English
A01 FEG SB 9326 FM.QXD1/3/118:00 AMPage inglishEGrammarFUNDAMENTALS OFFOURTH EDITIONBetty S. AzarStacy A. Hagen
A01 FEG SB 9326 FM.QXD1/3/118:00 AMPage vContentsContentsPreface to the Fourth Edition.xAcknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiiiChapter 1PRESENT TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1 Simple present and present progressive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-2 Forms of the simple present and the present progressive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41-3 Frequency adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101-4 Singular/plural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131-5 Spelling of final -s/-es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141-6 Non-action verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171-7 Present verbs: short answers to yes/no questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Chapter 2PAST TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262-1 Expressing past time: the simple past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262-2 Spelling of -ing and -ed forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292-3 The principal parts of a verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312-4 Common irregular verbs: a reference list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322-5 Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392-6 Simple past and past progressive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422-7 Expressing past time: using time clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482-8 Expressing past habit: used to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Chapter 3FUTURE TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553-1 Expressing future time: be going to and will . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553-2 Forms with be going to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563-3 Forms with will . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603-4 Certainty about the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623-5 Be going to vs. will . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653-6 Expressing the future in time clauses and if-clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683-7 Using the present progressive to express future time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723-8 Using the simple present to express future time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743-9 Immediate future: using be about to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753-10 Parallel verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Chapter 4PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814-1 Past participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814-2 Present perfect with since and for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83CONTENTS v
A01 FEG SB 9326 FM.QXD1/3/114-34-44-54-64-74-88:00 AMPage viNegative, question, and short-answer forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Present perfect with unspecified time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Simple past vs. present perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Present perfect progressive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Past perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Chapter 5ASKING QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115-1 Yes/no questions and short answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115-2 Yes/no and information questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145-3 Where, why, when, what time, how come, what . . . for . . . . . . . . . . . 1175-4 Questions with who, who(m), and what . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195-5 Using what a form of do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1215-6 Using which and what kind of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235-7 Using whose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255-8 Using how . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275-9 Using how often . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295-10 Using how far . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315-11 Length of time: it take and how long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325-12 Spoken and written contractions with question words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1345-13 More questions with how . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375-14 Using how about and what about . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1385-15 Tag questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Chapter 6NOUNS AND PRONOUNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1466-1 Plural forms of nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1476-2 Pronunciation of final -s/-es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1496-3 Subjects, verbs, and objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1516-4 Objects of prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1536-5 Prepositions of time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1566-6 Word order: place and time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1576-7 Subject-verb agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1586-8 Using adjectives to describe nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1606-9 Using nouns as adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1626-10 Personal pronouns: subjects and objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1646-11 Possessive nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1666-12 Possessive pronouns and adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1686-13 Reflexive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1696-14 Singular forms of other: another vs. the other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1716-15 Plural forms of other: other(s) vs. the other(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1736-16 Summary of forms of other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Chapter 7MODAL AUXILIARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1787-1 The form of modal auxiliaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1787-2 Expressing ability: can and could . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1807-3 Expressing possibility: may, might, and maybe;Expressing permission: may and can . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1827-4 Using could to express possibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1847-5 Polite questions: may I, could I, can I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187vi CONTENTS
A01 FEG SB 9326 8:56 AMPage viiPolite questions: would you, could you, will you, can you . . . . . . . . . . 189Expressing advice: should and ought to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190Expressing advice: had better . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Expressing necessity: have to, have got to, must . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Expressing lack of necessity: do not have to;Expressing prohibition: must not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Making logical conclusions: must . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Tag questions with modal auxiliaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Giving instructions: imperative sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200Making suggestions: let’s and why don’t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Stating preferences: prefer, like . . . better, would rather . . . . . . . . . . . . 204Chapter 8CONNECTING IDEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2088-1 Connecting ideas with and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2088-2 Connecting ideas with but and or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2108-3 Connecting ideas with so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2128-4 Using auxiliary verbs after but . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2148-5 Using and too, so, either, neither . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2168-6 Connecting ideas with because . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2218-7 Connecting ideas with even though/although . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Chapter 9COMPARISONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2299-1 Making comparisons with as . . . as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2299-2 Comparative and superlative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2339-3 Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs . . . . . . . . . . 2359-4 Completing a comparative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2399-5 Modifying comparatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2409-6 Comparisons with less . . . than and not as . . . as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2419-7 Using more with nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2429-8 Repeating a comparative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2449-9 Using double comparatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2459-10 Using superlatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2469-11 Using the same, similar, different, like, alike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252Chapter 10 THE PASSIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25810-1 Active sentences and passive sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25810-2 Form of the passive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25910-3 Transitive and intransitive verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26310-4 Using the by-phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26510-5 Passive modal auxiliaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26910-6 Using past participles as adjectives (non-progressive passive) . . . . . . . . . . 27110-7 Participial adjectives: -ed vs. -ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27610-8 Get adjective; get past participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27810-9 Using be used/accustomed to andget used/accustomed to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28210-10 Used to vs. be used to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28410-11 Using be supposed to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285CONTENTS vii
A01 FEG SB 9326 FM.QXD1/3/118:00 AMPage viiiChapter 11 COUNT/NONCOUNT NOUNS AND ARTICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29011-1 A vs. an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29011-2 Count and noncount nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29211-3 Noncount nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29311-4 More noncount nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29511-5 Using several, a lot of, many/much, and a few/a little . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29711-6 Nouns that can be count or noncount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30011-7 Using units of measure with noncount nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30211-8 Guidelines for article usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30611-9 Using the or Ø with names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31511-10 Capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Chapter 12 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32112-1 Adjective clauses: introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32112-2 Using who and that in adjective clauses to describe people . . . . . . . . . . . 32212-3 Using object pronouns in adjective clauses to describe people . . . . . . . . . . 32412-4 Using pronouns in adjective clauses to describe things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32712-5 Singular and plural verbs in adjective clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33112-6 Using prepositions in adjective clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33212-7 Using whose in adjective clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336Chapter 13 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34213-1 Verb gerund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34213-2 Go -ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34413-3 Verb infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34613-4 Verb gerund or infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34713-5 Preposition gerund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35213-6 Using by and with to express how something is done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35513-7 Using gerunds as subjects; using it infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35713-8 It infinitive: using for (someone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35813-9 Expressing purpose with in order to and for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36113-10 Using infinitives with too and enough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364Chapter 14 NOUN CLAUSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37014-1 Noun clauses: introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37014-2 Noun clauses that begin with a question word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37114-3 Noun clauses that begin with if or whether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37614-4 Noun clauses that begin with that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37914-5 Other uses of that-clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38014-6 Substituting so for a that-clause in conversational responses . . . . . . . . . . 38214-7 Quoted speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38414-8 Quoted speech vs. reported speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38714-9 Verb forms in reported speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38814-10 Common reporting verbs: tell, ask, answer/reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389viii CONTENTS
A01 FEG SB 9326 FM.QXD12/10/10AppendixUnit A:8:56 AMPage ixSUPPLEMENTARY GRAMMAR CHARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395A-1 The present perfect vs. the past perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395A-2 The past progressive vs. the past perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396A-3 Still vs. anymore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396A-4 Additional verbs followed by that-clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397A-5 Additional expressions with be that-clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397Unit B:B-1B-2Phrasal verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398Phrasal verbs: a reference list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Unit C:C-1C-2Preposition combinations: introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402Preposition combinations: a reference list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402Listening Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405Trivia Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423Audio CD Tracking List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434CONTENTS ix
English Grammar FOURTH EDITION Betty S. Azar Stacy A. Hagen FUNDAMENTALS OF A01_FEG_SB_9326_FM.QXD 1/3/11 8:00 AM Page i
Title: Std. 5th Perfect English Balbharati Workbook, English Medium (MH Board) Author: Target Publications Subject: English Balbharati Keywords: 5th std books maharashtra board, fifth standard english medium maharashtra board, 5th std english book, 5th std english digest, 5th std english lessons, std v english book, 5th standard english guide maharashtra b
French English or German English; instead we have a variety of English spoken in India, such as Hindi English, Bengali English, Urdu English, Tamil English, Kannada English, Malayalam English, Telugu English based on all these variations it can be named as Ind
5th std books maharashtra board, fifth standard english medium maharashtra board, 5th std english book, 5th std english digest, 5th std english lessons, std v english book, 5th standard english guide maharashtra board, 5th standard english balbharti, 5th standard english
English UK - ATC Winchester is a member of English UK - the Association of Recognised English Language Services - and follows the English UK Code of Practice. Quality English - ATC Winchester is a member of Quality English: an association of privately owned English language schools that are committed to providing high quality English courses to
26 English Global English APSACS Edition 1 Cambridge University Press 27 English Global English APSACS Edition 2 Cambridge University Press 28 English Global English APSACS Edition 3 Cambridge University Press 29 English Global English APSACS Edition 4 Cambridge University Press 30 English AFAQ - IQBAL Series 1 AFAQ Publishers Lahore
Cambridge English and QS have worked together to answer these questions and more. In this report, we present a global, cross-industry overview of English language skills in the workplace. Cambridge English is the global leader in English language assessment. We offer a wide range of English language exams, including business English tests. Our exams are accepted by over 20,000 organisations .
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º vCambridge English: Starters º vCambridge English: Movers º vCambridge English: Flyers. Cambridge English: Starters is for children who are just starting to learn English. Cambridge English: Young Learners, also known as Young Learners English (YLE), is a series of fun, motivating English
