bandingcommunity in both the U.S. and Canada, was established toreview the BBL’s activities. The report reviewed the value ofthe NABBP and presented recommendations to the BBL toadvance its direction, management, and operations. The panelsubmitted its report to the PWRC Director in 1997. Subsequently, a synopsis of the report was published (Buckley andothers, 1998).The BBL has made substantial progress in implementing many of the recommendations of the Buckley reportwhile progress on others has been slower. The BBL has madesignificant changes in its operations, including enhancementsin band quality and supply, improvements in data managementand delivery, as well as in its personnel. International interestin banding and coordination of banding has increased and thenumber of banders and requests for banding information continues to grow. At the same time, the BBL continues to workwithin the constraints of a static budget.In light of these issues, the Directors of the USGSand the FWS determined that it was in their mutual interestto ensure the BBL was guided by a clear vision for the future.The Directors requested that the Secretary of the Department of the Interior establish a Federal Advisory Committee(table 1) composed of representatives from the broad birdbanding community, from both public and private sectors, todefine a vision for the BBL and to identify priority actionsthat should be taken to ensure BBL excellence into the21st century.Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies/National Flyway Council.8Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology.9The Institute for Bird Populations.10The Ornithological Council.Colorado State University.11North American Banding Council.Canadian Wildlife Service.12The Conservation Fund (facilitator/process manager).National Audubon Society.13Pheasants Forever.123456Canadian Wildlife Service (ad hoc representative for Charles M. Francis).7Ducks Unlimited.The Wildlife Society.
4 Report of the Federal Advisory Committee on the Bird Banding LaboratoryThe Charter for the Committee was as follows:Table 1.“The Committee will develop a clear, concise reportdefining a vision for the BBL over the next 10 to 15years, and recommend priority actions that shouldbe taken to address the needs of the regulatoryagencies, bird conservation, research, and banding communities to ensure BBL excellence into the21st century. More specifically, the Committee willaddress, at a minimum, the following topics:Committee membership.Bradley D. BalesAssociation of Fish and Wildlife Agencies/National Flyway CouncilDavid N. BonterCornell Laboratory of OrnithologyDavid F. DeSanteThe Institute for Bird Populations1.Bands and banding techniques, technologies, and sources;Paul F. DohertyColorado State University2.Data and information acquisition, interpretation, analysis,use, management, and delivery;Charles M. FrancisCanadian Wildlife Service3.Integration of a research component into the operationalaspects of the Laboratory;4.Opportunities to expand the utility of existing information to better address the needs of researchers, managers,regulators, and policymakers;Susan D. Haseltine, Co-ChairU.S. Geological SurveyLesley-Anne HowesCanadian Wildlife ServiceAd hoc representative for Charles M. FrancisNational and international partnerships, including thescope of an expansion (including the 1-800 telephonenumber for reporting band recoveries) of the cooperativeinternational program to Mexico, Central America, andSouth America;6.Enhancement of fiscal resources and human capabilities;and7.The appropriate roles of the public and private sectors infuture BBL planning, advice, and guidance.”Daniel L. JamesU.S. Geological SurveyDesignated Federal OfficialJ. Jasper LamentDucks UnlimitedRichard A. LanciaThe Wildlife SocietyEllen I. PaulThe Ornithological CouncilPhotographs courtesyof Phil Thorpe andJohn Tautin, U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service.C. John RalphNorth American Banding CouncilJohn G. RogersThe Conservation FundFacilitator/process managerPaul R. Schmidt, Co-ChairU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceRichard E. YoungPheasants ForeverPhotograph courtesy of Jim Greer, U.S. Fish andWildlife Service.5.Paul T. GreenNational Audubon Society
Background and Introduction 5Source: Cape May Raptor Banding Project.The Committee and its writing subcommittee met a number of times during the process (table 2). All meetings of thefull Committee were open to the public. Various USGS andFWS staff supplied briefing materials and made themselvesavailable to the Committee as its work proceeded.Table 2. Date, location, and purpose of Committee andsubcommittee meetings.DateLocationPurposeNovember 29–30, 2005Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Md.Initial briefing, identification of issuesMarch 22–23, 2006Ducks Unlimited, Memphis, Tenn.Development of issuesApril 10–11, 20062The Conservation Fund, Chapel Hill, N.C.Preparation of draft reportJune 13–14, 20061Ducks Unlimited, Rancho Cordova, Calif.Review of draft reportJuly 26–27, 20062USGS, Reston, Va.Review and incorporate Committee comments into nextdraftSeptember 12–13, 20062USGS, Seattle, Wash.Prepare Committee review of draft #2November 7–8, 2006Hillsboro, Oreg.Review of final draft1111Full Committee.2Writing subcommittee.
6 Report of the Federal Advisory Committee on the Bird Banding LaboratoryThe Value of Bird BandingThe basic justification for individual marking of birds,whether using standard metal bands or alternative technologies, is to provide data for scientific research into bird populations and for the conservation and management of thosepopulations. Some of the uses that have been made, and typesof data gathered through individual marking of birds, include: Tracking movements of birds—For example, migration routes, rates and timing of migration, and linkagesbetween breeding and wintering ground. Delineating populations—For example, determiningwhether populations are separate or mixing, trackingrange expansions, and measuring dispersal within andamong populations. Estimating demographic parameters of birds—Forexample, age-dependent annual survival rates, recruitment rates, and productivity indices. Aiding ecological and behavioral research requiring individual recognition—For example, estimatingterritory size, habitat selection, dominance hierarchies,molt patterns, or parasite burdens of individuals;and examining importance of migrant stopover areasthrough individual stopover times and weight gains. Monitoring populations and individuals—Forexample, estimating population sizes through markrecapture models, estimating population trends, andmonitoring endangered or threatened species.These data have been used, both directly and indirectly,to conserve and manage birds. The following are but a fewexamples of management programs that benefit from bandingdata: Game bird management—For example, delimitingflyways, estimating harvest pressure by geographicregion, modeling the impact of hunting on demography, and estimating impacts of changing huntingregulations. Songbird management—Determining linkagesbetween wintering and breeding grounds, identifyingpotential causes of population declines through demographic studies, and habitat modeling. Climate change—Measuring and modeling changesin phenology and demography in relation to climate asindicators of environmental impacts. Building public support for bird conservation—Education programs involving banding have introducedtens of thousands of people to birds, thus reinforcingstewardship responsibilities.Many of these uses of banding data are based on analysesdrawing from many different projects, often going far beyondthe goals originally envisioned by the banders collecting thedata. These uses can only be realized if the data are collectedaccurately using appropriate protocols; if they are well managed in a central location; and if they are made available toanalysts and researchers. This will help ensure that the datacan be used and the results published.The Role of the BBL in the NorthAmerican Bird Banding ProgramPrior to recommending a specific mission, vision,and goals for the BBL, the Committee considered the mostappropriate role of the BBL in the overall North AmericanBird Banding Program. Of particular concern for the BBLis whether or not it should have a role in conducting originalresearch and analysis of bird-banding data. The PWRC, withinwhich the BBL is housed, has a primary research role; however, thousands of scientists throughout North America regularly use bird-banding data as part of their research or management programs, either in their own programs or throughanalyzing data collected by others. There is a large communityof users, both within government and in the research community at large, with expertise in the design and analysis of banding data. Although the Committee recognizes a continuingneed for research using banding data, the Committee believesit is not an appropriate use of the BBL’s limited resources forit to play a primary role in this research at this time.The NABBP is one of the larger and more complexbanding programs in the world, in terms of geographic scope,numbers of banders, number of birds banded, and extent ofcomputerization of data. The BBL is vital to the success of theNABBP, and must be careful not to engage in activities thatcould diminish support of this important program. Protection of endangered species—Tracking individuals of rare species to determine habitat requirements,identifying wintering grounds, and estimating effectiveness of conservation actions.Vision, Mission, and Goals for the BirdBanding Laboratory Wildlife diseases—Understanding bird movements totrack and (or) model the spread of diseases that affectboth wildlife and humans, such as Avian Influenza,West Nile Virus, or tick-borne diseases such as Lymedisease.The Committee discussed the current and future visionand mission for the BBL, as well as appropriate goals toachieve them. The general themes that carried through all thediscussions are that the BBL must remain a world-class organization and to do so it must reflect the current state of the art
Vision, Mission, and Goals for the BBL 7Vision“To enable a world-class bird-marking program in North America that informs avianconservation, management, and sciencewith high-quality data and is well integratedwith other programs in the Western Hemisphere.”Mission“To facilitate and encourage the collection,management, storage, and dissemination ofinformation from marked birds to furtherbird conservation, management, and science.”GoalsWhile the Committee has not written a strategic planfor the BBL, it has identified a series of goals that it believesshould be integral to the development of such a plan to helpachieve the mission and vision. These goals are also used tostructure the majority of the recommendations in this report,as follows:1.Facilitate the identification of individual birds throughmarking.2.Create automated, electronic systems that efficientlyverify, accept, store, and manage data associated withindividually marked birds.3.Facilitate access to and use of data from marked birds forscience and conservation.4.Administer permits in an efficient, timely, and modernmanner, and use them to ensure that bird welfare and dataquality remain top priorities.5.Work closely with national and international partners toachieve the mission of the BBL.6.Manage the BBL in an efficient, cost-effective manner tomaximize use of available resources.Achieving the GoalsThe Committee identified specific objectives and recommendations that it believes will help the BBL to achieve itsgoals. In particular, less emphasis is placed on activities thatthe BBL is already undertaking well; these remain importantand should be considered in a strategic plan. Instead, the focushere is on areas of concentration that require new or enhancedaction for the BBL to move towards the future. Although theCommittee has identified a larger number of specific objectives and recommendations within some of the goals thatfollow than within others, itbelieves that the BBL mustwork towards achieving all ofthe goals listed in this reportin order to achieve its mission.Within each of these goals,there is some variation in thepriority of the individual objectives and actions. The Committee has given suggestions for priorities at the level of objectives. Those objectives that the Committee feels are of highestpriority are designated by the word “HIGH.” Nevertheless,those objectives not so designated remain important to theability of the BBL to accomplish its role in bird conservation.The BBL should not play a lead role in original research.The BBL can best leverage its limited resources by assuring:an uncompromised and reliable source for bands; a stablerepository for band data that provides for its long-term availability through the exercise of sound data management practices; and that it serves as a source for sound technical adviceon banding techniques, technologies, and study designs.Rather than the BBL carrying out its own research program,the Committee encourages the BBL to play a significantlygreater role than at present in encouraging more and better useof bird-marking data. This is discussed further under Goal 3below.The Committee strongly recommends that the primaryrole of the BBL is, and should continue to be, to support theuse of banding and banding data by other researchers andmanagers engaged in the science, conservation, and management of birds.Photograph courtesy ofDon Des Jardin.in understanding, evaluating, and recommending methods ofrecognizing individually marked birds. The Committee identified a set of core values that it believes will assist the BBL asit enters the next phase of its role in bird conservation. Thosevalues are the following: scientific knowledge about birds;bird conservation; bird welfare; quality data; customer service;and efficient management and operations.The BBL must also ensure that both legal and ethicalissues related to handling and marking birds are considered.From a legal perspective, there are specific obligations underthe Migratory Bird Treaty Act and associated regulationsrelated to the permitting as well as handling of migratorybirds. It must also follow other relevant Federal and State lawsand regulations. Issues related to both handling of birds anduse of data collected by others for scientific analysis impactthe operation of the BBL from an ethical perspective.The mission and vision articulated below are not entirelynew, but they are intended to reflect these values, and providea clear focus for the BBL to move forward.
8 Report of the Federal Advisory Committee on the Bird Banding LaboratoryCentral to the role of the BBL is the service of facilitating the use of markers to identify individual birds. Generally,this is done with the assignment of Federally issued metalbird bands. Some research projects require that birds bemarked with auxiliary markers that facilitate identification ofbirds from a distance; in some cases these markers may onlyidentify particular groups or cohorts of birds. The BBL playsa critical role in coordinating the assignment of unique andrepetitive markers to birds.Objective 1.1: Ensure a continuing adequate supply of high-qualityFederally issued numeric bird bands of required sizes, materials,and types. HIGHProjects that use banding rely on an adequate and timelysupply of appropriate, high-quality bands. Interruptions inband supply can compromise research objectives. Low-qualitybands result in loss of bands from the marked birds and canaffect reporting rates and increase errors in encounter data.Recommendation 1.1.a. Develop procedures to ensure that anadequate supply of high-quality bands of all types, materials, andsizes can be maintained in a timely manner and at a reasonablecost. These should include greater diversification of band suppliers, and development of in-house quality controls through randomchecks of bands.Recommendation 1.1.b. Establish processes to determine the needfor new band types and sizes, and ensure that appropriate bandtypes are both available and used for each species (for example,ensure that hard-metal bands are available and used on speciesthat regularly outlive aluminum bands, and that appropriate bandsare available for birds that frequent salt-water environments).Objective 1.2: Facilitate coordination of auxiliary markers.Use of auxiliary markers is increasing in North Americaand will likely continue to increase into the future. Their usecan be a valuable tool for enhancing the quantity and quality of data obtained through marking birds. However, unlikestandard numbered metal bands, most auxiliary markers arenot unique; thus, it is essential to facilitate coordination amongprojects to ensure that markers are not repeated across projectsin geographic areas where the projects overlap.Recommendation 1.2.a. Ensure effective coordination of the useof auxiliary markers amongst banders—regionally, nationally, andinternationally—within the Americas. Develop tools, such as Websites and Web-based databases, where projects can be registeredto facilitate coordination. The tools should allow users (banders,public reporters, researchers, wildlife managers, and BBL staff) toindependently send and retrieve information. As much as possible,implement through delegation to partners with expertise in particular bird groups, with BBL providing oversight for the resolution ofdisputes or other problems as required.Recommendation 1.2.b. Require that all auxiliary marker datasubmitted to the BBL be in a format that can be incorporated intothe BBL database so that the BBL can build an accurate, completedatabase. There are some species for which auxiliary marking is theprimary and most effective way of collecting information. For thesebirds it is essential that the data be submitted in a specified format.Recommendation 1.2.c. With regard to encounters of auxiliarymarkers, the BBL should: (1) emphasize maximum automation withlittle or no direct staff involvement, (2) focus on putting reportersdirectly in touch with banders to transfer and receive information,and (3) require large-scale marking projects (at a minimum) toassume responsibility for managing and coordinating their encounter data and (or) commit resources (for a Web developer) to BBLto offset costs incurred for these activities. To accomplish this, theBBL should: (1) provide a communi
Audubon Society, Ducks Unlimited, The Wildlife Society, The Ornithological Council, North American Banding Council, The Conservation Fund, U.S. Fish and . Background and Introduction The first bird banded in North America was in 1902
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